This document presents information on alternative energy sources from waste-to-energy processes. It discusses various conversion techniques used to generate thermal energy or bioenergy from municipal solid waste, including thermochemical processes like incineration and gasification, and biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. The costs, utility, and socio-economic and environmental impacts of waste-to-energy technologies in India are also examined. The conclusion states that waste-to-energy plants provide the benefits of environmentally-safe waste management and renewable energy generation through different conversion methods.

1. A PRESENTATION ON
“Alternative energy sources of the future”
(WASTE TO ENERGY)
SUBMITTED BY:
STUDENTS NAME INSTITUITION NAME E-MAIL ID
Saurav Shome H.R.H THE POWIET sauravshome58@gmail.com
Hrishikesh Goswami KAMRUP POLYTECHNIC hrishikeshg999@gmail.com
Jyotishmita Lahkar H.R.H THE POWIET jyotishmitalahkar98@gmail.com
Prapti Borthakur H.R.H THE POWIET praptiborthakur57@gmail.com

2. INTRODUCTION
• Waste-to-energy (WTE), also known as, energy-from-waste (EFW) is the
process of generating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the
primary treatment of waste, or the process of converting waste into a fuel
source.
• WTE can occur through a number of processes such as incineration,
gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery.
• The major forms of energy that can be derived from waste are thermal
energy and bio energy.

3. CONVERSION TECHNIQUE USED FOR THE SOURCE OF ENERGY

4. • THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS: This technology is used to recover
energy from municipal solid waste by using high temperature.
• GASIFICATION:. The gasification process breaks down the solid waste or any carbon
based waste feedstock into useful by-products that contain a significant amount of
partially oxidised compounds, primarily a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide. The main product of the gasification process is a syngas.
Syngas can be used in a number of ways, including;
Being burned in a boiler to generate steam for power generation or industrial
heating.
1.It can be used as fuel in a dedicated gas engine.
2.After reforming, syngas can be used in a gas turbine. Syngas can also be used as
a chemical feedstock.
• PYROLYSIS: It is defined as the thermal decompsition of carbon-based materials in
an oxygen-deficient atmosphere using heat to produce syngas.No air or oxygen is
present and no direct burning takes place.The main goal of pyrolysis is to increase
thermal decomposition of solid waste to gases and condensed phases.
• INCINERATION: It is the most common and oldest WTE process that involves the
combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery. It has typically
4 phase: pretreatment, combustion, energy recovery, cleaning.

5. BIO-CHEMICAL PROCESS : This technique
utilise microbial processes to transform waste and are
restricted to bio-degradeable waste such as food and yard
waste.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION(AD): AD is a process by which
organic material is broken down by microorganisms in the
absence of oxygen.The anaerobic digestion process occurs in
multiple steps.
FERMENTATION: It is the process by which organic waste is
converted into an acid or alcohol in the absence of oxygen,
leaving a nutrient – rich residue.

6. COST ANALYSIS OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION
(IN INDIA)
• The waste to energy cost in India differs from project to projects, with
the change in tipping fee.
• The cost of installing a gasification waste to energy plants is -Rs 15-18
crores.
• To be able to make Waste to Energy projects financially viable,
1.Municipality needs to offers incentives to developers with a
“tipping fee” paid to the developer per tonne of MSW
2. Segregation of waste at source is highly important to make the
system more efficient for energy recovery.
• The WTE cost in INDIA depends on the system but one can make it
feasible by aligning objectives of all stakeholders, involve a suitable
tipping fee and establish proper financial path-ways with a proper
site to set up the entire waste to energy project.

7. UTILITY OF THE ENERGY SOURCE/ TECHNOLOGY IN
THE FUTURE:
• Control of landfill waste: This current concern will only grow in importance in the future,
with governments and councils seeking to control the excessive waste produced by
businesses and domestic residences in order to manage the amount of waste sent to landfill.
At ReGen, we aim to send as little waste as possible to landfill, and thanks to the advanced
technologies employed at our state of the art plant.
• Alternative energies from unconventional sources: Finding new ways to create energy, from
ocean thermal energy to solar power will undoubtedly be the way of the future as we
reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, but not even these alternatives are enough. Refuse
Derived Fuel is the process of recovering energy from waste, which is used to generate
steam and electricity without the need for fossil fuels. Our WTE activites result in bales of
shredded and dried waste being supplied to Waste to Energy plants in Europe, and burned
to generate electricity for local homes.
• Asia Pacific is the leading player in this global market:In terms of big players in this
marketplace, Japan, China and India will fuel the growth in the waste to energy industry, no
doubt in part thanks to their increasing waste production which will drive this need further.
Other factors contributing to this growth are their higher propensity to adopt waste
management technologies and the growing disposable incomes of consumers in this
territory.
• Future waste to energy plants will be developed to deal with mega capacity waste:As the
waste problem continues to grow, so too will the solutions to overcome it. In the future we
would expect to see the development of mega capacity waste to energy plants around the
world, capable of processing upwards of 2,000 metric tonnes of waste each day to create
sustainable eco-systems globally and reduce the growing need for landfill sites.

8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
• Role of Government: Depending on the nature of country’s society and on
its level of development , policy targets can and do differ greatly within and
outside the economic & environmental spheres of concern.
• Socio-economic impacts: The adoption of WTE treatment encourage
production of waste, discourage recycling and are not compatible with the
policies that promote “ZERO WASTE” economy.
• Socio-economic benefits: WTE facilities bring additional benefits in terms of
employment and educational opportunities.The jobs generated by this
sector(waste to energy industry)are usually well paid, stable and support the
local economy.

9. EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
• Effect due to pyrolysis: It offers an attractive way of converting urban
wastes into products which can be used for production of chemicals,
heat, electricity etc.
• Effect due to gasification: The environmental problems associated
with gasification facilities are similar to those associated with mass
burn incinerators which may include water pollution, air pollution,
disposal of ash and other by products.
• Effect due to Anaerobic Digestion: The feedstock for AD is treated
within a fully enclosed oxygen-free environment to mitigate the
impact of odour to the environment.

10. CONCLUSION
WTE plants offer two important benefits of
environmentally safe waste management and disposal ,
as well as the generation of clean electric power.
Waste-to-energy facilities produce clean, renewable
energy through thermochemical , biochemical and
physicochemical methods.
• REFERENCES:
 Waste generation- World Bank Group(2019)
 U.S Energy Information Administration (2012)
 European Union (2009)
 William A Worrel & p.aarn Vesilind (2012)

11. THANK YOU!!