A PROJECT REPORT ON
“Renewable energy (Solar) based”
“HOME-AUTOMATION SYSTEM”

Working of photovoltaic cell
 Solar cells produce energy in three steps
 A solar photovoltaic (PV) cell turns sunlight into usable electricity in three general
steps
 Light is absorbed and knocks electrons loose
 Loose electrons flow, creating a current
 The current is captured and transferred to wires
 The photovoltaic effect is a complicated process, but these three steps are the basic
way that energy from the sun gets converted into electricity by solar photovoltaic
cells.

Basic structure of solar cell

Block Diagram

Components Required
1) Solar panel 50W
2) Inverter 350VA
3) MPPT Charge controller 5A
4) Battery 12V , 40AH

working
 SOLAR PANEL
 Solar panels work by absorbing sunlight with photovoltaic cells,
generating direct current (DC) energy and then converting it to usable
alternating current (AC) energy with the help of inverter technology. AC
energy then flows through the home’s electrical panel and is distributed
accordingly. Here are the main steps for how solar panels work for your
home:
 Solar panels absorb the sun’s energy and convert it to DC electricity
 The solar inverter converts DC electricity from your solar modules to AC
electricity, which is used by most home appliances
 Electricity flows through your home, powering electronic devices
 Excess electricity produced by solar panels is fed to the electric grid

WIDTH 55.5 cm
LENGTH 66.5 cm
WEIGHT 4.35 KG
OPEN CKT VOLTAGE 22.5 KG
SHORT CKT CURRENT 2.96 A
VOLTAGE AT MAX POWER
POINT
19.27 V
CURRENT AT MAX POWER
POINT
2.79 A
O/P POER 50W

Inverter
 An inverter is used to produce an un-interrupted 220V AC or 110V AC
(depending on the line voltage of the particular country) supply to the
device connected as the load at the output socket.The inverter gives
constant AC voltage at its output socket when the AC mains power supply
is not available.
 Lets look how the inverter makes this possible.To grasp the functioning of
an inverter,we
should consider in the following situations.
 When the AC mains power supply is available.
 When the AC mains supply is available,the AC mains sensor senses it and
the supply goes to the Relay and battery charging section of the inverter.AC
main sensor activates a relay and this relay will directly pass the AC mains
supply to the output socket.The load will by driven by the line voltage in
this situation.Also the line voltage is given to the battery charging section
where the line voltage is converted to a DC voltage(12V DC or 24V DC
usually),then regulated and battery is charged using it.

 When the AC mains power supply is not available.
 When the AC mains power supply is not available,an oscillator circuit
inside the inverter produces a 50Hz MOS drive signal.This MOS drive
signal will be amplified by the driver section and sent to the output
section.MOSFETs or Transistors are used for the switching operation.These
MOSFETs or Transistors are connected to the primary winding of the
inverter transformer.When these switching devices receive the MOS drive
signal from the driver circuit,they start switching between ON & OFF
states at a rate of 50 Hz.This switching action of the MOSFETs or
Transistors cause a 50Hz current to the primary of the inverter
transformer.This results in a 220V AC or 110V AC (depending on the
winding ratio of the inverter transformer) at the secondary or the inverter
transformer.This secondary voltage is made available at the output socket
of the inverter by a changeover relay.

Charge controller
 A solar charge controller is fundamentally a voltage or current
controller to charge the battery and keep electric cells from
overcharging
 Features of Solar Charge Controller:
 Protects the battery (12V) from over charging
 Reduces system maintenance and increases battery lifetime
 Auto charged indication
 Reliability is high
 10amp to 40amp of charging current
 Monitors the reverse current flow

Battery
 Electricity, as you probably already know, is the flow of
electrons through a conductive path like a wire. This path is
called a circuit.
 Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and
the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and
negative sides at either end of a traditional battery) are
hooked up to an electrical circuit.
 The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of
electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference
between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this
difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The
electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this
difference

conclusion
 Solar energy technology has and important role to play
in the present energy and environment
 solar concentrators technology has good potential
for various applications
 Renewable energy will play a significant role in
tomorrow energy supplies
 Solar energy has the capacity to provide all of the
energy we will ever need