Energy, Renewable, Sustainable

1. Piter Biswas
piterbiswas11@gmail.com
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2.  Renewable
• Hydro Power
• Wind Energy
• Oceanic Energy
• Solar Power
• Geothermal
• Biomass
 Sustainable
• Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
• Nuclear
• Fossil Fuel Innovation
• Exotic Technologies
• Integration
 Distributed Generation
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3. Hydroelectric Power is an environmentally
friendly way to generate electricity.

4. 4http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

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6.  Head
• Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release
its stored energy.
• The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the
fore bay and the tail bay) is called head
 Dams: three categories
• high-head (800 or more feet)
• medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
• low-head (less than 100 feet)
 Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow
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7. 7Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

8. A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where
there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through
tunnels into the dam to turn turbines and thus drive
generators. Notice that the dam is much thicker at the
bottom than at the top, because the pressure of the water
increases with depth.

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Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Electricity

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12. Hydro-electric power is renewable.The Sun
provides the water by evaporation from
the sea,and will keep on doing so
The Sun evaporates water from the
sea and lakes, which forms clouds and
falls as rain in the mountains, keeping
the dam supplied with water.

13.  Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species
 Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation
of reservoir area
 Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases
 Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream
services
 Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
 Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients
 Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
• Creation of new wetland habitat
• Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs
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14.  Land use – inundation and displacement of people
 Impacts on natural hydrology
• Increase evaporative losses
• Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles
• Sedimentation/silting
 Impacts on biodiversity
• Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
 Water chemistry changes
• Mercury, nitrates, oxygen
• Bacterial and viral infections
 Tropics
 Seismic Risks
 Structural dam failure risks
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Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX,
SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates.
Frequently involves impoundment of large
amounts of water with loss of habitat due to
land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion
efficiency to electricity (80+%)
Variable output – dependent on rainfall and
snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,
including fish migration and oxygen
depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped
storage applications
Social impacts of displacing indigenous
people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large
projects

16. Positive Negative
Once the dam is built,the energy is
virtually free
Water can be stored above the dam ready
to cope with peaks in demand
The dams are very expensive to build,
however many dams are also used for flood
control or irrigation,so building costs can be
shared
No waste or pollution produced
much more reliable than wind,solar or wave
power
Building a large dam will flood a very large
area upstream, causing problems for
animals that used to live there
Electricity can be generated constantly Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the
impact on residents and the environment
may be unacceptable.
Hydro-electric power stations can increase
to full power very quickly unlike other
power stations
Water quality and quantity downstream can
be affected, which can have an impact on
plant life.

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19. 19Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

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22. 22“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org

23. 23http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml