2. Part2 For Your Safety Protection & Knowledge
PesticidesAnd The Environment
Drift, Particle and Vapor; DropletSize; Wind Velocity and Direction
Thickeners; Humidity and Temperature;Adsorption;Absorption;
Protecting Ground Water; Bees & Other Pollinators;
Fish & Other Vertebrates
Heat Stress and Heat Exhaustion
PPE to be Cooler;Signs & Symptoms of Heat Stress;
Adjusting to Heat; Heat Cramps
Pesticide Poisoning
First aid
LadderSafety
Labeling; Pictogram;Signal Words;Hazard Statement;
Precautionary Statement;
Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets Sections 1-16
Toxicity vs. Hazard & Signal Words
Secondary Containers and Service Containers
Triple Rinsing & How To Safely Store Pesticides
Understanding Pesticide Labels

3. PESTICIDES AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
•The objective is to:
•Understand the types of damage that can occur
to plants, animals (wildlife), soil, water and air.
•Understand the typical ways that pesticides are
broken down or move within the environment.
•Understand what pesticide drift is and what
factors contribute to pesticide drift.
•Understand why it is important to protect water
sources and the recommended practices that are
necessary to protect water sources.
•Understand the importance of protecting
crop pollinators and what laws and regulations are in
place to protect crop pollinators.
•Understand what management practices may be
used to lower any negative impact to fish and wildlife.

4. PESTICIDES & THE ENVIRONMENT
• Drift is most commonly due to off-target
movement of pesticide spray droplets. It is
essential to understand the factors that
contribute to spray drift and to make a
conscious effort to minimize drift for every
spray application.
• Three primary factors contribute to pesticide
spray drift:
• I. Weather conditions
• 2. Equipment configuration and operation
• 3. Applicator attitude

5. DRIFT & THE ENVIRONMENT
• Equipment configuration and operation determine spray droplet size. Small
droplets are most likely to drift off-target, and are produced in greatest
volume when using small nozzle orifices and high pressure. Select the correct
nozzle type and use a spray pressure low enough to produce the largest
droplets that will provide sufficient penetration and coverage of the intended
target. Drift potential is also increased as the distance between the nozzle and
the target increases, so applications should always be made as close to the
target as possible.
• Many pesticide labels include directions that prohibit spray application of the
pesticide "under conditions that favor drift." Complying with these directions
requires an understanding of weather conditions that enhance drift.

6. DRIFT & THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Drift can be defined simply as
the movement of a pesticide
through the air to a non-
target area.
• There are two types of drift:
• Particle Drift and Vapor Drift.

7. Particle Drift

8. Particle Drift
• Refers to small spray droplets carried by air movement from
the target area during application. Any pesticide applied with
a sprayer is susceptible to particle drift.
• The most important factor in drift minimization is applicator
attitude. Small droplets and high equipment operating
pressures can provide better spray coverage, but also
produces large amounts of very small spray droplets that are
susceptible to drift. Spraying when it is convenient and
disregarding existing weather conditions will often result in
off-target pesticide application leading to inconsistent pest
control and possible damage to adjacent crops or properties.
The many factors that influence the amount of drift are
discussed in the following sections.
• Of primary concern are spray droplet size and wind
velocity. Although there are several other factors that
can affect the off-target movement of a pesticide, most of
the problems associated with drift can be avoided by paying
close attention to the droplet size being produced by the
sprayer and the velocity and direction of the wind.

9. As droplet size increases
• The potential for drift decreases.
Because of this, it is desirable to
operate a sprayer so it produces
the largest droplets while
providing adequate coverage of
the target area.
• However, as droplet size
increases, the volume of water
required to give the same degree
of coverage also increases.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

10. Vapor Drift
• Vapor Drift refers to the movement of pesticide vapors from
the target area. Some pesticides are “volatile” and can
change from a solid or liquid form into a gas. As a gas or
vapor, the pesticide may drift farther and for a longer period
of time than spray droplets. Pesticides with a high volatility
are most susceptible to vapor drift.
• A pesticide in a gaseous state can be carried away from a
treated area by air currents; the movement of pesticide
vapors in the atmosphere is called Vapor Drift. Unlike the drift
of sprays and dusts that can sometimes be seen during an
application, vapor drift is not visible. Some herbicides can
volatilize and move from the treated area, reducing the
control of the target weeds and increasing the likelihood that
nontarget plants will be injured.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

11. Vapor Drift
• Application of a volatile pesticide should be avoided when
conditions favor volatilization, such as high temperatures
combined with low humidity. The vapor pressure rating of
the pesticide may help indicate the volatility of the
material. A higher vapor pressure means that the pesticide
is more volatile. Volatilization can be reduced through the
use of low-volatile formulations and soil incorporation of
the pesticide. Precautionary statements on labels indicate
pesticides that have a potential for vapor drift.

12. Wind Velocity and Direction
• Wind speed is the major weather condition affecting drift. The greater the
wind speed, the greater the drift. In general, wind speeds below five miles
per hour (mph) pose very little drift hazard. In fact some pesticide labels
require a minimum wind speed to avoid temperature inversions. Nearly all
the spray particles will have a chance to deposit on the site before moving
too far off. When wind speed increases above 5 mph, drift does
become an important factor and must be considered. Generally, wind over
10 mph will control and carry virtually all smaller particles and will affect
medium and large particles. In general, winds are usually less just before
sunrise and just after sunset. Air is usually the most turbulent during mid-
afternoon. Pesticides should not be applied when wind movement is
toward an adjoining property. Buffer zones should be increased as winds
increase.
• Several other factors influence the potential for drift.

13. Wind Velocity and
Direction
• Physical properties of liquids - The viscosity
of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to
flow. For example, mayonnaise is more
viscous than water. As the viscosity of the
liquid is increased, the droplet size of the
spray increases. Thickening agents can be
added to the spray to increase droplet size,
thereby reducing the time a droplet is
suspended in the air, thereby reducing the
chances of it drifting.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

14. Wind Velocity and Direction
• In addition to thickeners, a number of drift control agents
are now available that reduce the potential for drift. They
include foam additives, invert emulsions, and
others. Research with ground sprayers indicated that the
addition of a spray thickener reduced spray drift by 66 to 90
percent. However, some post-emergence herbicides
require small droplets for optimum performance, so
techniques that increase the droplet size of an herbicide,
may reduce weed control. Always follow the label
directions regarding the use of any spray additive.

15. Wind Velocity and Direction
• Humidity and Temperature - Low relative humidity and/or
high temperature, increases the evaporation rate of water-
spray droplets thereby shrinking them before they settle.
Evaporation reduces the size of the spray droplets, thereby
making the smaller droplets more susceptible to
drift. Droplets greater than 150 microns are not
significantly affected by evaporation.

16. Adsorption
• Is the binding of one type of molecule ( e.g. solute or liquid) to another
molecule ( e.g. soil). Pesticides adsorb to soil particles. The amount and
persistence of pesticide adsorption varies with pesticide properties, soil
moisture content, soil pH and soil texture. Soils high in organic matter
or clay are the most adsorptive; coarse, sandy soils that lack organic
matter or clay are much less adsorptive. The increased adsorption of
soils high in clay and organic matter is due to an increase in soil surface
area, thus the number of binding sites for chemicals.

17. Absorption
• By plants and microorganisms is another process that
can transfer pesticides in the environment. Once
absorbed, most pesticides are degraded within plants.
These residues may persist inside the plant or be
released back into the environment as the plant tissue
decays.

18. Absorption
• Runoff is a process that moves pesticides in water. Runoff occurs as
water moves over a sloping surface carrying pesticide, either mixed in
the water or bound to eroding soil. The amount of pesticide runoff
depends upon the grade or slope of an area, the characteristics and
texture of the soil, the soil moisture content, the amount and timing of
irrigation or rainfall, and properties of the pesticide. For example, a
pesticide application made to a heavy clay soil already saturated with
water is highly susceptible to runoff. Established vegetation or plant
residues also influence runoff because of their ability to retain soil and
moisture.

19. Absorption
• Runoff from residential and recreational areas, or industrial sites can be a factor in
pesticide pollution of surface waters (streams, ponds, and lakes). Pesticide residues in
surface water can cause injuries to plants and animals in aquatic systems, contaminate
groundwater and result in livestock and plant/crop losses to downstream users. Herbicide
runoff into non-target areas can damage sensitive plants.
• Pesticide losses from runoff are greatest when heavy rainfall occurs shortly after a
pesticide application. Pesticide runoff can be reduced by careful observation of current
and predicted weather conditions. If heavy rain is expected, the application of pesticides
should be delayed. Irrigation should be applied in accordance with labeled instructions
and monitored to avoid runoff and accumulation of excess surface water.
• When applying pesticide treatments for parks, recreation areas or homes the site
supervisor or homeowner should be advised to turn off sprinkler systems until the
treatment areas are completely dry or longer if label requirements have specific
guidelines.

20. Absorption
• When treating brumes careful attention should be made to what's at the
bottom. Notice if there are sidewalks, city sewer systems, floodwater or storm drains
that could potentially be contaminated if lawn sprinklers are ran or if there is a
possibility of rain. Soil that has standing water (puddles) should never be treated with
pesticides.
• Leaching is a process that moves pesticides in water. Several factors influence the
leaching of pesticides, such as water solubility of the pesticide, soil texture and
adsorption. A pesticide that is dissolved in water can move readily with the water as it
seeps through the soil. Soil structure and texture influence soil permeability as well as
the amount and persistence of pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Adsorption is
probably the most important factor influencing leaching of pesticides. If a pesticide is
strongly adsorbed to soil particles, it is less likely to leach regardless of its solubility,
unless the soil particles themselves move with the flow of water.

21. Absorption
• Groundwater contamination is a major concern associated with the leaching of
pesticides. Keeping our water safe is the responsibility of everyone. As a licensed
(PMP) Pest Management Professional you should always set an example of
environmental stewardship. Prevention is the best remedy to minimize groundwater
contamination.
• There are many factors that contribute to water contamination, pesticides, domestic
waste (sewers), landfills, industrial waste, even government produced radioactive
waste. As a PMP you should only apply pesticides when and where necessary and
only in amounts adequate to control pests. Using pesticides only when necessary
and using only the minimum amount necessary for effective pest management will
help to minimize potential groundwater contamination.

22. Protecting Groundwater
Use (IPM) Integrated Pest Management. Combine chemical control with other
alternatives to minimize the use of pesticides.
Consider the type of soil you are treating. Soil texture is determined by
proportions of sand, silt and clay. In sandy soil, percolating water moves faster
and there are fewer binding sites available for the adsorption of dissolved
chemicals.
Soil organic matter influences how much water a soil can hold, and how well it
absorbs pesticides. Increasing the soil organic content, increases the soil's
ability to hold both water and dissolved pesticides in the root zone where they
will be available to plants. The susceptibility of the particular soil type to
leaching should be determined prior to using pesticides with the potential to
contaminate groundwater.

23. Protecting Groundwater
In the selection of the product you use, always try to choose the pesticides
that are highly soluble, relatively stable and not readily adsorbed to soil
tend to be the most likely to leach. Choose pesticides with the least
potential for leaching into groundwater.
Follow label directions. The label is the law and it carries critical
information you need to know about the proper application rates, mixing,
treatment areas, including areas to avoid. When using products that
require dilution, mix the correct amount for the job. Adding more doesn't
kill pests any more dead it just wastes chemical and adds to the increased
possibility of off target contamination.

24. Protecting Groundwater
Calibrate your equipment. If you are using a 1/2 gallon, 1 gallon or larger
compressed air sprayer or backpack you still need to know how much is
being applied at how many seconds using each tip at a consistent
pressure. Most chemical suppliers have 1 gallon measuring cups you can
purchase for use in calibrating. As an example, a spray wand with a cone
tip verses pin stream will put out different amounts of liquid in the same
time period with the same pressure. You should always select the correct
nozzle size and pressure for the application you are performing.

25. Bees and other
pollinators
• Restrict the application of pesticides that are toxic to
bees and other pollinators when weeds and flowering
plants are in bloom. Pollinators are very important to
our environment. From a food standpoint, about 1/3 of
the food we eat requires pollination.
• Do not apply pesticides that are toxic to bees during
bloom. Even shade trees and weeds should not be
sprayed when blooming. Select the pesticide least
harmful to foraging bees. Check the product labels for
specific bee hazards

26. Bees and other pollinators
• Select the safest formulation. In general, dusts
are more hazardous to bees than sprays; wettable
powders are more hazardous to bees than either
emulsifiable concentrates or water-soluble
formulations. Granular insecticide formulations
are generally the least hazardous while
microencapsulated formulations can be quite
hazardous. The hazard to the bees increases
when the material can be carried back to the hive.
Since microencapsulated and dust formulations
are picked up with pollen, they are the most
dangerous because they can affect the brood as
well as other adults fed by the contaminated
pollen.

27. Fish and other vertebrates
• Pesticides can be harmful to all kinds of
vertebrates. Most recognizable are the
direct effects from acute poisoning. Fish kills
often are a direct result of water pollution
by a pesticide.
• Pesticides can enter water via drift, surface
runoff, soil erosion, leaching, and in some
cases, deliberate or careless release of the
pesticide directly into the water. Fish kills
are most often caused by insecticide
contamination of small ponds or streams
with low water volume or turnover.

28. BIRDS
• Bird killed from pesticides can occur in many ways. Birds can ingest
the toxicant in granules, baits or treated seed; they may be exposed
directly to the spray; they may consume a treated food source; they
may drink or use contaminated water; or they may feed on pesticide-
contaminated prey. Animals often mistake granules or pellets for
food. Pets, birds and other wildlife can be killed when baits are left
unattended or improperly placed. Granule pesticides are particularly
attractive to birds, since they are often mistaken for food.

29. Fish and other vertebrates
• The following practices can minimize negative effects to wildlife caused by
improper or unnecessary pesticide application.
• Use pesticides only when necessary.
• Select the least toxic and least persistent pesticide that will do the job.
• Observe the environmental precautions on the label.
• Treat only the area needed.
• Avoid aquatic areas whenever possible. Leave a buffer zone between
bodies of water and the treated area.
• Avoid spraying trees that overhang streams or ponds.
• Exercise caution when placing baits or granules. Clean up any spilled
granules or completely cover them with soil.
• Be aware of the legal considerations when using pesticides. Very strict laws
have been enacted to protect pollinators and wildlife, especially
endangered species.

30. Always keep in mind: THE LABEL IS THE LAW!

31. Heat Stress and Heat Exhaustion
This course covers heat factors, PPE,
adjusting to heat, signs and symptoms
of heat stress and first aid.
You'll learn what to look for and what
to do if heat stress or heat exhaustion
happen you or a fellow worker.

32. HEAT STRESS & Heat Exhaustion
•Illness that occurs when body builds up more heat than it can cope with
•Wearing personal protective equipment increases risk. •Limits body’s ability to cool
down

33. Heat factors
•Temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight
•Workload
•Amount of effort a task involves
•Scheduling
•Personal Protective Equipment
*Water intake

34. •High temperatures
•High humidity
•Sunlight

35. Personal Protective Equipment
•Choose PPE designed to be cool
•Back-vented
•Cotton fabrics vs. rubber or plastic
•Do not over-protect in heat

36. Signs and Symptoms of Heat Stress

37. Adjusting to Heat
•Allow time to adjust
to the heat and
workload
•Start slowly and
increase time and
workload gradually
•Workers may adjust
naturally if warm
weather occurs
gradually

38. Other Symptoms of Heat Stress:
Heat Cramps
•Painful muscle spasms caused by loss of body
salts from sweating
•Occur in legs, arms, stomach
•Drink cool water or “sports drinks”
•Stretching or kneading muscles will help relieve
cramps

39. Drinking Water
and Sports
Drinks
•Evaporation of sweat cools body
•Water must be replaced or body
temperature will rise. Drink water and
sports drinks throughout the day.
•Drink plenty of water and sports drinks
before, during, and after heat stress
conditions

40. Consider work /
rest cycle.
•Outdoors pause under shade. Keep a wet towel around
your neck.
•In attics continually replenish fluids. Take water and
sports drinks with you or take a break every 30 minutes
and get out of the enclosed space.
•Be alert for heat stress problems
•Stop work immediately with heat stress

41. Heat Exhaustion
•Sweating, headache, fatigue
•Dry membranes, dry mouth, no tears, no saliva
•Fast pulse (slow if fainted)
•Nausea and diarrhea
•Dilated pupils
•Central nervous system depression
•Loss of coordination, confusion
•Fainting (prompt recovery)

42. Pesticide Poisoning
•Sweating, headache, fatigue
•Moist membranes, salivation, tears,
saliva present in mouth
•Slow pulse
•Nausea and diarrhea
•Possible small pupils
•Central nervous system depression
•Loss of coordination, confusion
• Coma

43. First Aid
•Get victim into shaded or cool area
•Cool by sponging or splashing skin with cool water
•Concentrate on face, neck, hands and forearms
•Carefully remove PPE and other clothing making victim hot
•If conscious, have victim drink as much cool water as possible
•Keep victim quiet until help arrives
•Brain damage or death may result if treatment is delayed

44. Dealing with Heat Stress
•Take safety precautions to avoid heat related illness
•Recognize the signs and symptoms of heat stress
•Get medical attention immediately

45. LADDER SAFETY
• Falls from portable ladders (step, straight, combination
and extension) are one of the leading causes of
occupational fatalities and injuries.
• Read and follow all labels/markings on the ladder.
• Avoid electrical hazards! - Look for overhead power
lines before handling a ladder. Avoid using a metal
ladder near power lines or exposed energized electrical
equipment.
• Always inspect the ladder prior to using it. If the ladder
is damaged, it must be removed from service and
tagged until repaired or discarded.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

46. LADDER SAFETY
• Always maintain a 3-point (two hands and a foot, or two feet and a
hand) contact on the ladder when climbing. Keep your body near the
middle of the step and always face the ladder while climbing. Only
use ladders and appropriate accessories (ladder levelers, jacks or
hooks) for their designed purposes.
• Ladders must be free of any 3-Point Contact slippery material on the
rungs, steps or feet

47. Will GHS pictograms and DOT labels conflict
with each other?
• No. The Department of Transportation (DOT) aligned with the GHS
physical hazard criteria in 2008 in order to classify hazards for toxic
materials and flammable liquids during the transport of hazardous
chemicals. The elements of the GHS which have been incorporated
within Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 100-180)
have been adopted by OSHA as well, so they are using the same
criteria for physical hazards.
• Training on label elements must include information on the type of
information the employee would expect to see on the new labels,
including the: Product identifier & Signal word.

48. How often must HazCom refresher training be given?
• Training must provide "effective" HazCom training for employees at the
time of their initial assignment and whenever a new physical or health
hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced
into their work area. For example, if a new solvent is brought into the
workplace, and it has hazards similar to existing chemicals for which training
has already been conducted, then no new training is required.
• If the newly introduced solvent is a suspect carcinogen, and there has never
been a carcinogenic hazard in the workplace before, then new training for
carcinogenic hazards must be conducted for employees in those work areas
where employees will be exposed.

49. Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram
As of June 1, 2015, the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) will require
pictograms on labels to alert users of the chemical hazards to which they may be
exposed. Each pictogram consists of a symbol on a white background framed
within a red border and represents a distinct hazard(s). The pictogram on the label is
determined by the chemical hazard classification.

50. .
Health Hazard
⮚ Carcinogen
⮚ Mutagenicity
⮚ Reproductive Toxicity
⮚ Respiratory Sensitizer
⮚ Target Organ Toxicity
⮚ Aspiration Toxicity
Flame
⮚ Flammables
⮚ Pyrophorics
⮚ Self-Heating
⮚ Emits Flammable Gas
⮚ Self-Reactives
⮚ Organic Peroxides
Exclamation Mark
⮚ Irritant (skin and eye)
⮚ Skin Sensitizer
⮚ Acute Toxicity
⮚ Narcotic Effects
⮚ Respiratory Tract Irritant
⮚ Hazardous to Ozone Layer
⮚ (Non-Mandatory)
Gas Cylinder
⮚ Gases Under Pressure
Corrosion
⮚ Skin Corrosion/Burns
⮚ Eye Damage
⮚ Corrosive to Metals
Exploding Bomb
⮚ Explosives
⮚ Self-Reactives
⮚ Organic Peroxides
Flame Over Circle
⮚ Oxidizers
Environment
(Non-Mandatory)
⮚ Aquatic Toxicity
Skull and Crossbones
⮚ Acute Toxicity
⮚ (fatal or toxic)

51. Hazard Communication Standard:
Safety Data Sheets
• The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) (29 CFR 1910.1200(g)),
revised in 2012, requires that the chemical manufacturer, distributor,
or importer provide Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) (formerly MSDSs or
Material Safety Data Sheets) for each hazardous chemical to
downstream users to communicate information on these
hazards. The information contained in the SDS is largely the same as
the MSDS, except now the SDSs are required to be presented in a
consistent user-friendly, 16-section format. This brief provides
guidance to help workers who handle hazardous chemicals to
become familiar with the format and understand the contents of the
SDSs.

52. Hazard Communication Standard:
Safety Data Sheets
• The SDS includes information such as the properties of each
chemical; the physical, health, and environmental health hazards;
protective measures; and safety precautions for handling, storing,
and transporting the chemical. The information contained in the SDS
must be in English (although it may be in other languages as well). In
addition, OSHA requires that SDS preparers provide specific minimum
information as detailed in Appendix D of 29 CFR 1910.1200. The SDS
preparers may also include additional information in various
section(s).

53. Hazard Communication Standard:
Safety Data Sheets
• Sections 1 through 8 contain general information about the chemical,
identification, hazards, composition, safe handling practices, and
emergency control measures (e.g., firefighting). This information
should be helpful to those that need to get the information quickly.
Sections 9 through 11 and 16 contain other technical and scientific
information, such as physical and chemical properties, stability and
reactivity information, toxicological information, exposure control
information, and other information including the date of preparation
or last revision. The SDS must also state that no applicable
information was found when the preparer does not find relevant
information for any required element.

54. Hazard Communication Standard:
Safety Data Sheets
• The SDS must also contain Sections 12 through 15, to be consistent
with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), but OSHA will not enforce the content of
these sections because they concern matters handled by other
agencies.
• A description of all 16 sections of the SDS, along with their contents,
is presented next:

55. Section 1: Identification
• This section identifies the chemical on the SDS as well as the
recommended uses. It also provides the essential contact information
of the supplier. The required information consists of:
•Product identifier used on the label and any other common names
or synonyms by which the substance is known.
•Name, address, phone number of the manufacturer, importer, or
other responsible party, and emergency phone number.
•Recommended use of the chemical (e.g., a brief description of what
it actually does, such as flame retardant) and any restrictions on use
(including recommendations given by the supplier).

56. Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification
• This section identifies the hazards of the chemical presented on the SDS and the appropriate
warning information associated with those hazards. The required information consists of:
• The hazard classification of the chemical (e.g., flammable liquid, category1).
• Signal word.
• Hazard statement(s).
• Pictograms (the pictograms or hazard symbols may be presented as graphical
reproductions of the symbols in black and white or be a description of the name of the symbol
(e.g., skull and crossbones, flame).
• Precautionary statement(s).
• Description of any hazards not otherwise classified.
•For a mixture that contains an ingredient(s) with unknown toxicity, a statement describing how
much (percentage) of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) with unknown acute toxicity. Please note
that this is a total percentage of the mixture and not tied to the individual ingredient(s).

57. Section 3: Composition/Information on
Ingredients
• This section identifies the ingredient(s) contained in the product indicated on the
SDS, including impurities and stabilizing additives. This section includes
information on substances, mixtures, and all chemicals where a trade secret is
claimed. The required information consists of:
• Substances
• Chemical name.
• Common name and synonyms.
• Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and other unique identifiers.
• Impurities and stabilizing additives, which are themselves classified
and which contribute to the classification of the chemical.

58. Section 3: Composition/Information on
Ingredients
• Mixtures
• Same information required for substances.
• The chemical name and concentration (i.e., exact percentage) of all ingredients
which are classified as health hazards and are:
• Present above their cut-off/concentration limits or
• Present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limits.
• The concentration (exact percentages) of each ingredient must be specified
except concentration ranges may be used in the following situations:
• A trade secret claim is made, there is batch-to-batch variation, or the SDS is used
for a group of substantially similar mixtures.

59. Section 3: Composition/Information on
Ingredients
• Chemicals where a trade secret is claimed
• A statement that the specific chemical identity and/or exact
percentage (concentration) of composition has been withheld as a
trade secret is required.
•1 Chemical, as defined in the HCS, is any substance, or mixture of
substances.

60. Section 4: First - Aid Measures
This section describes the initial care that should be given by untrained responders to an
individual who has been exposed to the chemical. The required information consists of:
Necessary first-aid instructions by relevant routes of exposure (inhalation, skin and
eye contact, and ingestion).
Description of the most important symptoms or effects, and any symptoms that are
acute or delayed.
Recommendations for immediate medical care and special treatment needed,
when necessary.

61. Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures
This section provides recommendations for fighting a fire caused by the
chemical. The required information consists of:
Recommendations of suitable extinguishing equipment, and information about
extinguishing equipment that is not appropriate for a particular situation.
Advice on specific hazards that develop from the chemical during the fire, such
as any hazardous combustion products created when the chemical burns.
Recommendations on special protective equipment or precautions for
firefighters.

62. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
• This section provides recommendations on the appropriate response
to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and cleanup
practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, or
the environment.
It may also include recommendations distinguishing between
responses for large and small spills where the spill volume has a
significant impact on the hazard. The required information may
consist of recommendations for:

63. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Use of personal precautions (such as removal of ignition sources or providing sufficient
ventilation) and protective equipment to prevent the contamination of skin, eyes, and clothing.
Emergency procedures, including instructions for evacuations, consulting experts when
needed, and appropriate protective clothing.
Methods and materials used for containment (e.g., covering the drains and capping
procedures).
Cleanup procedures (e.g., appropriate techniques for neutralization, decontamination, cleaning
or vacuuming; adsorbent materials; and/or equipment required for containment/clean up).

64. Section 7: Handling and Storage
This section provides guidance on the safe handling practices and conditions for safe
storage of chemicals. The required information consists of:
Precautions for safe handling, including recommendations for handling incompatible
chemicals, minimizing the release of the chemical into the environment, and providing
advice on general hygiene practices (e.g., eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas is
prohibited).
Recommendations on the conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities.
Provide advice on specific storage requirements (e.g., ventilation requirements).

65. Section 8: Physical and Chemical Properties
This section indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal
protective measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure. The required
information consists of:
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), and any other exposure limit used or
recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing the safety
data sheet, where available.
Appropriate engineering controls (e.g., use local exhaust ventilation, or use only in an
enclosed system).

66. Section 8: Physical and Chemical Properties
Recommendations for personal protective measures to prevent illness
or injury from exposure to chemicals, such as personal protective
equipment (PPE) (e.g., appropriate types of eye, face, skin or
respiratory protection needed based on hazards and potential
exposure).
Any special requirements for PPE, protective clothing or respirators
(e.g., type of glove material, such as PVC or nitrile rubber gloves; and
breakthrough time of the glove material).

67. Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
This section identifies physical and chemical properties associated with the substance or mixture. The minimum required
information consists of:
• Appearance (physical state, color, etc.); • Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits;
• Odor; • Vapor pressure;
• Odor threshold; • Vapor density;
• pH; • Relative density;
• Melting point/freezing point; • Solubility;
• Initial boiling point and boiling range; • Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water;
• Flash point; • Auto-ignition temperature;
• Evaporation rate; • Decomposition temperature; and
• Flammability (solid, gas); • Viscosity.

68. Section 9: Physical and Chemical
Properties
• The SDS may not contain every item on the above list because information may not be
relevant or is not available. When this occurs, a notation to that effect must be made for
that chemical property. Manufacturers may also add other relevant properties, such as
the dust deflagration index (Kst) for combustible dust, used to evaluate a dust’s
explosive potential.

69. Section 10: Stability and Reactivity
This section describes the reactivity hazards of the chemical and the
chemical stability information. This section is broken into three parts:
reactivity, chemical stability, and other. The required information consists
of:
Reactivity
Description of the specific test data for the chemical(s). This data can be for
a class or family of the chemical if such data adequately represent the
anticipated hazard of the chemical(s), where available.

70. • This section describes the reactivity hazards of the
chemical and the chemical stability information. This
section is broken into three parts: reactivity,
chemical stability, and other. The required
information consists of:
Chemical stability
• Indication of whether the chemical is stable or
unstable under normal ambient temperature and
conditions while in storage and being handled.
• Description of any stabilizers that may be needed to
maintain chemical stability.
• Indication of any safety issues that may arise should
the product change in physical appearance.
Section 10: Stability and
Reactivity

71. Section 10: Stability and Reactivity
Indication of the possibility of hazardous reactions, including a statement whether the chemical
will react or polymerize, which could release excess pressure or heat, or create other
hazardous conditions. Also, a description of the conditions under which hazardous reactions
may occur.
List of all conditions that should be avoided (e.g., static discharge, shock, vibrations, or
environmental conditions that may lead to hazardous conditions).
List of all classes of incompatible materials (e.g., classes of chemicals or specific substances)
with which the chemical could react to produce a hazardous situation.
List of any known or anticipated hazardous decomposition products that could be produced
because of use, storage, or heating. (Hazardous combustion products should also be included
in Section 5 (Fire-Fighting Measures) of the SDS.)

72. Section 11: Toxicological Information
This section identifies toxicological and health effects information or
indicates that such data are not available. The required information
consists of:
Information on the likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion,
skin and eye contact). The SDS should indicate if the information is
unknown.
Description of the delayed, immediate, or chronic effects from
short- and long-term exposure.

73. Section 11: Toxicological Information
This section identifies toxicological and health effects information or
indicates that such data are not available. The required information
consists of:
The numerical measures of toxicity (e.g., acute toxicity estimates
such as the LD50 (median lethal dose)) - the estimated amount [of a
substance] expected to kill 50% of test animals in a single dose.
Description of the symptoms. This description includes the
symptoms associated with exposure to the chemical including
symptoms from the lowest to the most severe exposure.

74. Section 11: Toxicological Information
This section identifies toxicological and health effects information or
indicates that such data are not available. The required information consists
of:
Indication of whether the chemical is listed in the National Toxicology
Program (NTP)
Report on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found to be a potential
carcinogen in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Monographs (latest editions) or found to be a potential carcinogen by OSHA.

75. Section 12: Ecological Information
(non-mandatory)
• This section provides information to evaluate the environmental impact of the
chemical(s) if it were released to the environment. The information may include:
• Results of tests of bioaccumulation potential, making reference to the octanol-
water partition coefficient (Kow) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF), where
available.
• The potential for a substance to move from the soil to the groundwater (indicate
results from adsorption studies or leaching studies).
• Other adverse effects (e.g., environmental fate, ozone layer depletion potential,
photochemical ozone creation potential, endocrine disrupting potential, and/or
global warming potential).

76. Section 12: Ecological Information
(non-mandatory)
• This section provides information to evaluate the environmental
impact of the chemical(s) if it were released to the environment. The
information may include:
• Data from toxicity tests performed on aquatic and/or terrestrial
organisms, where available (e.g., acute or chronic aquatic toxicity
data for fish, algae, crustaceans, and other plants; toxicity data on
birds, bees, plants).
• Whether there is a potential for the chemical to persist and degrade
in the environment either through biodegradation or other
processes, such as oxidation or hydrolysis.

77. Section 13: Disposal Considerations
(non-mandatory)
This section provides guidance on proper disposal practices, recycling or reclamation of the chemical(s) or its
container, and safe handling practices. To minimize exposure, this section should also refer the reader to
Section 8 (Exposure Controls/Personal Protection) of the SDS. The information may include:
• Description of appropriate disposal containers to use.
• Recommendations of appropriate disposal methods to employ.
• Description of the physical and chemical properties that may affect disposal activities.
• Language discouraging sewage disposal.
• Any special precautions for landfills or incineration activities.

78. Section 14: Transport Information
(non-mandatory)
• This section provides guidance on classification information for shipping
and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail, or sea. The
information may include:
• UN number (i.e., four-figure identification number of the substance)2.
• UN proper shipping name2.
• Transport hazard class(es)2.
• Packing group number, if applicable, based on the degree of hazard2.
• Environmental hazards (e.g., identify if it is a marine pollutant according to
the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)).

79. Section 14: Transport Information
(non-mandatory)
• This section provides guidance on classification information for shipping
and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail, or sea. The
information may include:
• Guidance on transport in bulk (according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/783
and the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (International Bulk Chemical Code
(IBC Code)).
• Any special precautions which an employee should be aware of or needs to
comply with, in connection with transport or conveyance either within or
outside their premises (indicate when information is not available).

80. Section 14: Transport Information
(non-mandatory)
This section provides guidance on classification information for
shipping and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail,
or sea. The information may include:
2Found in the most recent edition of the United Nations
Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.
3MARPOL 73/78 means the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the
Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, as amended.

81. Section 15: Regulatory Information
(non-mandatory)
This section identifies the safety, health, and
environmental regulations specific for the product that is
not indicated anywhere else on the SDS. The information
may include:
Any national and/or regional regulatory information of
the chemical or mixtures (including any OSHA,
Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection
Agency, or Consumer Product Safety Commission
regulations).

82. Section 16: Other Information
This section indicates when the SDS was prepared or when the
last known revision was made.
The SDS may also state where the changes have been made to
the previous version. You may wish to contact the supplier for
an explanation of the changes. Other useful information also
may be included here.

83. Employer Responsibilities
• Employers must ensure that the SDSs are readily accessible to
employees for all hazardous chemicals in their workplace. This
may be done in many ways. For example, employers may keep
the SDSs in a binder or on computers as long as the employees
have immediate access to the information without leaving their
work area when needed and a backup is available for rapid
access to the SDS in the case of a power outage or other
emergency.
• Furthermore, employers may want to designate a person(s)
responsible for obtaining and maintaining the SDSs. If the
employer does not have an SDS, the employer or designated
person(s) should contact the manufacturer to obtain one.

84. "TOXICITY vs. HAZARD"
TOXICITY refers to how poisonous the material is, TOXICITY represents the killing power of the
pesticide. The more toxic the material is the more dangerous it is to use.
HAZARDS are the dangers associated with using poisonous materials. The more toxic the material
the more HAZARDOUS it will be for you to use. You must be extra careful when handling the most
toxic pesticides.
"TOXICITY"
Pesticide Toxicity is measured in terms of the "LD50" or "LC50".
"LD50" represents the Lethal Dose required to kill 50% of the test animals. "LD50" is measured in
terms of milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of body weight. A low LD50 number would indicate a
very toxic material.
"LC50" - Fumigant Toxicity is measured in terms of the "LC50" which represents the Lethal
Concentration of the fumigant in the air that is required to kill 50% of the test animals.

86. Acute Toxicity
Categories for
Pesticide Products
Hazard Indicators
Highly Toxic
Category
I
DANGER/Danger-Poison
Moderately Toxic
Category
II
WARNING
Low Toxicity
Category
III
CAUTION
Very Low Toxicity
Category
IV
Optional signal word Caution
Oral LD50
Up to and including 50
mg/kg
>50 thru 500 mg/kg >500 thru 5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg
Dermal LD50
Up to and including 200
mg/kg
>200 thru 2000
mg/kg
>2000 thru 20,000 mg/kg >20,000 mg/kg
Inhalation LC50
Up to and including 0.2
mg/liter
>0.2 thru 2 mg/liter >2 thru 20 mg/liter >2.0 mg/liter
Eye irritation
Corrosive; corneal opacity
not reversible within 7 days
Corneal opacity
reversible within 7
days; irritation
persisting for 7 days
No corneal opacity;
irritation reversible
within 7 days
No irritation
Skin irritation Corrosive
Severe irritation at
72 hours
Moderate irritation at 72
hours
Mild or slight
irritation at 72 hours

87. Signal Word Category** Toxicity (Lethal Dose)*
Danger or Danger-Poison Class I—highly toxic Corrosive or irritant properties, a few drops to 1 teaspoon
Warning Class II—moderately toxic 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce
Caution Class III—slightly toxic
1 ounce to 1 pint/
1 pound
Caution or none Class IV—very slight hazard Over 1 pint or 1 pound
Signal words that may appear on the label.
* Lethal doses are listed for a 150-lb. adult.
**A product’s toxicity category determines what must be on its label.

88. Secondary Containers and Service Containers for
Pesticides EPA Guidelines and Recommendations
• Secondary containers and service containers are often used by pesticide
applicators when they are applying a pesticide. EPA does not require
secondary containers or service containers to be labeled or to meet
particular construction standards.
• However, for both types of containers, the applicator is responsible for
following the requirements on the pesticide product labeling and
complying with other relevant requirements in the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and other statutes.

89. Secondary Containers and Service Containers for
Pesticides EPA Guidelines and Recommendations
• Given that both secondary and service containers are widely used,
however, EPA has some recommendations for users who choose to
label these containers. These recommendations for labeling are
intended to help ensure the safe use of pesticides. Any labeling on
secondary or service containers should not conflict with the product
labeling.

90. Secondary and Service Containers
• Secondary containers and service containers are similar, but there are
some minor differences, and different terms are used in different
settings. A secondary container is used to apply and/or store an EPA-
registered pesticide and, when it holds the pesticide, is neither sold nor
distributed. Secondary containers are most commonly used in
institutional settings for concentrated products that are diluted prior to
use, or to hold pesticides filled from a larger container to be used or
stored prior to application. Often secondary containers are filled by end
users at the site where the product will be used.

91. Secondary and Service Containers
• Service containers are containers that are filled with an EPA-registered
pesticide by an applicator and usually transported to a use site where
the pesticide will be applied by the applicator. Although a product may
be temporarily stored in a service container, the container is not
intended for long-term storage. The term "service container" is often
used in the agricultural setting and by pest control operators. Service
containers also are not used to sell or distribute the pesticide.

92. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary
and Service Containers
• Although the Agency does not require labels on secondary and service
containers, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements may apply. EPA
recommends that the applicator identify the material in the secondary
or service container in the event of a spill to ensure that adequate
information regarding the pesticide can be obtained in case of medical
or environmental emergency. EPA recommends that such labels include
the following information:

93. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary
and Service Containers
• The name, address and telephone number of the applicator/pest
control firm [if applicable].
• Product name.
• EPA registration number.
• Name and percentage of active ingredient.
• If the product in the container is diluted, it should be followed by the
phrase:
“The product in this container is diluted as directed on the pesticide
product label.”

94. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary
and Service Containers
• Signal word and precautionary statements (including First Aid statements) from the
registered label unless the registrant has acute toxicity data supporting lesser
precautionary statements for the diluted product and alternate directions for the
diluted product are indicated on the product label; and
• The statement:
“Follow the directions for use on the pesticide label when applying this product.”
• It is a good management practice to ensure that the label for the pesticide product
that has been put into a secondary or service container is available to any person
transporting, handling and/or applying the pesticide.

95. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary
and Service Containers
• EPA also allows registrants to provide labels to users for secondary containers that are
used to apply or temporarily store end-use pesticides, as long as the labels that
accompany the containers are not inconsistent, i.e., have no other statements that
conflict, with the EPA approved pesticide label.
• Can an applicator leave a service container with a customer for the customer to apply?
• No, if the applicator leaves a filled service container with a customer for the customer to
apply, the container is being used to sell or distribute the pesticide rather than for the
applicator to use the pesticide. This triggers a number of different requirements. Selling
and/or distributing a pesticide requires the product to be registered with EPA, the product
container display full labeling, and for transfer of the product into a container to occur at a
pesticide producing establishment registered with the EPA.

96. Triple-Rinsing
• Rinsing is NOT Optional
• Federal regulations require the rinsing of liquid
pesticide containers. Violation of these regulations is
punishable by criminal and/or civil penalties. When an
empty container is recycled, or disposed of according
to label directions.
it must be properly rinsed. Approved pesticide
container recyclers can accept only properly rinsed
containers. Some landfill operations may not accept
any pesticide containers, rinsed or unrinsed.

97. This focus will be on containers 2.5 gallon and less
Wear the same personal protective equipment (PPE) while rinsing containers as the
pesticide label requires for handling and mixing.
• This does not require any special equipment and can be used with
plastic, non-pressurized metal, and glass containers. Triple rinse
when you empty the container.
• Directions
• 1. Empty the pesticide into the spray tank, and allow it to drain for
10 seconds after it begins to drip.
• 2. Fill the container ¼ full of water, and securely replace the cap.
• 3. Shake for 10 seconds to rinse all inside surfaces.
• 4. Pour rinsate into application equipment
• 5. Allow the container to drain for 10 seconds after it begins to
drip.

98. • Repeat steps 2 through 5 two more
times.
• Rinse the cap, leave it removed, and
dispose of it in normal refuse.
• Puncture or crush the container so it
cannot be reused. Keep
any puncturing or crushing tools with
the pesticide.
• Allow clean container to dry. Store for
later recycling or disposal

99. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Store pesticides out of reach of children and pets. If possible, keep
pesticides in a locked cabinet in a well-ventilated utility area.
• Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or
medical supplies.
• Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or where
they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface
water.

100. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Always store pesticides in their original containers with the label, which
lists directions for use, ingredients, and first aid steps in case of
accidental poisoning. Never transfer pesticides to soft drink bottles or
other containers. Children or others may mistake them for something to
eat or drink.

101. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Always keep personal protective equipment (PPE) and a pesticide spill
kit (chemical-resistant gloves, coveralls, and goggles; sorbent pads and
absorbent material such as kitty litter; and a plastic temporary storage
bag or container) readily available in or near the pesticide storage area.
When storing pesticides on shelving, place liquid formulations on lower
shelves and dry formulations above them.
• If a liquid formulation container leaks, the dry formulations will not be
contaminated. Keeping the liquid containers on lower shelving also
helps reduce the risk of accidental spills if the container is knocked off
the shelf.

102. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Post weatherproof signs, stating “Danger - Pesticides - Keep Out!” or a similar
warning on each door and in any windows of the facility. In some cases, it may
be advisable to post the warning signs in one or more languages in addition to
English. Post the name, address, and phone number of a contact person at the
primary entrance to the storage area.
• Regardless of whether it is a cabinet, room, or an entire building, the pesticide
storage area should be lockable to prevent unauthorized entry and should be
used only for pesticides and pesticide equipment.
• A floor plan, records related to the storage location, and an annual inventory
of the pesticides and containers in storage should be provided to the local
emergency response coordinator as well.

103. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Wooden pallets or metal shelves must be provided for storing granular
and dry formulations packaged in sacks, fiber drums, boxes, or other
water-permeable containers. If metal pesticide containers are stored for
a prolonged period, they should be placed on pallets, rather than
directly on the floor, to help reduce potential corrosion and leakage.

104. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• The pesticide storage location should be a cool, dry, well-ventilated
area away from sources of heat or flame. See the pesticide label for
specific storage recommendations. Some pesticides may not be as
effective if they are or have been frozen or overheated. Expansion of
pesticides caused by freezing or heating can cause containers to crack
or break, resulting in potentially dangerous leaks or spills. Heat
expansion of a liquid pesticide also may result in contents that are
under pressure. When the container is opened, the pressure may cause
an overflow and/or contamination of the user or storage site.
Excessively high temperatures (120oF or higher) also can change the
effectiveness of a pesticide and may produce dangerous fumes, making
the storage area unsafe.

105. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• To prepare for pesticide applications, remove the pesticide containers
from storage and take them to an open area. Always measure and mix
pesticides in a well-lit, well-ventilated location. Regardless of whether
they are partially or completely emptied, never leave pesticide
containers open or unattended while the pesticide is being applied.
• Return all containers to storage prior to application to prevent
accidental spills, ingestion, or exposure to people, pets, livestock, or
wildlife.

106. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Mixing and applying pesticides requires detailed attention to label
instructions, along with common sense and good judgment. So, too,
does pesticide storage. Being careless or using improper storage
procedures is an open invitation to disaster.

107. How To Safely Store Pesticides
• Spilled pesticides must be contained. If the pesticide starts to spread,
contain it by diking with soil or absorbent materials, if this can be done
safely without contacting the pesticide or breathing the fumes. Never
hose down a contaminated area. This will cause the pesticide to spread
and infiltrate into the soil, possibly reaching groundwater. If the spill is
liquid, use activated charcoal, absorptive clay, vermiculite, pet litter, or
sawdust to cover the entire spill area. Use enough absorbing materials
to completely soak up the liquid. Then sweep or shovel the material into
a leak-proof container. Dispose of this material according to the label of
the pesticide involved.

108. Understanding Pesticide Labels
Pesticide labels are legal documents
containing directions for use, handling,
storage, and disposal of a pesticide
product.
With so many sections on a label, it can
be difficult to discern what you need to
know
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

109. Reading and Understanding Pesticide Labels

110. What determines a pesticide label content?
A product’s label is based on potential risks associated
with use of the product. Risk depends partly on the
product’s chemical characteristics and toxicity, but also
on how it is used. Risks include the following:
• Personal safety risks to applicators and handlers
• Human exposure risk through diet, inhalation,
dermal (skin), drinking water, and general exposure
from lawns, golf courses, parks, pets, schools,
swimming pools, etc.
• Effects on nontarget species (domestic animals,
wildlife, pollinators, other beneficial insects, and plants)
• Effects on the environment (water, soil, and air)

111. Why read the label?
THE LABEL IS THE LAW
It's the nuts & bolts of your business!

112. •The label is for safety.
● Each pesticide has different risks, so
each product has specific instructions
and safety precautions.
● The only way to know how to safely
use a product is to read its label.

113. •If you don’t follow the
instructions, you may endanger
yourself, other people,
domestic animals, wildlife,
desirable plants, and/or the
environment.

114. •The label tells you what to do if the product gets in your:
•Mouth, Lungs, Eyes, or on your Skin.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

115. It is illegal to use a pesticide in a
manner inconsistent with its label.
You may be liable for damage caused
by improper use.

116. One of the most important tools for safe and effective use of
pesticides is the information on the product label. Labels are
legal documents and are required to contain directions on how to
properly mix, apply, store, and dispose of a pesticide product.
These directions are designed to help ensure the safe and
effective use of pesticides. Failure to comply with label directions
can potentially harm humans and the environment, as well as
lead to possible legal liability.

117. 1. Product or brand name.
This is the name given by the manufacturer to the specific
pesticide product.
Several manufacturers may make products containing the same
active ingredient, but each will have its own brand name.

118. 2. Net contents/net weight.
This statement tells the weight or volume of product in the
container. Before applying a pesticide, multiply the area
(square feet or acres) to treat by the recommended application
rate for the target site and pest.
This is the amount of product you will need. Use the net
contents/net weight to help you determine how much to
purchase. By buying only what you need, you can avoid having
to store or dispose of extra pesticide.

119. 3. Pesticide Product Type
This statement indicates the type of pesticide and its use (for
example, a herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in agricultural
crops and nonagricultural areas).

120. 4. Ingredient statement.
This statement lists all ingredients as a percentage of the
total packaged product, thus indicating how concentrated the
product is. The active ingredient is the chemical responsible
for controlling the pest.
It may be listed by its common name and its more complex
chemical name. The percentage of inert ingredients is also
given. These ingredients include solvents, surfactants,
stabilizers, or dyes that make the product easier to handle and
apply.

121. 5. Restricted use pesticide statement.
This statement appears if the product is a restricted use
pesticide.
This determination is usually based on the product’s
individual human toxicity or on chemical properties that may
impact the environment. These pesticides may be purchased
and applied only by people with a pesticide license.
Pesticides without this statement reconsidered “general use
pesticides” and do not require a license.

122. 6. Child hazard warning.
The front of every pesticide label states,
“Keep Out of Reach of Children.”

123. 7. Signal word.
The signal word indicates the acute toxicity (toxicity that
occurs 24-48 hours after exposure) and hazard of the pesticide
to humans and animals. It is a quick way to determine the toxicity.
“Danger Poison” represents the most toxic of all pesticides.
These products also carry the risk of severe eye damage or skin
irritation. This signal word must be accompanied by a skull and
crossbones graphic and the Spanish word for danger, “Peligro.”
“Warning” represents moderate toxicity. The Spanish word
for warning, “Aviso,” must accompany this signal word.
“Caution” represents slight toxicity.
Some pesticides do not contain a signal word because their acute
effects on humans and animals are nontoxic.

124. 8. First aid statement.
This statement describes emergency first aid in case of exposure to
the product (oral, skin, inhalation, eye). For more toxic pesticides,
the first aid statement must be on the front of the label, with
additional first aid information elsewhere. For less toxic products,
the first aid statement may be in a different location. It is a good
idea to review the first aid statement before using a pesticide.

125. 9. EPA registration number and establishment number.
Each pesticide product sold in the United States has a unique registration number,
somewhat comparable to a person's Social Security Number
The first part of the number is the manufacturer or company identification number,
and the second part is the product identification number.
The registration number makes it easy to inquire about a specific product, even if
other products have a similar name. The establishment number identifies the
Manufacturing plant where the pesticide was produced, which is useful if you
have concerns about product quality.

126. 10. Mode-of-action numerical classification.
The pesticide mode-of-action number identifies the product’s
resistance group. Repeatedly using products from the same
group increases the probability that the pest will develop
resistance to those and other pesticides in the group. It is
recommended that applicators rotate pesticide mode-of-action
groups every time they apply pesticides. Always identify the
pesticides mode-of-action group before you purchase a product.
The mode-of-action group numerical code usually is on the front
of the label in the upper right-hand corner, although this location
is not a requirement.

127. 11. Company name and address.
This information refers to the pesticide manufacturer or the company
responsible for registration, sale, and distribution of the pesticide. This
information is useful if you have questions about the product.

128. 12. Precautionary statements.
This section contains information about potential hazards related to the
product’s use, including risks to humans, domestic animals, other
nontarget organisms, wildlife, and the environment. These statements
are based on product risk assessments. This section also lists the
PPE required when using the product.
Some precautionary statements relate to the product’s specific
chemical properties. These statements may outline actions needed to
eliminate risk of runoff, drift, or problems with hot or cold temperatures.

129. The precautionary statements contain the following:
a. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
b. Physical or chemical hazards (not shown)
c. Environmental hazards
d. Bee hazards

130. 13. Directions for use.
This large section tells how to mix and apply the product.
This information is derived from product testing required for
registration. Directions may be different for each crop or
site where the product may be applied.
Most of these instructions are mandatory. Information includes:
a. What pest(s) the product is registered to control
b. To what sites or crops the product may be applied
c. Correct application rate

131. 13. Directions for use.
d. How much total product can be applied to a site or crop during
a growing season. The label may tell how often to apply the
product and/or limit the number of applications or amount
applied per season.
e. How soon the crop can be harvested after a pesticide
application (the preharvest interval, or PHI)

132. 13. Directions for use.
f.How long people must wait before reentering a treated area
after the pesticide application (the restricted-entry interval,
or REI). This statement gives either a specific amount of time
(such as 48 hours) or a general statement such as, “Do
not enter treated area until sprays have dried.”
g.How much time must lapse after pesticide application before
livestock may be allowed to graze the area (the grazing interval)
h. How to mix the product
i. How to apply the product

133. 14. Storage and disposal.
This section tells how to store and dispose of the product and
container.
STORAGE
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Store
in original container in a dry, secure storage area. Keep container
tightly closed when not in use.

134. 14. Storage and disposal.
This section tells how to store and dispose of the product and
container.
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL
Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess
pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal law and
may contaminate groundwater.

135. 14. Storage and disposal.
This section tells how to store and dispose of the product and
container.
CONTAINER DISPOSAL
Triple rinse or equivalent. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or
puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or incineration.

136. 15. Agricultural use requirements and Worker
Protection Standard.
The federal Worker Protection Standard (WPS) requires this section on
certain products. It is surrounded by a “box” and lists notification
requirements, the REI, and required PPE for early reentry. Information
for greenhouse applications is included, if appropriate.

137. AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS
Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker
Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. This Standard contains
requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms,
forests, nurseries and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural
pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination,
notification and emergency assistance. It also contains specific
instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about
personal protective equipment (PPE), and restricted entry interval (REI).
The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are
covered by the WPS.
Do not enter or allow entry into treated areas during the restricted entry
interval (REI) of 48 hours.

138. 16. Nonagricultural use requirements.
This “box” appears on nonagricultural product labels, for
example, pesticides used on lawns, golf courses, ornamental
plantings, and structures (except greenhouses).
It contains important PPE and safety instructions, in addition to
that provided under “Precautionary statements.”

139. NONAGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS
The requirements in this box apply to uses of this product that are
NOT within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for
agricultural pesticides (40 CFR Part 170). For ornamental turf uses
(golf courses, cemeteries, parks and other turf grass areas), do not
enter treatment areas until sprays have dried. Do not allow people
(other than applicator) or pets on treatment area during application.
Some labels may have both the agricultural use box
and the nonagricultural use box.

140. Portions of Understanding the label information was used with
permission of the following:
The authors
Ronda E. Hirnyck, University of Idaho Pesticide Program Coordinator;
William Warren, Extension Educator, Clearwater County;
Sherman Takatori, Pesticide Applicator and Training Program Specialist,
Idaho State Department of Agriculture
Used with permission from the University of Idaho
American Pest CEUs would like to thank the University of Idaho, Ronda
Hirnyck, William Warren, and Sherman Takatori for use of
BUL 908Reading and Understanding Pesticide Labels.

141. Congratulations, You Have Completed The Course
•Please proceed to the quiz