1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
2. • What is reference/citation……?
• Why Reference……?
• Types of reference writing
• APA reference writing Basic Rules
• Author Quote
3. It is the way of acknowledging the source of
information
Purpose of Reference or Citations is to let the
reader know from where information has
obtained so that sources can easily be located
and consulted.
Reference should be given when:
o Discuss, summarize, or paraphrase the ideas
of an author
o Provide a direct quotation, definition etc.
o Use statistical or other data
4. Acknowledging the Contribution of
others
Evidence and support to the
statement
Ethics of Research and Author
This makes the work more reliable
Shows the depth of study
Avoidance of Academic misconduct,
cheating
5. 1. American Psychological Association (APA)
o Commonly used in Social Sciences (including
Education)
o Started in 1929
o Revised mostly after Ten (10) years
o Present and Active edition: 7th Ed. since 2020
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
o Commonly used in Language, Literatures,
Humanities
o Started in 1883
o Present and Active edition: 8th Ed. since 2016
6. 3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)/Turabian Style
o Commonly used in History, Religion, Business
o Started in 1906
o Present and Active edition: 17th Ed. Since 2017
4. Council of Science Editors (CSE)
o Commonly used in Science but not mostly used
o Started in 1957
o Present and Active edition: 8th Ed. is active.
Oxford Style
Harvard Style (Uniform System of Citation-USC)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE)
7. Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname)
appears first, followed by initials of First
Name (Mohammad Shoaib -- Shoaib, M.)
Year of publication in brackets (2010).
Full title of the book. Capitalize only the
first word of the title and Italicize it.
Include the edition number, if applicable, in
brackets after the title (3rd ed.)
Place of publication. Include the city or
Code and Country (NY, USA or Lahore,
Pakistan)
8. Book: One Author
Hunt, M. (1993). The story of psychology.
Doubleday. New York.
Book: Multiple Authors
Bordens, K. S., & Abbott, B. B. (1999).
Research design and methods: A process
approach (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA:
Mayfield.
9. Simpson, M. L., Stahl, N. A., & Francis, M. A.
(2004). Reading and learning strategies:
Recommendations for the 21st century.
Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2),
2−15.
Brown, C., & Austin, D. (2009). Fatty acids,
and disorder. E-journal of Applied
Psychology, 5(1), 49−52. Retrieved from
http://ojs/lib.swin.edu.au/
10. Harris, M. (2011, August 16). Grades improve
if classes start later, studies find. The
Calgary Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.calgaryherald.com/
World Health Organization. (2010). The WHO
agenda. Retrieved July 17, 2010, from
http://www.who.int/about/agenda/en/inde
x.html