Course for Program 3 2023 IOWA.pptx

2. Program 3 2023 IOWA PPE Coveralls; Aprons; Gloves; Hats; Boots; Goggles and Face Shields Respiratory Protection & Devices IPM Basics Insects and Their Relatives How To Choose The Formulations You Use Protecting Ground Water Bees and Other Pollinators Fish and Other Vertebrates Birds Personal Environment Heat Stress and Heat Exhaustion Pesticide Poisoning and First Aid Secondary Containers & Service Containers Storing & Transporting Pesticides Pesticide Spills & Cleanup Triple Rinsing

3. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • The type of protective clothing and equipment needed depends on the job being done and the type of chemical being used. READ THE LABEL on the pesticide container carefully and follow all directions concerning necessary protective clothing and equipment.

4. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment • Applying and disposing of the pesticide. In some cases, special equipment may be required, such as a self-contained air system when using fumigants. In many cases, the handler is required to wear a chemical-resistant apron while mixing, loading, or disposing of a product, in addition to the required personal protective equipment (PPE) designated for the applicator.

5. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Recommended Clothing: • The minimum protective clothing recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the National Agricultural Chemical Dealers Association (NACA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) when handling dilute (mixed) pesticides includes a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, underwear, chemically resistant gloves, socks, and shoes (boots). When handling concentrates, particularly pesticides with DANGER or WARNING labels, a face shield, goggles, or respirator (full face and eye protection), chemical resistant apron, and chemical resistant boots are necessary.

6. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Required PPE that must be worn during each stage of handling and using the pesticide (mixing, loading, applying, repairing, clean-up, disposal). • Read the label.

7. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Coveralls Cotton coveralls over regular work clothing are helpful protection when applying and/or handling pesticides. Sleeves should reach the wrist and the pant legs should reach the ankle. Coveralls should be closed (e.g. buttoned or zipped) in the front. They must be laundered after every wearing and should be replaced annually to prevent pesticide carry-over in the clothing from one season to the next. • When wearing gloves and boots with coveralls, the garments are to be worn outside (over) the gloves and boots. This prevents pesticides from getting into the gloves or boots. Disposable coveralls, such as regular Tyvek® or Polylaminated Tyvek® (polyethylene coated), are suitable for handling granular or powdered formulations and less toxic liquid pesticides.

8. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE They also can be worn over other work clothing, and offer protection similar to cotton coveralls, but are water resistant. Tyvek® coated with Saranex 23P® offers better protection for handling undiluted and highly toxic pesticides, but does not "breathe." In some weather conditions, they must be used with discretion to avoid heat exhaustion. Disposable coveralls are relatively inexpensive, so for many situations they are a good safety investment. Disposable coveralls are durable, but cannot be effectively decontaminated and should be disposed of in the same way as empty pesticide containers or hazardous waste.

9. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • If coveralls are not warn, long-sleeved shirts and long pants made of a closely woven fabric are a must when handling pesticides. The sleeves should reach the wrist and the pant legs should reach the ankle. The shirt should be closed (e.g. buttoned or zipped) in the front. If a shirt is worn outside the pants, it should reach below the top of the pants. Both the shirt and pants should be cleaned daily and should not have any holes in them. Same as with coveralls, when wearing gloves and boots with long-sleeved shirts and long pants, the garments are to be worn outside (over) the gloves and the boots preventing pesticides from getting into the gloves and boots. Always follow label directions for laundering work clothing. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

10. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Aprons When handling pesticide concentrates a liquid proof chemical resistant apron should be worn. Aprons should cover the body from the chest to the boots. Read the label to see if a chemical resistant apron is required. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

11. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE Gloves have been shown to reduce pesticide contamination of skin if properly maintained and replaced frequently. Hands should always be protected when working with pesticides. A USDA study showed that applicators handling concentrated pesticides received 85 percent of their pesticide exposure on their hands. When handling concentrated or highly toxic pesticides, wear gloves made of neoprene, nitrile or butyl rubber. For most pesticides, nitrile gloves or natural rubber gloves provide the best protection. Always follow the label recommendation.

12. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE •The label may require a specific kind of glove to be worn. Gloves should not be lined with a fabric. The lining is hard to clean if a chemical gets on it. Do not wear cotton or leather gloves. •They absorb the pesticide, which provide a continuous source of exposure, and can be more hazardous than wearing no gloves at all.

13. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Gloves with a “wristband” should never be worn. Gloves can get contaminated on the inside, and the moist warm conditions there may foster pesticide absorption into the skin. • To avoid this problem, discard or clean gloves often. Before removing gloves, rinse them with water and detergent to prevent contaminating hands.

14. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Hat Wear something to protect the head. A wide-brimmed, waterproof hats will protect neck, eyes, mouth, and face. It should not have a cloth or leather sweatband, or other porous materials that may absorb pesticides; these sweatbands are hard to clean if chemicals get on them. Webbed, mesh, baseball caps, or similar headgear should not be used. One of the best hats is the plastic "hard hat" with a plastic sweatband.

15. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • Boots As stated above in the gloves section, it is a good idea to wear unlined rubber or neoprene boots. • Leather and canvas shoes/boots absorb and hold pesticides which in turn provide a constant source of skin exposure. • Wash boots daily and dry thoroughly inside and outside to remove any pesticide residue. • Pants or overalls should be worn outside of boots to prevent pesticides from getting inside them.

16. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE Wear Goggles or a face shield when there is any chance of getting pesticides in the eyes, or anytime the label requires their use. These should completely cover your eyes. Exposure is likely when handling or applying mists, dusts, liquid concentrates, or pressurized equipment. Tight fitting goggles with anti-fog lenses and indirect venting are best. Goggles with cloth headbands should be cleaned frequently.

17. FOR YOUR SAFETY, PROTECTION & KNOWLEDGE • It is recommended that these headbands be replaced with ones made of nonabsorbent materials. Wash goggles or face shield with detergent and water at least once a day. Store in a plastic bag away from pesticides to avoid contamination. Glasses and sunglasses with or without side guards should never be used as eye protection against pesticides.

18. OSHA 1910.134(c) Respiratory protection program. • This paragraph requires the employer to develop and implement a written respiratory protection program with required worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use. The program must be administered by a suitably trained program administrator. In addition, certain program elements may be required for voluntary use to prevent potential hazards associated with the use of the respirator.

19. Respiratory Protective Devices • Respirators provide protection against inhalation exposure. Pesticides can be inhaled either as mists, dusts, or vapors. The respiratory tract rapidly and completely absorbs pesticides, and should be protected. Wear an approved respiratory device when directed by the label. Follow the label instructions on respiratory protection. • An applicator needs a respirator if exposed to a pesticide for a long time, if the pesticide used is highly toxic, or if working in an enclosed area. OSHA requirements are constantly changing with respect to respirators used in general industries, which includes the occupation of pest control.

20. Respiratory Protective Devices • A pest control operator is advised to contact OSHA periodically to obtain the most recent requirements on respirators, or periodically consult and read the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Chapter 29 Part 1910.134. Depending on respirator usage and company policies on respirator usage, applicators may want to consult a physician before using a respirator. In some cases where respirator usage is mandatory, a medical evaluation may be necessary because some individuals may have physical problems that may be aggravated by restricted airflow associated with respirator usage. If respirator usage is required, the company will have a written Respirator Protection Program with required work site-specific procedures and elements.

21. Commonly Used Respirators • Dust and Mist Respirators. Dust and mist respirators are physical filters which only protect against pesticide dusts and larger spray droplets. They are not effective against fumigants and the many pesticides which emit vapors. • Chemical Cartridge Respirator. Chemical cartridge respirators are usually designed as a half-face mask which cover the nose and mouth but not the eyes; therefore, eye protection is required when using them. They have one or two cartridges attached to the face piece. In the cartridge, the inhaled air comes through both a filter pad and an absorbing material such as activated charcoal which removes most of the pesticide vapors, gases and particles.

22. Commonly Used Respirators Two commonly used types;  Disposable  Cartridge They should not be used with fumigant gases or in areas with deficient oxygen levels.

23. Chemical Canister Respirator (Gas Mask) • Gas masks are normally designed to cover the eyes, nose and mouth. The canister is either attached directly to the face piece or is worn on a belt and is connected to the face piece by a flexible hose. • These respirators are to be worn when applicators are exposed to a continuous concentration of a toxic pesticide.

24. Chemical Canister Respirator (Gas Mask) • Normally, the canister has longer lasting absorbent material and filters compared to a cartridge respirator. Gas masks usually protect the face better than cartridge types, but neither kind provides protection when the oxygen supply is low. Gas masks should not be used where oxygen deficiency or high gas concentrations may occur, such as in a structure undergoing a fumigation.

25. Supplied Air Respirators and Positive-pressure Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) •Supplied Air Respirators and Positive- pressure •Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Supplied Air Respirators and SCBA (not SCUBA) respirators, such as those manufactured by Survivair, Ranger, Scott, or MSA, are used primarily used in fumigation or where the oxygen supply is low. • Both of these respirator types have full face masks and do not require additional eye protection.

26. Selection of Respirators • Specific types of cartridges and canisters protect against specific chemical gases and vapors. Be sure to choose one to protect against the pesticide being used. Use only those approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). • An example or an organic vapor respirator for pesticide use would be a “NIOSH-MSHA Approval No. TC-23C-860 issued to 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.” All respirators, even dust masks, have these approvals. Read the pesticide label and the respirator for appropriate NIOSH-MSHA approval before using a pesticide which requires the use of a respirator.

27. Selection of Respirators • A respirator or mask should be fitted properly to the face. Long sideburns, beard, or glasses may prevent a good seal. Adjust headbands tightly enough to obtain a good seal. Before using, read the manufacturer's instructions on the use and care of the respirator and its parts. • The manufacturer's instructions will suggest procedures to test for a proper seal. This may be similar to the following inhalation/exhalation test.

28. Inhalation Test • Place the palm of the hands over the cartridge assemblies or inhalation points and inhale. If no air enters and the facepiece collapses slightly, the respirator is properly fitted and the exhalation valve is closing property. • Exhalation Test: Place the palm of the hand or thumb over the exhalation valve guard and press lightly. Exhale to cause a slight pressure inside the facepiece. If no air escapes, the face-piece is properly fitted and the inhalation valves are closing correctly. If air escapes, readjust the headbands.

29. Respirator Maintenance • During heavy spraying, the filters in chemical cartridge respirators should be changed at least two times a day - more often if breathing becomes difficult. Cartridges should be changed after eight hours use, or when the manufacturer recommends replacement. If the applicator detects pesticide odor or feels nose or throat irritation, the applicator should leave the work area immediately and change the canister or cartridge.

30. Respirator Maintenance Filters and cartridges should be removed after each use. Remember, once cartridges have been removed from their original wrapping they lose their absorptive capacity rapidly. If disposable respirators are used, follow directions on the package Filters/cartridges on disposable respirators are not replaceable. Use a new respirator as needed or recommended by the manufacturer.

31. Respirator Maintenance • The face piece on all types of respirators (including disposable respirators) should be washed with soap and water, rinsed, dried with a clean cloth, and stored in a clean, dry place away from pesticides after every use. A tightly closed plastic bag works well for storage. The useful life of a cartridge or canister depends on the amount of absorbent material, the concentration of contaminants in the air, the breathing rate of the wearer, and the temperature and humidity.

32. Respirator Maintenance As a general rule, a canister, cartridge, or disposable respirator should never be reused even if used for just a few minutes. These filters are easily replaced, but lungs are not. Remember— a disposable respirator or cartridges should be changed: When the manufacturer recommends; If breathing is troublesome; If pesticide odors can be smelled; If the last time it was used is unknown.

33. Storage of respirators • Shall be in a compartment away from pesticide materials • Shall be in a protective container, such as a sealable plastic bag or box. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

34. Definitions • Respirator: A device designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of hazardous atmospheres. • Air purifying respirator: A respirator that removes contaminants from the inhaled air stream. There are two major sub-categories of air purifying respirator systems: Mechanical filter type, used to remove particulates (dusts, mists, fogs, smokes and fumes) and chemical cartridge type (absorption or adsorption or modification of gasses or vapors). Some respirators combine both types of systems.

35. Definitions • IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Conditions that can pose an immediate threat to life or health OR conditions that pose an immediate threat of severe exposure to contaminants such as carcinogens or neurotoxins which are likely to have adverse cumulative or delayed effects on health. All fumigant-confining structures shall be considered IDLH until proven safe by appropriate monitoring equipment. • Atmosphere-supplying respirator: A respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere. This includes supplied-air respirators (SAR) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.

36. Definitions • Atmosphere-supplying respirator: A respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere. This includes supplied-air respirators (SAR) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units. • Confidential reader: A person chosen by an employee required to wear a respirator to read to him/her the Medical Evaluation Questionnaire required under 3 CCR Section 6739 in a language primarily understood by the employee. This includes, but is not limited to, a coworker, family member, friend, or an independent translator provided by the employer. The employer or the employer’s direct agent, such as a supervisor, manager, foreman, or secretary, are not included and are prohibited from being confidential readers.

37. Definitions • Filter or air purifying element: A component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. • Filtering facepiece (dust mask): A negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering medium. • Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP): An individual whose legally permitted scope of practice allows him or her to independently provide, or be delegated the responsibility to provide, some or all of the health care services required by these regulations. This can include Physicians, (including Occupational Medicine Physicians), Doctors of Osteopathy, Physician Assistants, Registered Nurses, Nurse Practitioners and Occupational Health Nurses.

38. Definitions • Qualitative fit test (QLFT): A pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the individual's response to the test agent. • Quantitative fit test (QNFT): An assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.

39. Employees who are required to use respirators must be trained such that they can demonstrate knowledge of at least: Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, use, or maintenance can compromise its protective effect. Limitations and capabilities of the respirator Effective use in emergency situations How to inspect, put on and remove, use and check the seals Maintenance and storage Recognition of medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent effective use

40. Practice demonstrations should include • Inspecting, donning, wearing and removing the respirator. • Adjusting the respirator to minimize discomfort to the wearer. • Wearing during training for an adequate period time to ensure that the wearer is familiar with the operational characteristics of the respirator. • Each respirator user will be retrained at least annually. Record of training will be kept by the RPA.

41. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage •Individual respirator users are responsible for cleaning their own respirators. Respirators will be cleaned when appropriate. Cleaning will be done following manufacturer’s recommendations as described below. •Respirator Safety •Procedures for Cleaning Respirators. •A. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters. Disassemble face pieces by removing speaking diaphragms, demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies, hoses, or any components recommended by the manufacturer. Discard or repair any defective parts.

42. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • B. Wash components in warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum) water with a mild detergent or with a cleaner recommended by the manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate the removal of dirt. • C. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain. • D. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent, respirator components should be immersed for two minutes in one of the following:

43. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • 1. Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding approximately one milliliter of laundry bleach to one liter of water at 43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or, • 2. Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding approximately 0.8 milliliters of tincture of iodine (6-8 grams ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc of 45% alcohol) to one liter of water at 43 deg. C (110 deg. F); or, • 3. Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant quality when used as directed, if their use is recommended or approved by the respirator manufacturer.

44. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 deg. C [110 deg. F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain. The importance of thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Detergents or disinfectants that dry on face pieces may result in dermatitis. In addition, some disinfectants may cause deterioration of rubber or corrosion of metal parts if not completely removed. • Components should be hand-dried with a clean lint-free cloth or air-dried.

45. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • Reassemble face piece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters where necessary. • Test the respirator to ensure that all components work properly. • These procedures shall be performed after each use or when the device becomes contaminated. • Respirators with changeable filters must be worn in any confined spaces or when applying pesticides in confined spaces. Respirators must be worn in attics during rodent inspections or decontamination. Respirators must be worn when working with or applying dusts. Use the correct filter for the requirements of the job.

46. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • Cleaning of respirator daily: • Wash in mild soap solution (face piece only) • Immerse in sanitary solution for two minutes, usually a chlorine solution. • Rinse thoroughly in clean, warm water • Air dry • Do Not wash filters or cartridges

47. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage Repair and Maintenance of respirators: Pre-filters should be replaced when breathing becomes more difficult, per manufacturer's instructions. Cartridges should be replaced when wearer begins to taste or smell chemical being used Only those filters and cartridges designed for the specific respirator will be used.

48. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage Single-use respirators will be properly disposed of in a company trash container After cleaning (and, if required, sanitizing), respirators will be stored in disposable, resealable plastic bags. Respirators and their filters/cartridges will be stored so that they are protected from sunlight, dust, chemical contamination, moisture, and temperature extremes. Maintenance, Inspection and Repair (Policy on maintenance, inspection and repair of respirators can be either or both of the following)

49. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage • Individual respirator users are directed to perform routine maintenance and inspection of respirators issued to them. The respirator user is directed to identify and deliver to the RPA any respirator in need of repair/replacement. Damaged or defective respirators will be properly disposed according to company policy. The RPA will also make random inspections of the respirators. For SCBA type, there will be a minimum inspection period of one month. Respirator inspections will cover the following items: • General condition of mask, straps, valves, air hoses (no cracks, tears, holes, deformations, loss of elasticity). • Filter elements (proper filter or cartridge), air tanks (full tanks), regulators, low-pressure warning device. • Hose clamps, gaskets (in place and properly seated) • Mask cleanliness (no debris, especially on sealing surfaces)

50. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Storage & Use • Employees with facial hair (heavy stubble, drooping mustache, long sideburns, beards) that prevent a gas-tight seal shall not wear respiratory protective equipment that requires a tight face to face-piece seal for proper operation. Other types of non-face-sealing respirators, if adequate for mitigating the hazard, may be chosen. • Cartridges, filters and filtering face-pieces will be discarded daily, absent other information on the end-of-service-life indication from the respiratory protection equipment manufacturer or specific end-of-service-life information on the pesticide label. • Air-purifying respirators shall not be worn when an oxygen- deficient atmosphere (less than 19.5% oxygen) is known or suspected, or in environments where high concentrations of air contaminant may be present.

51. Qualitative Fit Testing Quantitative Fit Testing Positive/Negative Pressure User Seal-Check In all cases, the respirator wearer should select a respirator that feels comfortable. If there are any doubts about the condition or integrity of the respirator or filters, the respirator should be rejected. As required by 3 CCR Section 6739(e)(4), all fit testing is done in accordance with the requirements found in Department of Industrial Relations Title 8 CCR Section 5144, Appendix A.

52. Respirator Fit Test • Qualitative Fit Testing: The following protocols are cited in regulation 3 CCR Section 6739(e)(4) as authorized to fit test respirators: • For testing against organic vapors cartridges: • Isoamyl acetate test (“Banana oil”) • For testing against particulate filters: • Saccharin test • Bitrex® test • Irritant smoke test

53. Respirator Fit Test • Positive Pressure User Seal-Check: This test will be conducted by blocking the exhalation valve with the palm of the hand to prevent air escaping from the mask. Do not press so hard on the exhalation valve that the mask is moved from its proper face-fit position. A slight positive pressure is then created in the mask by gently exhaling until the facepiece starts to pull away from the face. If the mask does not “balloon” up or otherwise pull away, there may be a leak in the mask or in the face seal. However, if there is neither loss of pressure nor outward leakage of air, the wearer and the respirator have passed the positive pressure fit-check.

54. Respirator Fit Test • Negative Pressure User Seal-Check: This test will be conducted by blocking the air purifying element(s) with either the palm of each hand or covering it with a plastic wrap. A negative pressure will be created inside the facepiece by gently inhaling and holding the breath for several seconds. The mask should collapse against the face and remain in that position during the test. If the mask does not collapse or otherwise tighten against the face, there may be a leak in the mask or in the face seal. If there is no loss of vacuum or inward movement of air, the wearer and the respirator have passed the negative pressure fit-check.

55. Respirator Fit Test •Caution! • The positive/negative pressure user seal-checks are not considered “fit-testing”. A qualitative or quantitative fit test must be performed before a respirator can be assigned to a worker. Persons with facial hair that interferes with the sealing surfaces of the respirator will be recorded as unsatisfactory for respirator use without further testing.

56. IPM BASICS • In recent years, the term "Integrated Pest Management" and its acronym "IPM" have received much press in the pest control arena. There have been dozens of articles written on the subject during the past decade. It has been heralded as the "new approach" to pest control. Those who have been less than encouraging have generally cited its lack of acceptance by the pest control industry. Neither view is correct. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is neither a "new approach" to pest control, nor is it practiced by only a limited number of pest management companies. It predates recorded history and is practiced universally.

57. The original IPM

58. IPM BASICS • The IPM approach to pest management differs in several ways from "conventional" or "traditional" urban pest control that relies primarily upon pesticide use. First, it is not merely a reaction to a pest problem. It is a process which when followed, provides effective control. Second, it considers threshold levels of pest presence. The Third difference between conventional pest control and the IPM approach is the application of two or more pest management procedures to reduce or limit population levels. A Fourth difference is that pest management involves a truly integrated approach where all pests are considered in the development of the pest management process.

59. IPM BASICS INSPECTION The first step in any IPM program is thorough inspection. There are several reasons for inspecting the premises including: Determine the location of the infestation Determine the extent of the infestation Note damage to the structure or commodities Determine conditions conducive to the infestation Identify harborage areas Identify sanitation deficiencies Identify avenues of possible entry Identify items or factors which would impact program development

60. IPM BASICS INSPECTION • The inspection should be an orderly, organized procedure to determine the above information. It should include all areas of the premises - both indoors and outdoors. All levels of the structure should be inspected including attics, living or public floors, basements, crawl spaces, etc. No area should be overlooked because an infestation may have its beginnings in such an area or may, because of favorable conditions, move into this area.

61. IPM BASICS Identification •Before an effective integrated pest management program can be developed and implemented, it is necessary to know the pest or pests with which we are dealing. Identification is an integral part of any IPM program. This knowledge enables us to determine what control measures to employ and when, where and how to employ them. •Without a thorough understanding of the pest and its habits, habitat, life cycle and biology, we cannot be effective. In addition, several states require that any chemical applications performed be for a specific pest and that this pest be listed on the treatment record.

62. IPM BASICS Identification While the customer can often identify many pests by general categories such as cockroach, fly, beetle or rodent; they are seldom able to make more specific identification. Such specific information is necessary so that the proper management program can be developed. The reason for this is simple: even though two pests may be of the same group or family (cockroach, fly, etc.) their food, shelter and habitat requirements may be quite different. In addition, the damage they may cause can vary greatly. Similar looking beetles, for example, may damage wood members, stored products, carpets and houseplants. Each would require a different control method. It is important, therefore, to assure that proper identification is made.

63. IPM BASICS Identification • Once a pest has been correctly identified, its food preferences, harborage sites, behavioral patterns, biology, habits, potential for damage and options for control measures may be determined.

64. Establishment of Thresholds • The concept of threshold levels originated in the area of agricultural pest control. The pest population levels at which control measures are undertaken are called "economic thresholds" and are based upon the value of the commodity (or its anticipated market value), the amount of damage the pest population could cause, and the cost associated with implementing particular control measures.

65. Establishment of Thresholds • Although the cost of potential control measures in an urban setting can be determined, it is difficult to assign a value to the economic consequences of an infestation. For example, while the presence of cockroaches in some locations within a facility may be tolerated, their presence in the food preparation or consumption areas would not. Consequently, in this case, the threshold level would be zero. Occasionally, a pest management decision may depend upon the cost of potential control measures as weighed against the benefits received.

66. Establishment of Thresholds • Urban pest management decisions are generally influenced by three factors: • health and safety danger created by the pest • legal restrictions on pest infestation • the levels of pest tolerance exhibited by the customer

67. Employment Of Two Or More Control Measures • It is at this stage of the pest management process that we see the true integrated approach come into play. The primary objective of an IPM approach is to design a program that uses more than one strategy or control measures. • The strategies chosen should be ones that are:

68. Employment Of Two Or More Control Measures • least disruptive of natural controls • least hazardous to human health • least toxic to non-target organisms • least damaging to the general environment • most likely to produce a permanent reduction of the pest population • easiest to carry out effectively • most cost-effective over the short and long term

69. Employment Of Two Or More Control Measures • To qualify as a truly integrated program, at least two types of control measures must be employed. There are many types of control measures available to the pest management professional. These measures fall into several general categories based upon how pest population suppression is approached and include habitat modification, changing human behavior, employment of traps, caulks, etc. and pesticide applications. They may be grouped into five major pest control types:

70. SANITATION • No other non-chemical control measure can have a more beneficial effect than sanitation. It is the elimination of pest harborages, water and food sources so as to inhibit the survival of pests and requires the cooperation of the customer who is normally the one who provides the sanitary measures. To be effective in the use of other pest management procedures (i.e.: mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical), it is first necessary to ensure sanitation is addressed.

71. MECHANICAL • Mechanical, or physical control involves the use of traps, caulks, seals or barriers to prevent pests from entering, establishing and living in an undesired location. It may include any or all of the measures listed next: • excluding (pest proofing) pests using barriers, including screens, seals, nets and caulking • manually removing pests using hands, snares or by vacuuming • setting traps, including sticky, electric, light, multiple catch and snap types • the use of heat or cold to destroy pests

72. CULTURAL • Cultural control involves manipulation of the pest's environment to make it less favorable for the pest to exist. It may also be referred to as habitat modification or environmental alteration. To accomplish this, the customer may have to change some of their normal practices or habits and thus make it harder for the pest populations to become established or to spread.

73. BIOLOGICAL • Biological control is the use of parasites, predators, or pathogens to control or manage pests. When available or sufficiently developed, biological control strategies tend to be among the least environmentally disruptive pest control measures. Nematodes, fungus, parasitic wasps, and even IGR's are all examples of biological control agents in the urban arena.

74. CHEMICAL • The final type of control measure is chemical. It should be the last control measure to be considered when developing an integrated pest management program although there may be times when pesticides will have to be the first control strategy used because of the immediate need to significantly reduce or eliminate a pest population. This in no way implies that pesticides may not be an important part of your program. It does imply, however, that they should be thought of as one of several control measures available.

75. Evaluation of Effectiveness • The final step in the Integrated Pest Management process is the evaluation of effectiveness. Follow-up inspections enable the pest management professional to assess and adjust the control measures that have been employed. There are several reasons for reinspecting the account: • Determine effectiveness of previous procedures • Identify areas overlooked • Eliminate entry points • Enhance program effectiveness • Reapply or revise any pest management procedures as appropriate • Maintain good customer relations and satisfaction

76. THE IPM TEMPLATE The IPM template is a formula with which the pest management professional can determine the appropriate control measures to use. It may be expressed using the following formula: Account Type + Pest(s) - Restrictions = Control Measures The key components of the formula are the account type, the pest or pests for which control is desired, and any restrictions imposed by various factors including the customer, environmental and legal restrictions. The result is the appropriate control measure or measures to be employed.

77. Insects and Their Relatives • This portion of the course covers insects develop. These changes are called metamorphosis. The kinds of changes may vary among different insect groups, but two general types of metamorphosis predominate, simple metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis. • Insects covered are ants and identification, general ant control, specific carpenter ant control and specific pharaoh ant control. • The portion also covers cockroaches including, German, brown banded and oriental. Including is detection, sanitation and control.

78. Ants, Cockroaches (meaning jointed foot). All arthropods possess the following combination of characteristics which make them distinctive: Segmented body Jointed appendages Skeleton on the outside of the body (exoskeleton) Growth involving molting Insects, as a distinct class of arthropods, also possess the following combination of characteristics: Three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) Three pairs of legs (restricted to the thorax) One pair of antennae Wings (usually) in the adult stage

79. Characteristics of the other common arthropod groups (classes) are: •Crustaceans (crayfish, shrimp, sowbugs, pillbugs) •Five to seven pairs of legs •Two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen) •Two pairs of antennae

80. Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) • Four pairs of legs • Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen) • No antennae This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

81. Diplopods(millipedes) •Elongate, usually rounded bodies •Numerous body segments (typically around 50) •Appear to have two pairs of small legs at each segment.

82. Chilopods (centipedes) •Elongate, flattened bodies •Fourteen to twenty body segments •Appear to have one pair of legs at each segment.

83. INSECT GROWTH • All insects begin their development as eggs produced by the adult female. Although a few species, such as aphids, may also appear to give live birth, this occurs from the eggs hatching inside the mother. • After egg hatch, insects grow in a series of distinct stages. Each stage (instar) is separated by a period. • When the insect sheds (molts). Its exoskeleton, which is produced during molting, is larger than the previous one. • A few hours after a molt, the new exoskeleton becomes hardened, and there is no further change in body size the following molt.

84. INSECT GROWTH • Body parts that remain soft, such as the thorax and abdomen of caterpillars, may expand to a limited extent during the course of an instar. All growth ceases following the final molt to the adult stage of the insect. (A small fly will remain a small fly: it is not a "baby" large fly.)

85. As insects develop, there are also changes in form. These changes are called metamorphosis. The kinds of changes may vary among different insect groups, but two general types of metamorphosis are predominate, simple metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis. Insects undergoing simple metamorphosis have three basic life forms, egg, nymph and adult. The nymphs typically pass through three to five instars. Nymphs and adults often live in the same habitat, with the principal changes during metamorphosis being size, body proportions, and the development of wings. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

86. Some insects which undergo simple metamorphosis include grasshoppers and crickets, earwigs, the "true" bugs (Hemiptera), aphids, and related insects. Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis pass through four basic life forms -- egg, larva, pupa and adult. Caterpillars, maggots and grubs are typical examples of larvae. During the larval stage, there may be three to seven instars, during which the larvae usually feed. The pupal stage (cocoon, puparia, chrysalid) is a non-feeding stage. During that stage, the insect changes to the adult form. Adults are usually winged, and they may differ from the larvae in a number of ways, including type of legs, mouthparts, and feeding habits.

87. • Adults of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis are very different from the larvae and maybe found in Very different habitats. • Insects with complete metamorphosis include butterflies and moths, beetles, flies, and lacewings. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

88. ANTS • Ants are social insects that produce a colony made of various specialized types of individual ants. Most ants are known as workers; they are wingless, do most of the food foraging and rearing of young, and defend the colony. Eggs are produced by the large queens, which have wings until after they have mated. Smaller winged ants found in colonies are the males.

89. ANTS

90. •Development of ants involves complete metamorphosis. Eggs are extremely small. The developing larvae are fed by the worker ants and pass through several molts before pupation. The pupae don’t feed and are immobile, soft and white. Ant nests usually are produced underground, and colonies can contain tens of thousands of workers. ANTS This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

91. • The large carpenter ants build nests in wood, usually wood that is partially decayed. Ants feed on a wide variety of different foods. Sugary materials are preferred by some species; others mostly feed on fatty or protein-rich foods. Some ants are important predators of insect pests. However, problems with ants often occur when they forage for food indoors during the warmer months. In addition, carpenter ants can cause structural damage, and house-infesting species, such as the pharaoh ant, can mechanically move disease organisms around. Following are descriptions of some common species of ants.

92. • Carpenter ants are the largest ants (one- fourth to one-half inch). Often they are black or dark brown, although some eastern plains species are lighter in color. The most distinctive habit of carpenter ants is their nesting in wood. The ants excavate galleries and pile coarse sawdust at the nest openings. Unlike termites, carpenter ants don’t eat wood; instead, they scavenge on dead insects, insect honeydew, and other materials. Carpenter ants almost always nest in wood that is soft because of water and decay damage. Rarely, nests originating from damaged wood will later extend into sound wood, causing structural damage. Carpenter ants don’t sting, but they can produce a mildly painful pinch from their jaws. Carpenter ants are polymorphic meaning many sizes. CarpenterAnts (Camponotus sp.)

93. Field ants (Formica sp.) • There are a great many species of field ants. These ants are medium- sized, and they may be brown, red, black, or any combination of these colors. Nesting occurs outdoors, often near pavement. The ants are attracted to sweets.

94. Cornfield ants(Lasius sp.) • Nests of the cornfield ants occur in fields and around homes. Typically, nesting sites in yards include brick or stone walls, cracks in the pavement, beneath rocks, and sometimes in openings around foundations. They don’t nest in the house, but they often forage inside in search of sweet materials.

95. Pavement ant(Tetramorium caespitum) •The pavement ant can be one of the most frequent nuisance-ants in areas of the state where they have become established. They are small, blackish-brown ants with pale legs and antennae. As the name might suggest, pavement ants commonly nest under pavement slabs, especially next to lawn areas. •Rocks and areas under slab-construction homes also have been commonly used as nest sites. Foraging in the home most commonly occurs during summer, but nests adjacent to homes can allow foraging to occur year-round.

96. One of the most persistently annoying and hard-to-control ants in homes is the pharaoh ant. Pharaoh ants are very small and yellow or pale red. Unlike most other ants, pharaoh ants have adapted well to nesting indoors, and colonies may spread throughout a building. In addition, pharaoh-ant colonies readily split into smaller colonies when disturbed. Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis) Pharaoh ants have a wide range of foods that include jellies, grease, cake, and pet food.

97. Thief ant (Solenopsis molesta) •The thief ant is one of the smallest ants found within a building, similar in size to the pharaoh ant. However, its habits differ considerably from many other ants, since it primarily develops in association with colonies of other ant species.

98. Thief ant (Solenopsis molesta) •Because of their small size, thief ants can move around in small tunnels of other ant colonies and may move about and kill other immature ants. Within homes, thief ants forage on greasy foods. Nests can occur in a wide variety of locations, but they are almost always located outdoors.

99. • General Ant Control • Sanitation is an important aspect of any ant-control program. Crumbs, grease, food scraps, and other foods attractive to foraging workers should be eliminated. Heavy infestations of ants in buildings are rarely found where thorough sanitation is practiced. Sanitation is also important to increase the effectiveness of ant-baiting. Most species of nuisance-ants nest outdoors. Perimeter treatments with residual sprays applied around foundations can prevent many ants from foraging indoors.

100. • General Ant Control • For more permanent control, nests can be located and attacked; dusts are usually more effective for this than sprays, since the dusts are more readily tracked into the colony. Also, slow-acting insecticides such as baits are the most useful, since they allow the forager time to return to the nest so the poison can be fed in the colony, killing queens and young. • Control of some ants, such as carpenter ants and pharaoh ants, requires more specialized treatment.

101. • Effective control of carpenter ants requires finding the nest. Carpenter ants don’t accept baits readily, and residual treatments fail to kill colonies. When carpenter ants are found in a building, they are either nesting inside the building or nesting outside the building and entering to forage for food. In some circumstances, an entire colony may migrate from one nesting site to another, so areas of wood associated with high moisture. Critical areas include clogged drain gutters, poorly fitted or damaged siding and flashing, wood- shingle roofs, hollow porch posts and columns, and leaking doors and window frames. Look for wood in contact with soil and wood in crawl spaces or under dirt-filled slab porches. When looking for a nest indoors, look for:

102. Carpenter Ant Control •1. Piles of wood debris ejected from the colony. This debris has a shredded quality that looks somewhat like shavings found in pencil sharpeners. It’s similar to that produced by some wood-boring beetles that are common in firewood. Sometimes this debris is deposited in the voids in the wall and isn’t visible. •2. "Windows" or small openings to the nest. "Windows" may not always be present, since existing cracks may be used by the ants. •3. Ant activity. The ants often forage in kitchen pantries, garbage, and other areas for food. Often, relatively few ants are seen during the day, as they are more active at night. •4. Swarmers. These may be found trapped in spider webs. •5. Damaged timbers. The surface may appear solid, but by sounding, the damaged areas can be located. •Sound detection is sometimes useful in carpenter-ant nest location. An active colony at times produces a distinct dry, rustling sound that may be heard from outside the nest. Sometimes the noise is very loud, but generally it can only be heard when conditions are very still and outside noises are at a minimum.

103. Control of carpenter ants indoors should involve: •1. Elimination of high-moisture conditions that provide wood conditions suitable for carpenter-ant nesting. •2. Insecticide application to nests and nest areas. Dusts are especially effective in treating nest galleries. Nest treatments may be used with dusts or in conjunction with sprays. However, spraying or dusting the infested area with residual insecticides without locating or treating the nest itself usually doesn’t result in complete control. •3. Baiting if applied to areas of foraging activity can also aid in colony control and elimination.

104. • The insecticides should be applied to reach, areas inhabited or traveled by the ants. The extent of the galleries should be determined to whatever degree is practical by careful inspection and drilling. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

105. Pharaoh Ant Control •Pharaoh ants are unusually well- suited to nesting indoors, and most colonies will be located within buildings rather than outdoors. They are also poorly controlled with residual sprays, since irritating chemicals (including solvents and many cleaners) may cause the nest to "bud" into separate colonies that can disperse throughout the structure.

106. Pharaoh Ant Control • Use of slow-acting baits has been most effective for pharaoh-ant control. Sweet baits, especially mint-apple jelly, are readily accepted by foraging workers. However, pharaoh ants may later become saturated by the sweet baits and no longer accept them. Use of a combination of fat-based materials, such as peanut butter and honey, in combination with sweets are often effective for a longer period than are sweet baits alone.

107. •To improve bait acceptance, sanitation is essential. •Failure to restrict other food sources will result in poor bait acceptance. Since the purpose of baiting is to get the ants to feed on the bait and return it to the colony, residual insecticides should not be used in the area of the baiting. It’s also important to avoid use of volatile cleaners and solvents, which may repel pharaoh ants. Residual insecticides can be used as a preventive treatment in areas where ants are not present. Pharaoh Ant Control

108. COMMON HOUSEHOLD PEST PROBLEMS •Cockroaches Ootheca Life Cycle

109. Cockroaches are oval, flattened, fast- moving insects. They have long, hair like antennae and a broad saddle like plate (pronotum) that covers the head. Adult stages of most species have wings, with the front pair being thickened and leathery. Cockroaches go through gradual metamorphosis, with three basic stages in their life cycle: egg, nymph and adult. The eggs are laid in bean like egg capsules, called ootheca, which may contain several dozen eggs.

110. Cockroaches These egg capsules are often dropped around food sources or glued to surfaces, although some cockroaches carry the capsule during its development. The immature stages are called nymphs. Several nymphal stages occur, each separated by a molt. The nymphs generally appear similar to the adult stage, but They lack wings and are smaller. Typically, two to three months pass while they complete their life cycle.

111. Cockroaches Cockroaches are among the oldest group of insects known, with fossils dating back 200 million years. As a group, the cockroaches have shown exceptional ability to adapt to and survive in a wide range of environments, including human dwellings. Most cockroaches are capable of developing on a wide range of food, and their flattened body form allows them to move into most areas. Cockroaches have also developed a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides.

112. Cockroaches can enter buildings and containers of all kinds. They also may enter around loose-fitting doors and windows and through utility lines, and they may travel through sewers. Once within a home, Cockroaches tend to prefer warm, dark, moist shelters and are often found near kitchens and food-handling areas. Since cockroaches are nocturnal, they are rarely seen during the day. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

113. • Aside from their importance as a household nuisance, they may soil areas with their salivary secretions and excrement leaving an unpleasant odor. Cockroaches and cockroach parts also produce allergic reactions in some humans. Cockroaches haven’t been found to be direct carriers of human disease. • However, their habits of feeding on filth or disease organisms make them well suited to mechanically contaminate food or utensils. They are suspected of helping to spread diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, and food poisoning.

114. •Adults are pale brown to tan and about one-half inch long. * Adults have wings and are distinguished by having two dark stripes that run lengthwise along the pronotum, behind the head. *This species has the highest reproductive potential (number of eggs laid and shortest life cycle) of the house-infesting cockroaches. *Females carry their egg capsule, protruding from their abdomen, until the eggs are ready to hatch. German Cockroach (Blatella germanica)

115. German Cockroach (Blatella germanica) Females produce about four to eight capsules in their lifetime. Each capsule contains 30 to 50 eggs, Which hatch in about 28 days at room temperature. The eggs usually die if the mother is killed. Females live an average of 250 days. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

116. • German cockroaches will generally be found close to moisture and food, such as in kitchens and other Food areas, restrooms, and around plumbing fixtures. Surveys should concentrate in cracks and crevices. • Under table tops, behind sinks, in cabinets, in motor areas of refrigerators, in and around kitchen equipment, and similar sites. • * Infestations found scattered throughout a building, including non-food areas, indicate very high populations.

117. Brown-banded cockroaches are the smallest of the more common cockroach, slightly smaller than the German cockroach. Brown-banded cockroaches vary from light tan to glossy dark brown in color. The adult stages are marked with two light-colored bands at the base of the wings. Brown-Banded Cockroach (Supella longipalpis)

118. Brown-Banded Cockroach (Supella longipalpis) •Brown-banded cockroaches usually glue their egg capsules to surfaces in dark areas such as cabinets, chairs, boxes, drawers, and high areas of a building. Because of this habit, they are easily transported to new buildings. *Females produce about 14 capsules during their lifetime, averaging 18 eggs in each capsule. Eggs hatch in about 50 to 75 days. * The adult female may typically live about 200 days.

119. Brown-Banded Cockroach (Supella longipalpis) • Brown-banded cockroaches tend to scatter thoroughly through a building. They prefer areas of higher temperature (80 degrees F. or higher). Brown-banded cockroaches tend to occur more often in homes, apartments, hotels and hospitals than in stores or restaurants.

120. •Oriental cockroaches are not as common as the brown-banded cockroach and the German cockroach. Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)

121. Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) •* Adults are about one inch long and dark brown or black in color. * Wings of the oriental cockroach are short. Females only have small wing pads, while males have wings that only cover about three-fourths of their abdomen. * Females drop egg capsules in warm, sheltered areas near a food supply. Each female produces an average of eight egg capsules, each containing about160 eggs. Under room-temperature conditions, eggs hatch in about 60 days.

122. Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) *Adult females may live about 180 days. * Oriental cockroaches are almost always found around moist, dark sites. Common habitats include floor and storm drains, water-meter boxes, around plumbing fixtures, moist crawl spaces, sewers, and around garbage. Oriental cockroaches may be found outdoors during the warmer months of the year. *Oriental cockroaches are rather sociable, and clusters of them may be found in favorable habitats. They are seldom found high on walls, in high cupboards, or in the upper floors of buildings.

123. Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) • Detection • The site should be thoroughly surveyed to determine the extent of the infestation and to identify the type of treatments that will be required. Fundamental to this is determining the cockroach species present. • Since different cockroach species have differing habits, this will allow treatments to be better targeted. A search should be made of all suspected hiding places. Since cockroaches are less active during the day, this can be difficult. "Flushing" sprays of pyrethrins can be used to irritate cockroaches and cause them to move out of their hiding areas.

124. Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) • Sticky traps can also be useful to help to detect cockroach activity and monitor the successfulness of a treatment. Several different types of traps exist, and some also contain the sex-attractant chemicals used by certain cockroach species. • These traps should be placed in areas where cockroach activity is suspected, and they should be checked after a few days. Traps can also be used to help control cockroaches, but they aren’t an effective substitute for other control practices.

125. Oriental Cockroach • Sanitation • Sanitation is fundamental to cockroach control. Any methods that can be used to deny cockroaches the food, water and shelter they need will greatly aid in control. Cleanliness and good housekeeping are essential. • Food should be kept in tightly closed containers and should not be left exposed. This includes spilled materials, garbage, food scraps left in sink areas, and pet foods. Water is an important need of cockroaches.

126. Oriental Cockroach • Dripping faucets, leaking pipes, and other sources of moisture should be eliminated. Bottles and cans to be recycled should be stored outdoors, if possible. Sewer openings should be screened. It’s also important to remove potential sources of re- infestation. Cracks, crevices, and other openings should be sealed. Pipes should be caulked and sewer drains screened. All materials being moved into the building should be checked for evidence of cockroach infestation. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

127. Several approaches to chemical control are possible. Regardless of the chemical or formulation chosen, applications made near regular hiding and breeding places will be most effective, since they allow more contact. Chemical controls usually provide only temporary suppression, especially when they aren’t combined with a vigorous sanitation effort. Another serious limitation of insecticides is the development by many cockroaches of resistance to the chemicals. Many populations of German cockroaches are no longer susceptible to several insecticides that formerly were effective.

128. Furthermore, cockroaches are repelled by several chemicals and will avoid treated surfaces. Often, where no previous control has occurred, the initial treatment consists of a thorough "cleanup" or "clean-out." During this treatment, sprays or dusts are applied thoroughly throughout the building. As a result of this thorough treatment, there is often an immediate reduction in cockroach numbers CONTROL

129. • CONTROL • However, cockroaches are rarely eliminated by a single treatment, since egg capsules aren’t killed. Also, some cockroaches may remain hidden in, or migrate to untreated areas. Vacuuming is almost always the best, first treatment option to quickly reduce the population and prevent scattering of the infestation. Monitoring with sticky traps (glue boards) can help determine the success of the treatment.

130. Sticky traps with food attractant •Sticky traps are a great way to identify areas of infestation and to monitor areas after treatment.

131. •Control chemicals can be oil-based sprays, water-emulsion sprays, dusts, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR's) or baits. Choice of the type of treatment should be matched to the conditions of the infestation site. Treatments may involve sprays or crack and crevice treatments in order to provide a residual effect. CONTROL Crack and Crevice Tip

132. •These applications leave a toxic residue on the treated surface that cockroaches pick up when moving across it. The length of time that treatments remain effective varies, depending on such factors as the concentration of chemical applied, choice of insecticide, and application surface. Two to four weeks of residual activity is fairly typical with baits, dusts and IGR's lasting longer. TREATMENT Hand Duster

133. •Sprays can be applied to cockroach harborages, with thorough emphasis on cracks and crevices. Avoid runoff, and immediately wipe off excess spray. Oil-based sprays shouldn’t be applied near open flames, to tile floors, or onto plants. Water- based sprays shouldn’t be used near electrical outlets. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

134. Several precautions should always be taken when making insecticide applications for cockroach control. Pets should be removed from the treatment area during application, and all aquariums should be covered. If Sprays are to be applied to areas where food, cooking utensils or dishes are stored, these items should be covered or removed prior to treating. Furthermore, applications around these sites must be limited to cracks and crevices, avoiding exposed surfaces. Also, treatments made near air ducts and ventilation systems should be done with extreme care to avoid air contamination.

135. •Dusts are able to penetrate cockroach hiding areas that sprays may not reach. They are also useful on very rough surfaces or on surfaces that would absorb liquid sprays. They may kill the insect by having the chemical penetrate the insect body or be swallowed as the cockroach cleans its antennae and legs. When applied to dry locations, they also last longer than residual sprays. Dusts should be applied as thin films, since heavy concentrations can repel cockroaches. Some dusts, such as boric acid, may be applied in water, which quickly dries, but to be effective, dusts must remain dry. Dusts are not appropriate for use in areas where they would be unsightly or cause contamination problems.

136. •Baits are generally long-lasting and can be applied to areas that can’t be treated with sprays or dusts. Often, baits may be placed inside small containers to help keep them away from pets and humans. To be effective, baits should be used in small amounts placed in many locations. Effectiveness of baits is greatly dependent on the amount of competing food sources available. If sanitation efforts haven’t been thorough, baits perform poorly.

139. Always keep in mind: THE LABEL IS THE LAW!

140. •Over the last several years there has been an increase in the types of formulations available as a result of a number of factors including development costs, competitive pressures, and increased environmental and safety concerns. The selection of the proper formulation is as important as choosing the proper active ingredient. To effectively choose, several criteria must be considered. These include the pest, the surface upon which the application will be made, the location within the structure, environmental factors, odor and staining concerns, the potential for harm to non-target organisms, and finally, the customer themselves. Without the proper choice of formulation, you cannot undertake an effective management program. The IPM approach to pest management can and often does include the employment of chemical control measures.

141. How to choose the formulations you use With so many pesticide choices available, it can often be difficult determining which one to use. Not only are there several active ingredients from which to choose, there are also numerous formulations available. A single active ingredient for example, may be available more than one formulation.

142. Why have pesticide manufacturers developed new formulations? Several factors have driven product development in this direction. These include: 1. Competitive pressures from other manufacturers 2. Technological advancements 3. Environmental concerns and safety issues

143. There are four primary benefits to developing new formulations. • First, they can increase safety to the environment, the customer, and you. • Second, improved formulations can reduce waste. • Third, they enable you to more effectively target specific pests and or locations. • Fourth, improved formulations can often provide enhanced efficacy.

144. Types of Formulations • Pesticides are available in several formulations. Each formulation has its own advantages and disadvantages such as ease of mixing and application, storage, transport, cleanup, recommended surface type, flammability and drift potential. Let's look at each of the main formulation types.

145. Emulsifiable concentrates • Emulsifiable concentrates - Most emulsifiable concentrates mix with oil as well as water to provide the end dilution that is used for application. They are easy to mix, require little agitation during use, and there is little visible residue after application. Disadvantages are that the solvents may damage some surfaces or sprayer components, undiluted product is often flammable, skin absorption is usually faster than with non-liquid formulations, the finished spray conducts electricity, there may be some solvent odor, and they are easily absorbed by porous surfaces.

146. Wettable or soluble powders • Wettable or soluble powders - These are concentrated powders containing insecticides that mix with water to form a suspension or liquid. They have low to no odor, low cost and are easily stored, transported and handled. In addition, they are nonflammable and are not absorbed by porous surfaces. • They do, however, require more agitation in the spray tank than ECs, residues may be more visible on some surfaces, and there is a greater inhalation hazard when handling concentrate than with ECs.

147. Dusts • Dusts - Contain technical grade pesticides mixed with a fine material that acts as a carrier, which alone has little if any effect on pests. • Advantages of dust are that they are ready for use, have no solvent problems, work well on porous surfaces, provide longer residual action than most spray formulations (often because they contain a higher percentage of active ingredient than sprays), and are excellent for penetrating spaces such as wall voids, attics, pipe ducts and sewers. • Disadvantages include the potential of drift to non- target areas, they can be bulky to store, care is needed to avoid inhalation exposure to technicians and customers

148. •Often, baits are pesticides mixed with a food material that is attractive to a pest. Some contain toxicants and kill the pest directly; others are insect growth regulators and slowly reduce the pest population. There are insecticide, termiticide, and rodenticide baits. Baits are formulated as pastes, gels, dry granules, pellets, seeds, or molded cakes. The development of new bait formulations, such as gels and pastes, and the improvements in delivery systems, including injector systems and bait stations, allow more precise pesticide application in and around the harborages where the pests are most likely to be found. Technological advances have reduced the amount of the active ingredient needed to achieve effective control and also the volatility and odor of products. These changes have reduced the risk of human and pet exposure to pesticides without compromising effective results. Baits

149. Baits • Baits are generally ready for use, they may have a field life of many weeks, they work on both porous and non-porous surfaces, they are particularly effective against pests that forage widely for food and pests such as social insects that share their food. • Baits can be bulky to handle and store, may deteriorate under damp conditions, they may pose a serious hazard to non-target species unless confined to inaccessible sites or tamper-resistant bait stations, and they often provide poor results where there are many competing food sources.

150. Aerosols • These may be ready-to-use pressurized containers that contain dilute insecticide or they may be produced by special application equipment by forcing liquids through a nozzle as they are mixed with air. Advantages include their ready to use convenience and that they are the best system for space treatments against dispersed pests such as flies. • The small droplet size allows fairly uniform dispersal throughout a void area. Among the disadvantages of aerosols, many containing liquefied hydrocarbon propellants such as propane may be flammable and all pressurized containers must be stored away from heat, overdosing is easier than with many other formulations, care is needed to avoid drift to non-target areas and to avoid inhalation exposure

151. •Granules - Dry formulations that consist of an active ingredient impregnated onto a dry carrier usually made of clay, corncob or some other non-reactive material. •Granules are ready for use, there are no solvent problems, they perform well on porous as well as non-porous surfaces, they don't present the drift hazard of sprays and dusts, they sink through vegetation to the soil surface better than sprays or dust and are therefore more effective against pests traveling on the soil surface. •On the downside, they are bulky to handle and store, are not practical for indoor use, are often more expensive than sprayable formulation, and may require irrigation for best results. Granules

152. Microencapsulated • In a microencapsulated product the active ingredient is encased in microscopic permeable capsules that permit only very slow release of pesticide molecules. The encapsulation process reduces environmental degradation of the active ingredients, they are not absorbed by porous surfaces, encapsulation reduces the intensity of odor arising from the active ingredient, and there is a much lower toxicity than other formulations of the same active ingredient. Microencapsulated products may be harder to mix than other formulations, they require more agitation than ECs, they may leave visible deposits on some surfaces, and they are often more expensive than many sprayable formulations.

153. Microencapsulated • Finally, there are several other formulations on the market including water soluble packs, liquids-in-a-bag, foams, point source and many pre-packaged containers. In addition, continued research ensures that the industry will have a steady supply of new and improved formulations from which to choose. • How do you choose what formulation to use? • How then do you choose which one to use in a particular situation?

154. You choose after carefully considering several criteria: • Pest - Different pest species are more effectively controlled by some formulations than others. For example, aerosols are effective in reducing flying insects while granular insecticides may be more effective in managing those species that crawl along the outside perimeter. Baits are effective for cockroaches, ants and termites but not for fleas. In addition, some formulations are specifically labeled for specific insect species while other formulations of the same active ingredient are not.

155. You choose after carefully considering several criteria: • Surface - The type of surface to be treated will often determine the correct formulation. Wettable powders are more effective on porous surfaces, for example, than are emulsifiable concentrates because the active ingredient remains on the surface. Granules are effective in thatch or mulch areas because they sift down through and settle where the pests are living.

156. You choose after carefully considering several criteria: • Location - You must consider where, either in or around the account, you are going to make a pesticide application. Is it an area that is restricted or open? Are you going to apply it overhead, in an unventilated or enclosed area, or below a water table? Will it be in a location where accidental exposure might occur? Is there a possibility of non-target organisms either coming in contact with it or being poisoned?

157. You choose after carefully considering several criteria: • Environmental factors - Temperature, humidity, sunlight, and drift potential can all influence the formulation you choose. • Baits, for example, hold up well in moderate to warm temperatures and pose no drift problems; however, in high humidity or moisture conditions they can break down or mold quickly. • Emulsifiable concentrates may be subject to drift and high temperatures.

158. You choose after carefully considering several criteria: • Odor concerns - In cases where the customer has concerns about odor, you will need to ensure that low odor formulations are used. Many times the odor of emulsifiable concentrates comes from the solvents and thus they may not be good to use. Wettable powders may also produce odors that can be offensive or linger. In these situations, baits and dusts may be the best choice. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

159. Staining concerns • Any formulations containing water may result in staining problems. • Wood, wallpaper, carpets and many other surfaces can be stained or discolored by the application of plain water and some of the insecticides themselves may stain. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

160. Non-target organisms Non-target organisms - the presence of pets, children, elderly, or invalids may preclude the use of certain formulations. For example, you can't use a total release aerosol in an area where people are present and cannot be moved. Nor can you use bait in an area where children might find the station or the bait itself an attractive nuisance or where pets might encounter them.

161. Customer Customer - Finally, you must consider the desires of the customer when determining what formulation to use. They may have reservations about certain types of formulations or may have specific desires regarding others. For example, some customers will insist on the use of total release aerosols while others may not want them used. Some may prefer that you use dust in void areas or behind baseboards rather than aerosols or liquids. Baits may be preferred by some while others may not want you to use baits. In addition, the cost of treatment may vary depending upon the formulations you use. As such, this may drive the customer's request for the use of one type over another.

162. Protecting Groundwater • In the selection of the product you use, always try to choose the pesticides that are highly soluble, relatively stable and not readily adsorbed to soil tend to be the most likely to leach. Choose pesticides with the least potential for leaching into groundwater. • Follow label directions. The label is the law and it carries critical information you need to know about the proper application rates, mixing, treatment areas, including areas to avoid. When using products that require dilution, mix the correct amount for the job. Adding more doesn't kill pests any more dead it just wastes chemical and adds to the increased possibility of off target contamination. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

163. Protecting Groundwater • Calibrate your equipment. If you are using a 1/2 gallon, 1 gallon or larger compressed air sprayer or backpack you still need to know how much is being applied at how many seconds using each tip at a consistent pressure. Most chemical suppliers have 1 gallon measuring cups you can purchase for use in calibrating. As an example, a spray wand with a cone tip verses pin stream will put out different amounts of liquid in the same time period with the same pressure. You should always select the correct nozzle size and pressure for the application you are performing.

164. Bees and other pollinators •Restrict the application of pesticides that are toxic to bees and other pollinators when weeds and flowering plants are in bloom. Pollinators are very important to our environment. From a food standpoint, about 1/3 of the food we eat requires pollination. Do not apply pesticides that are toxic to bees during bloom. Even shade trees and weeds should not be sprayed when blooming. Select the pesticide least harmful to foraging bees. Check the product labels for specific bee hazards.

165. Bees and other pollinators • Select the safest formulation. In general, dusts are more hazardous to bees than sprays; wettable powders are more hazardous to bees than either emulsifiable concentrates or water-soluble formulations. Granular insecticide formulations are generally the least hazardous while microencapsulated formulations can be quite hazardous. The hazard to the bees increases when the material can be carried back to the hive. Since microencapsulated and dust formulations are picked up with pollen, they are the most dangerous because they can affect the brood as well as other adults fed by the contaminated pollen.

166. Fish and other vertebrates • Pesticides can be harmful to all kinds of vertebrates. Most recognizable are the direct effects from acute poisoning. Fish and other marine life kills often are a direct result of water pollution by a pesticide. • Pesticides can enter water via drift, surface runoff, soil erosion, leaching, and in some cases, deliberate or careless release of the pesticide directly into the water. Fish kills are most often caused by insecticide contamination of small ponds or streams with low water volume or turnover.

167. BIRDS • Birds killed from pesticides can occur in many ways. Birds can ingest the toxicant in granules, baits or treated seed; they may be exposed directly to the spray; they may consume a treated food source; they may drink or use contaminated water; or they may feed on pesticide-contaminated prey. Animals often mistake granules or pellets for food. Pets, birds and other wildlife can be killed when baits are left unattended or improperly placed. Granule pesticides are particularly attractive to birds, since they are often mistaken for food. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

168. Personal Environments *Another environment you must always keep in mind is the environment in and around the people you are servicing. Your service cannot have a negative impact people or pets. An important consideration is the age of your clients, both very young, older and any that may be incapacitated in ways that would not allow them to leave the area of treatment. Also, considerations must be made for people on any type oxygen. *Your choice of chemicals and formulations must be made with a conscious effort to select the product that will control the target pest population without causing harm to occupants. *If there is a fish aquarium in or near the treatment area air pumps should be turned off and the tank covered if any type of product is used that will or can become airborne. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

169. Heat Stress and Heat Exhaustion This course covers heat factors, PPE, adjusting to heat, signs and symptoms of heat stress and first aid. You'll learn what to look for and what to do if heat stress or heat exhaustion happen you or a fellow worker.

170. Heat Stress & Heat Exhaustion •Illness that occurs when body builds up more heat than it can cope with •Wearing personal protective equipment increases risk. •Limits body’s ability to cool down

171. Heat factors •Temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight •Workload •Amount of effort a task involves •Scheduling •Personal Protective Equipment *Water intake

172. •High temperatures •High humidity •Sunlight

173. Personal Protective Equipment •Choose PPE designed to be cool •Back-vented •Cotton fabrics vs. rubber or plastic •Do not over-protect in heat

174. Signs and Symptoms of Heat Stress

175. Adjusting to Heat •Allow time to adjust to the heat and workload •Start slowly and increase time and workload gradually •Workers may adjust naturally if warm weather occurs gradually

176. Other Symptoms of Heat Stress: Heat Cramps •Painful muscle spasms caused by loss of body salts from sweating •Occur in legs, arms, stomach •Drink cool water or “sports drinks” •Stretching or kneading muscles will help relieve cramps

177. Drinking Water and Sports Drinks •Evaporation of sweat cools body •Water must be replaced or body temperature will rise. Drink water and sports drinks throughout the day. •Drink plenty of water and sports drinks before, during, and after heat stress conditions

178. Consider work / rest cycle. •Outdoors pause under shade. Keep a wet towel around your neck. •In attics continually replenish fluids. Take water and sports drinks with you or take a break every 30 minutes and get out of the enclosed space. •Be alert for heat stress problems •Stop work immediately with heat stress

179. Heat Exhaustion •Sweating, headache, fatigue •Dry membranes, dry mouth, no tears, no saliva •Fast pulse (slow if fainted) •Nausea and diarrhea •Dilated pupils •Central nervous system depression •Loss of coordination, confusion •Fainting (prompt recovery)

180. Pesticide Poisoning •Sweating, headache, fatigue •Moist membranes, salivation, tears, saliva present in mouth •Slow pulse •Nausea and diarrhea •Possible small pupils •Central nervous system depression •Loss of coordination, confusion •Coma

181. First Aid •Get victim into shaded or cool area •Cool by sponging or splashing skin with cool water •Concentrate on face, neck, hands and forearms •Carefully remove PPE and other clothing making victim hot •If conscious, have victim drink as much cool water as possible •Keep victim quiet until help arrives •Brain damage or death may result if treatment is delayed

182. Dealing with Heat Stress •Take safety precautions to avoid heat related illness •Recognize the signs and symptoms of heat stress •Get medical attention immediately

183. Secondary Containers and Service Containers for Pesticides EPA Guidelines and Recommendations • Secondary containers and service containers are often used by pesticide applicators when they are applying a pesticide. EPA does not require secondary containers or service containers to be labeled or to meet particular construction standards. • However, for both types of containers, the applicator is responsible for following the requirements on the pesticide product labeling and complying with other relevant requirements in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and other statutes.

184. Secondary Containers and Service Containers for Pesticides EPA Guidelines and Recommendations • Given that both secondary and service containers are widely used, however, EPA has some recommendations for users who choose to label these containers. These recommendations for labeling are intended to help ensure the safe use of pesticides. Any labeling on secondary or service containers should not conflict with the product labeling.

185. Secondary and Service Containers • Secondary containers and service containers are similar, but there are some minor differences, and different terms are used in different settings. A secondary container is used to apply and/or store an EPA-registered pesticide and, when it holds the pesticide, is neither sold nor distributed. Secondary containers are most commonly used in institutional settings for concentrated products that are diluted prior to use, or to hold pesticides filled from a larger container to be used or stored prior to application. Often secondary containers are filled by end users at the site where the product will be used.

186. Secondary and Service Containers • Service containers are containers that are filled with an EPA- registered pesticide by an applicator and usually transported to a use site where the pesticide will be applied by the applicator. Although a product may be temporarily stored in a service container, the container is not intended for long-term storage. The term "service container" is often used in the agricultural setting and by pest control operators. Service containers also are not used to sell or distribute the pesticide.

187. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary and Service Containers • Although the Agency does not require labels on secondary and service containers, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements may apply. EPA recommends that the applicator identify the material in the secondary or service container in the event of a spill to ensure that adequate information regarding the pesticide can be obtained in case of medical or environmental emergency. EPA recommends that such labels include the following information:

188. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary and Service Containers • The name, address and telephone number of the applicator/pest control firm [if applicable]. • Product name. • EPA registration number. • Name and percentage of active ingredient. • If the product in the container is diluted, it should be followed by the phrase: “The product in this container is diluted as directed on the pesticide product label.”

189. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary and Service Containers • Signal word and precautionary statements (including First Aid statements) from the registered label unless the registrant has acute toxicity data supporting lesser precautionary statements for the diluted product and alternate directions for the diluted product are indicated on the product label; and • The statement: “Follow the directions for use on the pesticide label when applying this product.” • It is a good management practice to ensure that the label for the pesticide product that has been put into a secondary or service container is available to any person transporting, handling and/or applying the pesticide.

190. EPA Recommendations for Labeling Secondary and Service Containers • EPA also allows registrants to provide labels to users for secondary containers that are used to apply or temporarily store end-use pesticides, as long as the labels that accompany the containers are not inconsistent, i.e., have no other statements that conflict, with the EPA approved pesticide label. • Can an applicator leave a service container with a customer for the customer to apply? • No, if the applicator leaves a filled service container with a customer for the customer to apply, the container is being used to sell or distribute the pesticide rather than for the applicator to use the pesticide. This triggers a number of different requirements. Selling and/or distributing a pesticide requires the product to be registered with EPA, the product container display full labeling, and for transfer of the product into a container to occur at a pesticide producing establishment registered with the EPA.

191. How To Safely Store Pesticides The storage area should be securely locked. Weatherproof signs stating “Danger - Pesticides, Keep Out!”, or similar warning should be hung over every door and window. In addition, the fire department may have specific posting/placarding requirements — Check with the fire department’s hazardous materials division for specific requirements. Storage areas need to have adequate ventilation to prevent the buildup of fumes. If possible, store pesticides in an area with a concrete floor free from drains. An adequate supply of detergent or soap, hand cleanser, and water are essential in the storage area. Water can be a quick first aid in a poisoning emergency. A pesticide storage area should be used only for pesticides and pesticide equipment. Do not store pesticides near food, feed, fertilizers, seeds, veterinary medicines, or other stored products.

192. How To Safely Store Pesticides Store pesticides out of reach of children and pets. Keep pesticides in a locked cabinet in a well-ventilated utility area. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water. Vehicles should have locked storage areas with the same warning signs as a storage facility. Storage units must be locked at all times.

193. How To Safely Store Pesticides Always store pesticides and other chemicals in their original container with their label attached and lid closed tightly. Using food or drink containers (e.g. soda-pop bottles, milk jugs, fruit jars, or other types of non-pesticide containers) can have serious consequences. Small children as well as most adults associate the shape of a container with its contents. Consequently, a child or adult may be seriously poisoned or even killed if they drink a pesticide from an unmarked, secondary container.

194. How To Safely Store Pesticides Store pesticides and pesticide containers in a separate building, room, or other secure enclosure where they can be kept cool, dry, and out of direct sunlight. Protect pesticides from extreme heat and cold which can cause excessive pressure and containers to break and leak, and contents to separate or breakdown. To avoid cross contamination, herbicides should not be stored with other pesticides. Sacks, cartons, and fiber boxes should be stored off the floor on wooden pallets or on shelves.

195. How To Safely Store Pesticides Always keep personal protective equipment (PPE) and a pesticide spill kit (chemical-resistant gloves, coveralls, and goggles; sorbent pads and absorbent material such as kitty litter; and a plastic temporary storage bag or container) readily available in or near the pesticide storage area. When storing pesticides on shelving, place liquid formulations on lower shelves and dry formulations above them. If a liquid formulation container leaks, the dry formulations will not be contaminated. Keeping the liquid containers on lower shelving also helps reduce the risk of accidental spills if the container is knocked off the shelf.

196. How To Safely Store Pesticides Post weatherproof signs, stating “Danger - Pesticides - Keep Out!” or a similar warning on each door and in any windows of the facility. In some cases, it may be advisable to post the warning signs in one or more languages in addition to English. Post the name, address, and phone number of a contact person at the primary entrance to the storage area. Regardless of whether it is a cabinet, room, or an entire building, the pesticide storage area should be lockable to prevent unauthorized entry and should be used only for pesticides and pesticide equipment. A floor plan, records related to the storage location, and an annual inventory of the pesticides and containers in storage should be provided to the local emergency response coordinator as well.

197. How To Safely Store Pesticides Wooden pallets or metal shelves must be provided for storing granular and dry formulations packaged in sacks, fiber drums, boxes, or other water-permeable containers. If metal pesticide containers are stored for a prolonged period, they should be placed on pallets, rather than directly on the floor, to help reduce potential corrosion and leakage.

198. How To Safely Store Pesticides Heavy or difficult to handle pesticide containers should be stored on or near the floor to prevent them from being dropped or falling. Extremely heavy containers should always be placed on floors, never on shelves. Containers should not extend beyond the edge of shelves or cabinets where they can be bumped, knocked off, or broke open. Check containers frequently for cracks and leaks. If a crack or leak is found, transfer the contents to an empty container that originally held the same material. Otherwise, dispose of the contents in the manner prescribed on the product’s label. Clean up spilled pesticide promptly and thoroughly using proper safety equipment during the cleanup procedure. Dispose of the pesticide waste in a proper manner.

199. How To Safely Store Pesticides The pesticide storage location should be a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or flame. Storage areas should remained locked when not in use. See the pesticide label for specific storage recommendations. Some pesticides may not be as effective if they are or have been frozen or overheated. Expansion of pesticides caused by freezing or heating can cause containers to crack or break, resulting in potentially dangerous leaks or spills. Heat expansion of a liquid pesticide also may result in contents that are under pressure. When the container is opened, the pressure may cause an overflow and/or contamination of the user or storage site. Excessively high temperatures (120oF or higher) also can change the effectiveness of a pesticide and may produce dangerous fumes, making the storage area unsafe.

200. How To Safely Store Pesticides To prepare for pesticide applications, remove the pesticide containers from storage and take them to an open area. Always measure and mix pesticides in a well-lit, well-ventilated location. Regardless of whether they are partially or completely emptied, never leave pesticide containers open or unattended while the pesticide is being applied. Return all containers to storage prior to application to prevent accidental spills, ingestion, or exposure to people, pets, livestock, or wildlife.

201. How To Safely Store Pesticides Mixing and applying pesticides requires detailed attention to label instructions, along with common sense and good judgment. So, too, does pesticide storage. Being careless or using improper storage procedures is an open invitation to disaster.

Course for Program 3 2023 IOWA.pptx

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