PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation

1. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Postgraduate Orthpaedics FRCS(Tr&Orth) Revision Course Professor Deiary Kader Consultant Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgeon Knee Surgeon Newcastle Nuffield

2. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PCL and PLC Professor Deiary Kader Consultant Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgeon Knee Surgeon Newcastle Nuffield Hospital

3. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Classification of knee Stabilizers 3 Lateral Complex IT Tract LCL Popliteus Biceps Femoris Central Complex ACL PCL Med Menx Lat Menx Medial Complex MCL Postromedial Capsule Semi-Memb Pes anserinus

4. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Paul F. Segond a Paris surgeon 1879 4

5. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader 5

6. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PCL The strongest ligament in the knee It is regarded as “a central stabilizer” Originates from a broad crescent-shaped area in the posterolateral medial femoral condyle Inserts centrally posteriorly 1–1.5cm below articular surface of the tibia Has an average length of 38 mm and diameter of 13 mm PCL and quadriceps are dynamic partners in stabilizing the knee in the sagittal plane 6

7. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PCL Mechanism of Injury RTA – High Velocity – Often MLI Sports Uncommon – Low Velocity – Usually Partial 7

8. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Mechanism of injury 3% of all knee injuries Direct injury dashboard at 90 is the most common Falling on a flexed knee with foot in plantar flexion Forced hyperextension (>30º) is associated with multi- ligament injury High association with fracture femur

9. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PCL Injury Diagnosis 9 Physical Exam – Posterior Drawer – Step off sign Plain Radiographs – Look for bony avulsions – Standing films for chronic injuries (Arthritis) – Stress Radiographs helpful MRI – Not Sensitive – MLI (common)

10. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PCL Three components: AL: Antero-lateral: long and thick part, twice the size of the posteromedial bundle; tightens in flexion PM: Posteromedial: tight in extension Meniscofemoral ligaments: mechanically very strong Anterior: Humphrey’s ligament Posterior: Wrisberg’s ligament

11. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Ant Meniscofemoral lig Humphrey

12. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader a. Ant Meniscofemoral lig Humphrey b. Post Meniscofemoral lig Wrisberg

13. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader ACL & PCL Recon

15. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Diagnosis 1 MRI & PCL Clinical examination is more reliable than MRI scan The PCL may be dysfunctional despite normal MRI Kneeling stress x-ray shows the degree of posterior translation

16. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Diagnosis 2 Clinical Posterior drawer test at 90 and 30 Quadriceps active drawer test. Flex the knee to 60 and control the foot then ask the patient to contract the quads. The test is positive when the tibia reduces. Posterior sag sign (step-off) Posterolateral rotatory instability (Dial test prone) External rotation recurvatum test

17. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Grading of PCL instability Normal tibia step-off is 10 mm at 90 flexion Instability could be mild, moderate or severe Grade I instability is when there is a 5-mm step-off Grade II instability is when there is no step-off (flush) Grade III instability is when there is –5 mm step-off There is a high association between Grade III PCL injury and posterolateral corner injury.

18. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Management In isolation, it often causes little long-term instability. However, it may lead to medial or PFJ pain (OA) at a later date. More troublesome in soccer players due to difficulty in deceleration.

19. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Management 2 Presentation Acute isolated PCL injury is commonly missed Present with very little pain in the knee without hemarthrosis There may be only bruising at the popliteal fossa. Chronic PCL injury on the other hand may present with pain in the medial compartment or anterior knee pain.

20. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Treatment  Treat acute, isolated PCL injury conservatively.  Extension brace with calf support (Posterior Tibial Support, PTS Brace) until the pain subsides (4-6 weeks) with quadriceps rehabilitation  Start early passive motion only in prone position to maintain anterior tibia translation.

21. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader 21 PCL Reconstruction

22. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Surgical reconstruction Indications  Acute combined injuries  Acute bony avulsion  Symptomatic chronic PCL injuries that failed rehabilitation.  There is no difference in clinical outcome between single and double bundle PCL reconstruction.

23. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Complications Immediate Neurovascular injury popliteal vessels Infection Technical error → tunnel placement, graft tensioning, insecure fixation Delayed Loss of motion Avascular necrosis (medial femoral condyle) Recurrent or persistent laxity (common) when a combined injury is not adequately addressed

24. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Posterolateral Complex Components: – Biceps, ITB, Popliteus, Popliteofibular ligament, arcuate ligament, LCL Function – Resists External and Varus rotation Mechanism of Injury – Direct blow to anteromedial tibia – Hyperextension/varus 24 arcuate

25. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader The Posterolateral Corner The LCL is a cord like structure 5-7 cm in length Is the primary static restraint to varus opening of the knee Secondary restraint to posterolateral rotation The popliteus is a static and dynamic external rotation stabiliser. The popletiofibular ligament acts as a primary restraint to external rotation of the tibia on the femur at 30º of flexion 25

26. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader The Posterolateral Corner (PLC) They are the primary stabilisers of external tibial rotation at all knee flexion angles and the secondary restraints to anterior and posterior translation Isolated PLC sectioning produce a maximal average increase of 13° of ER at 30° of knee flexion and only an average increase of 5.3° at 90°. Isolated PCL sectioning has no effect on external tibial rotation Combined injury to the PCL and PLC leads to ER of 20.9° at 90° of knee flexion 26

28. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader 28 Fib Pop Extension The popliteus tendon inserted 10 mm distal 5 mm posterior to the lateral epicondyle The LCL inserted 1-2 mm proximal 4-5 mm posterior to the lateral epicondyle

29. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader 29 Fibula head

30. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader 30 Popliteofibular LIG

31. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader LCL Examination Opening @ 30º only – Isolated LCL Injury Opening @ 0º – Injury to Posterolateral Capsule (+ Dial) – Usually with ACL +/or PCL injury Palpate LCL in Figure 4 Position 31

32. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Posterolateral Complex Imaging Plain Films – Check for Biceps/LCL Avulsion fracture MRI – Can be helpful 32

33. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Posterolateral Complex Injury--Treatment Partial – Grade I & II Instability with a good end point – Nonsurgical Treatment – 3 week immobilization in extension Complete Acute – Primary repair best – Augment with allo/auto graft Complete Chronic – Reconstruct Popliteus and LCL 33

34. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Posterolateral Complex Injury Physical Examination – Dial Test • Increased External rotation (30o, 90o) – Posterolateral external rotation test – External rotation recurvatum 34

35. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Posterolateral Complex Injury--Treatment Partial – Grade I & II Instability with a good end point – Nonsurgical Treatment – 3 week immobilization in extension Complete Acute – Primary repair best – Augment with allo/auto graft Complete Chronic – Reconstruct Popliteus and LCL 35

36. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader PLC Reconstruction The reconstruction can be fibula based such as modified Larson’s technique or combined tibia and fibula based such as LaPrade’s anatomical reconstruction. 36

37. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader The principles of surgery Early repair (within 3 weeks) of torn and detached ligaments, tendons and capsule in acute injuries. A combination of early repair and reconstruction has been shown to provide better results. Late reconstruction of the two or three of the main stabilisers of the posterolateral corner of the knee i.e. the lateral collateral ligament, Popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament in chronic cases. Combined ACL/PCL and PLC injury must be treated by reconstruction of all injured ligaments. 37

38. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Knee dislocation Any triple-ligament knee injury constitutes a frank dislocation. This is relatively rare but a severe and potentially limb-threatening injury. High-energy injury such as RTA. Sporting accident. May be missed on initial assessment. 38

39. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Vascular Injuries Previously it was thought there was a 50% incidence of vascular compromise Now 3.3-18% 20%–30% incidence of nerve injury. Fracture incidence may be as high as 60%. 39

40. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader

41. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Classification Classified on the basis on tibial displacement in respect to the femur Closed or open High or low energy Dislocation or subluxation Neurovascular involvement Anterior (common: 30-50% of dislocations, associated with intimal tears) Posterior; also medial, lateral (highest rate of peroneal nerve injury) and rotatory (usually irreducible) or combined  Hyperextension leads to anterior dislocation  Dashboard injury leads to posterior dislocation 41

42. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Examination Valgus and varus laxity Anteroposterior translation Recurvatum >10º hyperextension suggests ACL injury >30º hyperextension indicates PCL injury Rotation indicates MCL and LCL injury 42

43. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Management Surgical emergency Deal with life-threatening injuries first Circulation in A&E Serial examination for 48 hours. Ankle brachial Index (ABI) ABI <0.9 is suggestive of significant arterial injury Involve the vascular surgeon Radiography before manipulation – (assess direction and associated fracture) Reduction as soon as possible in the emergency/operating Room 43

44. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Management Immobilization in an extension knee splint Check radiograph to confirm congruity, if not, consider external fixator Conservative management out of favour Early surgical reconstruction and/or repair, is currently recommended by the Knee Dislocation Study Group 44

45. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader Management Surgery as soon as the vascular surgeon allows Most ACL/PCL/MCL can be treated with bracing the MCL followed by combined ACL/PCL reconstruction once range of movement is restarted, usually after 6 weeks. ACL/PCL/posterolateral corner can be treated by repairing the posterolateral corner acutely (within three weeks) and delayed ACL/PCL reconstruction 8 weeks later. Open dislocation, fracture dislocation and vascular compromise require staged procedures. 45

46. POSTGRAD ORTH Deiary Kader THANK YOU

PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation

PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot(20)

Similar to PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation

Similar to PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation(20)

More from Professor Deiary Kader

More from Professor Deiary Kader(15)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded(20)

PCL, PLC, Knee Dislocation

Editor's Notes