1. Name: Course 1 Program 2
Course Agenda: Advanced Formulations and Combinations; The LABEL, Code of Federal Regulations
(excerpts); Parts of the pesticide label; Restricted-entry Intervals (REI) AG; Non-agricultural Use
Requirements; Pesticides and the Environment; Toxicity & Signal Words; ANTS : One Node & Two Node
Category 7 (a)
BASIC PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
The most basic pesticide formulations include soluble pesticides, wettable powders, suspensions,
and emulsions. As formulations get more advanced there are several kinds of formulations that are
similar but vary tremendously from the basic formulations. These advanced formulations include
capsulated suspensions, microemulsions, water soluble granules, and many others.
Water Soluble Pesticides
Water Soluble Pesticides are soluble and this means that active ingredient forms a true dilution when
it dissolves completely into water. One product that was commonly used and has been taken off the
market was Orthene. Otherwise there aren't a lot of products designed for general pest applications.
The most common soluble pesticide used today is boron. Boron comes in several different forms but
the common trade names are Tim-Bor, Ni-bor, and Board Defense. Boron is intended in most cases
for wood destroying organism when it mixed with water because it's mode of action requires
ingestion. As a liquid treatment to exposed wood members boron penetrates the dry cellular structure
of the wood making the wood poisonous to termites after the treated wood is ingested. Therefore, in
that form it does little for non-wood destroying insects. Boron can generally be used in its dry form as
a treatment for ants and cockroaches that may eat the dry particles as they are sweet tasting and
absorb small amounts of moisture from the air.
Wettable Powders
Wettable powders are basically concentrated dusts made from clay or talc that carry the active
ingredient and allow the active ingredient to float in the carrier agent, usually water. The active
ingredient is usually added to inert diluents. A wetting agent is also added to the mixture because the
clay or talc simply float to the top of the mixture otherwise. The spray mix does however still need to
be mixed often because the final formulation tends to come apart with the spray mix actually sinking
to the bottom. This formulation tends to stick to surfaces and may even leave a visible film on colored
areas. A huge advantage of this formulation is that it does not contain oil and shows little to no
phytotoxicity. This means that a huge advantage of this formulation is that it won't burn plants, unlike
emulsions which tend to cause visible plant damage. This formulation also is not likely to move
through soil once dry. This is an advantage if a technician is treating for insects walking on the soil's
surface, but can be a disadvantage if treating for insects below the surface.
Suspension Concentrates
One disadvantage of wettable powders is that the concentrate comes in a dry form. Technicians
mixing these products increase their inhalation hazard by exposing themselves to small particles that
are instantly airborne as the product is opened, measured, and mixed. A solution that is now widely
developed by many pesticide manufacturers is to mix the product in a suspension concentrate. The
wettable powder is essentially already wet when you receive the product. This decreases the level of
inhalation exposure because mixing is done by adding the liquid concentrate to the carrier. In the
case of Tempo Ultra WP, the manufacturer developed Tempo Ultra SC as the alternative. Both
products however are virtually identical once mixed with water.

2. Emulsions
Emulsions are formed when an emulsifier is used to combine two parts of a product that otherwise
wouldn't mix. Generally, these active ingredients are mixed in an oil base. Oil and water don't mix
therefore an emulsifier allows the mixture to occur. Emulsions require frequent agitation, otherwise
the pesticide mixture settles. This is typical, and is because the pesticide never completely dissolves.
Small particles of oil and emulsifier float in the water while carrying the active ingredient. If the
emulsion is agitated properly it allows for even distribution while applying this mixture. Because of the
oil, emulsions are more readily absorbed through the insect cuticles making them more likely to kill on
contact. This makes them perfect for situations where immediate relief may be needed but
technicians should also be careful because the oil allows faster skin absorption therefore maximizing
risk levels from human exposure.
When emulsions are applied to porous surfaces they are partially absorbed and the amount of
product that is absorbed can't be picked up by insects walking across that surface. This can be
beneficial when treating for insects just below the surface of soil, but when applying to concrete or
wood, treatments can have a less than expected result.
One specific product carried in an emulsion is Zenprox EC. The EC next to the product name is
important so that these pesticides can be distinguished from other products. EC stands for
emulsifiable concentrate and when mixed with water these products form an emulsion. Zenprox is an
ether pyrethroid which means that it bonds to the nerve cell differently than other more common
pyrethroid products. Zenprox, because of its unique mode of action is less likely to cause insect
resistance and is very effective for interior
treatments. When in an emulsion it penetrates the
insect cuticle easier than other formulations and has
a faster knockdown.
Advanced Formulations
Microemulsions
A microemulsion is designed with much smaller
particles that allow for better control in specific uses. Transport Mikron is a microemulsion and it
contains two active ingredients making it not only unique because of its small particle size, but also
because of its dual mode of action. Acetamiprid, which is the first active ingredient, has a high rate of
lateral transfer from insect to insect, which is increased by the small particles of pesticide. The small
particles also make it likely to penetrate the insect cuticle faster, and penetrate the soil much easier.
A microemulsion particle is 100 times smaller than the particles from standard emulsions and 1000
times smaller than a MicroCap.
Transport Mikron is well suited for smaller insects such as psocids due to its small particle size, and
can be used as part of a complete control plan that includes the use of dusts, baits, and granules.
The second active ingredient is bifenthrin, a general use pyrethroid that helps leave behind a longer
residual and creates the dual mode of action increasing the products efficacy. The product however
does have very hefty restrictions, and may not be perfect for regular use since these restrictions are
even more complicated than the restrictions associated with other general use products containing
pyrethroids.
Emulsions tend to penetrate porous

3. Microencapsulated Suspensions
The acronym CS if often used to describe these products. CS stands for Capsulated Suspension, and
these products are formulated exactly as the acronym suggests. Small capsules float in the carrier
agent, usually water and other inert ingredients that disperse the capsules evenly throughout the
product after some agitation. Settling is an issue but agitation will generally restore proper dispersion
throughout the carrier. These microcaps are relatively small, being much smaller than the thickness of
a human hair (approximately 30 microns). Because the micro-caps break down slowly the products
tend to leave a good residual, but can be slow acting.The residual benefits of these products are
enhanced by the fact that the active ingredients are protected from the elements, harsh weather, UV
rays, and the high PH levels found on brick and concrete. Some products may have as many as
10,000 capsules per square inch when applied at standard label rates.
Onslaught Fastcap is a pyrethroid based Polymeric Microencapsulation. It has three active
ingredients, two of which are enhanced by the third which is a synergist. The pyrethroids that make
the product work kill the insects through sodium channel modulation which is typical of the chemical
class, and the synergist stops their bodies from blocking the mode of action. The synergist thereby
enhances the efficacy of the product. Because of the two pyrethroids and the synergist the product
becomes more fast acting than other microcaps, while also leaving behind a long lasting residual. It’s
is best suited for scorpions and spiders but has other insects on the label. Because it is repellent it
may not be best in some cases. Careful consideration should be taken of ground nesting insects such
as ants, and for cockroach situations where insects can be driven into undesirable places by this
product.
Water Dispersible Granules
Dupont Arilon is held in water dispersible granules and may be used on most surfaces. It has not
been shown to stain surfaces despite containing minerals.
The granules are held in a suspension when mixed with
water, and can even be purchased in small water soluble
packets that are exact dosages. The active ingredient,
indoxicarb has been shown to have exponential control since
the active ingredient has a high amount of horizontal transfer
even across second and third insect carriers. In fact it
spreads through an ant colony quickly, and can even kill
cockroaches for several generations.
It is target specific and through its MetaActive activation it
can differentiate between pests and non-target organisms. It
works great on cockroachs, but not on bees. Likewise, it is
not considered a danger to mammals. It is activated when
enzymes in an insect’s body combine with the active
ingredient and form a new chemical. A tertiary kill effect is
observed as insects spread the product through contact, and
the product continues killing long after the first infected insect
dies. Insects such as cockroaches that eat their own sputum
and the dead bodies of other roaches will find that the
MetaActive compound is still strong in the dead insect bodies
and even the feces of cockroaches thereby contaminating
their nests.
Products carried in a suspension
tend to rest on porous surfaces, and
won't penetrate porous surfaces.
Microcaps generally rest on
surfaces, and are available to be
picked up by crawling insects that
come into contact with the surface
area. They may be more dispersed
than particles from a suspension,
but are generally evenly spaced.

4. Soluble Pesticides
Some pesticides are soluble and this means that active ingredient forms a true dilution when it
dissolves completely into water. One product that was commonly used and has been taken off the
market was Orthene. Otherwise there aren't a lot of products designed for general pest applications.
The most common soluble pesticide used today is boron. Boron comes in several different forms but
the common trade names are Tim-Bor, Ni-bor, and Board Defense. Boron is intended in most cases
for wood destroying organism when it mixed with water because it's mode of action requires
ingestion. As a liquid treatment to exposed wood members boron penetrates the dry cellular
structure of the wood making the wood poisonous to termites after the treated wood is ingested.
Therefore, in that form it does little for non-wood destroying insects. Boron can generally be used in
its dry form as a treatment for ants and cockroaches that may eat the dry particles as they are sweet
tasting and absorb small amounts of moisture from the air.
Additives and Combinations
Synergists are products or active ingredients that enhance the toxic effect of a specific pesticide or
active ingredient. The most common synergistic active ingredient is piperonyl butoxide. It enhances
the mode of action found in sodium channel inhibitors like pyrethrins and pyrethroids. Many products
come with the synergist already included in the technical grade concentrate from the manufacturer.
One such product is Exciter. Exciter contains a pyrethrin base and piperonyl butoxide. Generally,
exciter is only used for knockdown kills since it leaves little to no residual and is highly effective only
on contact. An advantage of this product is that it can be added to other slow acting products that do
leave a residual thereby causing the instant kill effect and having a continuing action in the days and
weeks ahead. A common mixture is to add exciter to bifenthrin based products, cyfluthrin based
products, and other pyrethroids since the piperonyl butoxide will also add to the toxic effect of these
active ingredients.
Surfactants are a type of adjuvant that add to the efficacy of a pesticide mixture without adding any
more toxicity, or enhancing the effect of a specific mode of action like synergists do. Surfactants
have several uses, the first of which being that they can be used to make water molecules bond
together more easily. This creates a more even distribution on plant leaves and on ground surfaces.
Finished solutions containing surfactants can also penetrate the soil easier making them wetting
agents. Wetting agents lower surface tension on soil allowing pesticides to more easily penetrate the
soils surface. For wettable powders, suspensions, and microencapsulated products soil penetration
does not happen as readily as it does for emulsions, therefore when applying product for insects just
below the surface of the soil, a surfactant is always recommended. A common example of a
surfactant is Yuccah.. Yuccah is a natural surfactant made from the Yucca schidigera found in the
desert that produces its own compounds to manage water more efficiently. The surfactant
compounds found in yuccah make it perfect for use with pesticides, or fertilizers. When used by itself
it can even add to the vitality of plants and correct some soil conditions.
Many pesticide spray applications are enhanced by the use of baits. A liquid formulationcan be
enhanced very simply by the use of a granular bait in the gardens and yard. Niban G, Niban FG, and
other boron based baits are the most common and very generally work to enhance a seasonal or
quarterly service by extending the length of time that products are active on the property. As an
example, a bifenthrin treatment applied in a suspension will last up to 30 days, but generally not
more. Niban products and generics for Niban will last beyond one month and continue to work. In
seasons such as the summer it will continue control when the liquid application's control period ends,
but ants are still very active. In the spring another approach might be to apply a neonicoinoid which
causes ants to forage more outside, and in this season where ants reproduce most heavily a bait with
abamectin will slow their rate of reproduction.

5. Each treatment listed above is appropriate for the respective season and the spring treatment will
prepare for the summer, with the summer treatment preparing the property for the fall. All treatments
should complement each other, with baits being placed in areas that liquid treatments are not made.
A good rule when broadcasting baits is that the liquid should be up to 3 feet out from the foundation,
and baits should be 3 to 6 feet from the foundation in the yard. Gardens against the house should be
spot treated with baits, and repellant sprays should almost never be used against a house.
Pesticide Formulation
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information.
American Pest CEUS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in
this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.
All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use
pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
Arilon Water soluble granules
Onslaught Fastcap Microencapsulated suspension
Optiguard Flex Microencapsulated suspension
Maxxthor SC Suspension concentrate
Microcare 3% CS Microencapsulate suspension
Premise 2 Suspension concentrate
Premise 75 WP Wettable Powder (Suspension)
Prothor SC2 Suspension concentrate
Suspend SC Suspension concentrate
Temprid SC Suspension concentrate
Tempo SC Ultra Suspension concentrate
Tempo Ultra WP Wettable powder (suspension)
Transport Mikron Micro-Emulsion
Zenprox EC Emulsion

6. Reading and Understanding
Pesticide Labels
BUL908
RondaE.Hirnyck,WilliamWarren,andShermanTakatori
PESTICIDE LABELS are legal documents, regulated by
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
and the Idaho State Department of Agriculture. Any
pesticide product or device sold in the United States
must have a label. The label’s purpose is to provide
use directions and reduce risks to humans, domestic
animals, wildlife, and the environment.
All pesticide labels must contain certain content and
follow a standard format. The label explains how to
use, store, and dispose of the product. It includes safety
information that you need to know before purchasing
and applying the pesticide.
What determines a pesticide label’s
content?
A product’s label is based on potential risks associated
with use of the product. Risk depends partly on the
product’s chemical characteristics and toxicity, but also
on how it is used. Risks include the following:
• Personal safety risks to applicators and handlers
• Human exposure risk through diet, inhalation,
dermal (skin), drinking water, and general
exposure from lawns, golf courses, parks, pets,
schools, swimming pools, etc.
• Effects on nontarget species (domestic animals,
wildlife, pollinators, other beneficial insects, and
plants)
• Effects on the environment (water, soil, and air)
To get approval to sell a pesticide product,
manufacturers must conduct the following studies to
assess these risks.
Why readthe label?
The label will help you solve your pest problem. You’ll
be able to:
• Get the results you want by buying the right
product.
• Savemoney by buying only what you need.
• Use the product correctly to maximizepest
control.
The label isfor safety.
• Each pesticide has different risks, so each product
has specific instructions and safety precautions.
The only way to know how to safely use a product
is to read its label.
• If you don’t follow the instructions, you may
endanger yourself, other people, domestic
animals, wildlife, desirable plants, and/or the
environment.
• The label tells you what to do if the product gets
in your mouth, lungs, or eyes,or on your skin.
• It is illegal to use a pesticide in a manner
inconsistent with its label. You may be liable for
damage caused by improper use.
Read the label beforeyoubuy and beforeyouapply.It
takes just a few minutes, but can save money, time,
and trouble.
Used with permission from the University of Idaho.

7. • The pesticide undergoes rigorous field testing
to ensure that it will control the pests listed on
the label. This prevents unnecessary pesticide
exposure from use of ineffective pesticides.
• The pesticide is tested on nonhuman subjects to
determine potential human health risks. The results
of these tests affect how the pesticide may be used
and what personal protective equipment (PPE)
is required. Aggregate human exposure risks are
calculated by evaluating exposure through food,
drinking water, and residential uses. Cumulative
human exposure risks are calculated by taking into
account exposure to multiple similar pesticides.
• Occupational risk assessments consider risks
to farmworkers and others who are exposed
to pesticides through their work. This research
determines the amount of time that must pass
before workers can enter into the treated area.
This is called the restricted entry interval (REI).
• The pesticide is evaluated for risks to the
environment, such as water, aquatic life, pollinators,
wildlife, and other beneficial organisms. This
research may lead to special label restrictions
regarding how the product may be used.
• The pesticide’s chemical properties are evaluated,
along with how it moves in the soil, plants, water,
and air. This evaluation determines the label’s
precautionary statements regarding drift, runoff,
and other movement of the pesticide.
• The pesticide is tested on each food and feed crop
to be listed on the label to ensure that residue
remaining at the time of harvest or slaughter
does not exceed the legal limit (the tolerance
value). These tests determine which food or feed
crops can be added to the label and the period of
time required between pesticide application and
harvest.
The U.S. EPA registers all pesticides nationally and
reviews the manufacturer’s data to determine that a
pesticide does not present unreasonable risks.
Mandatory versus advisory
statements
The “directions for use” section often contains both
mandatory and advisory statements. It is important to
know the difference.
Mandatory statements are requirements. They give
specific directions based on the pesticide’s risks.
Mandatory statements are direct and use words such as
“Do not,” “Must,” “Shall.” For example: “Handlers must
wear chemical-protective gloves,” “Applicators shall
apply the mixed product immediately after adding a
nonionic surfactant.”
Advisory statements are not requirements. They
provide information and advice about safe and efficient
practices. These statements are written in descriptive
terms, using words such as “should.” For example:
“Applicators and handlers should wash before handling
food, eating, drinking, or smoking.”
Parts of the label
Front of the label
The following information must appear on the front of
the label (figure 1):
1.Product or brand name.This is the name given by
the manufacturer to the specific pesticide product.
Several manufacturers may make products containing
the same active ingredient, but each will have its own
brand name.
2.Net contents/net weight. This statement tells the
weight or volume of product in the container. Before
applying a pesticide, multiply the area (square feet or
acres) to treat by the recommended application rate for
the target site and pest. This is the amount of product
you will need. Use the net contents/net weight to help
you determine how much to purchase. By buying
only what you need, you can avoid having to store or
dispose of extra pesticide.
3.Pesticide product type. This statement indicates
the type of pesticide and its use (for example, a
herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in agricultural
crops and nonagricultural areas).
4.Ingredient statement. This statement lists all
ingredients as a percentage of the total packaged
product, thus indicating how concentrated the product
is. The active ingredient is the chemical responsible
for controlling the pest. It may be listed by its common
name and its more complex chemical name. The
percentage of inert ingredients is also given. These
ingredients include solvents, surfactants, stabilizers, or
dyes that make the product easier to handle and apply.

8. 5.Restricted use pesticide statement. This statement
appears if the product is a restricted use pesticide.
This determination is usually based on the product’s
individual human toxicity or on chemical properties
that may impact the environment. These pesticides
may be purchased and applied only by people with a
pesticide license. Pesticides without this statement are
considered “general use pesticides” and do not require
a license.
6.Child hazardwarning. The front of every pesticide
label states, “Keep Out of Reach of Children.”
7.Signal word. The signal word indicates the acute
toxicity (toxicity that occurs 24–48hours after
exposure) and hazard of the pesticide to humans and
animals. It is a quick way to determine the toxicity.
• “Danger Poison” represents the most toxic of all
pesticides. These products also carry the risk
of severe eye damage or skin irritation. This
signal word must be accompanied by a skull and
crossbones graphic and the Spanish word for
danger, “Peligro.”
• “Warning” represents moderate toxicity. The
Spanish word for warning, “Aviso,” must
accompany this signal word.
• “Caution” represents slight toxicity.
• Some pesticides do not contain a signal word
because their acute effects on humans and animals
are nontoxic.
6.First aid statement. This statement describes
emergency first aid in case of exposure to the product
(oral, skin, inhalation, eye). For more toxic pesticides,
the first aid statement must be on the front of the label,
with additional first aid information elsewhere. For
less toxic products, the first aid statement may be in a
different location. It is a good idea to review the first
aid statement before using a pesticide.
Front or backof label
The following items must appear on either the front
or back of the label (figure 1). This information is very
important, but it is not related to toxicity, so it is not
required to be on the front.
9.EPA registration number and establishment
number.Each pesticide product sold in the United
States has a unique registration number, somewhat
comparable to a person’s Social Security number.
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
2,4-D dma
(Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt)...67.8%
INERT INGREDIENTS: ...........................................32.2%
Total 100.0%
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE
Due to very high potential for secondary environmen-
tal damage and water contamination. For sale to and
use only by certified applicators or persons under
their direct supervision and only for those persons
uses covered by certified applicator’s certification.
Direct supervision for this product is defined as the
certified applicator being physically present during
application mixing, loading, repair and cleaning of
application equipment.
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
DANGER PELIGRO
Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para
que se la explique a usted en detalle. (If you do not
understand the label, find someone to explain it to you in
detail.)
Maristreet ag products, Inc.
PO Box 19325, NW Elizabeth Drive Court
Pontiac, North Carolina 27715
Figure1.Front of pesticide label showing contentthat must beon
the front of the label (items 1–8) and either the front or the back
(items 9–11).
2
THIS IS A FICTITIOUS LABELINTENDED FORTESTING AND TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
1
CAVERN® 68
2.5 gallon net contents
Broadleaf Herbicide
For selective control of broadleaf weeds
in certain agricultural crops and non-agricultural areas
3
4
5
6
7
8 STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT
IF ON SKIN: Wash skin with plenty of soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing. Get medical attention.
IF SWALLOWED: If patient is conscious and alert, give
2 to 3 glasses of water or milk to drink. If available, give
one tablespoon of Syrup of Ipecac to induce vomiting.
Alternatively, induce vomiting by touching back of throat
with finger. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.
Get medical attention.
IF IN EYES: Flush with water for at least 15 minutes.
Get medical attention, PREFERABLY AN
OPHTHAMOLOGIST.
IF INHALED: Move to an uncontaminated area. Get
medical attention.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
This product contains a phenoxy herbicidal chemical.
There is no specific antidote. All treatments should be
based on observed signs and symptoms of distress in
the patient. Overexposure to materials other than this
product may have occurred.
9 EPA Reg. No. 264-2 EPA Est. No. 264-MO-1
10 Group 4 Herbicide
11

9. The first part of the number is the manufacturer or
company identification number, and the second part
is the product identification number. The registration
number makes it easy to inquire about a specific
product, even if other products have a similar name.
The establishment number identifies the manufacturing
plant where the pesticide was produced, which is
useful if you have concerns about product quality.
10.Mode-of-action numerical classification.
The pesticide mode-of-action number identifies the
product’s resistance group. Repeatedly using products
from the same group increases the probability that
the pest will develop resistance to those and other
pesticides in the group. It is recommended that
applicators rotate pesticide mode-of-action groups
every time they apply pesticides. Always identify the
pesticide’s mode-of-action group before you purchase
a product. The mode-of-action group numerical
code usually is on the front of the label in the upper
right-hand corner, although this location is not a
requirement.
11.Company name and address.This information
refers to the pesticide manufacturer or the company
responsible for registration, sale, and distribution of
the pesticide. This information is useful if you have
questions about the product.
Other required content
12.Precautionary statements. This section (figure 2)
contains information about potential hazards related to
the product’s use, including risks to humans, domestic
animals, other nontarget organisms, wildlife, and the
environment. These statements are based on product
risk assessments. This section also lists the PPE
required when using the product. Some precautionary
statements relate to the product’s specific chemical
properties. These statements may outline actions
needed to eliminate risk of runoff, drift, or problems
with hot or cold temperatures. The precautionary
statements contain the following:
a. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
b. Physical or chemical hazards (not shown)
c. Environmental hazards
d. Bee hazards
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a
manner inconsistent with its labeling. Read entire label
before using this product.
GENERAL WEED LIST: beggarticks, bullthistle, coffee-
weed, common cocklebur, common burdock
Figure 2.Interior page of pesticide label showing other required
content (items 12 and 13).
12 PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Danger. Corrosive. Causes irreversible eye damage.
Harmful if swallowed. May be fatal if absorbed through
the skin. Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist. Do not get
in eyes, on skin or on clothing.
a PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Applicators and other handlers must wear: coveralls over
short-sleeved shirt and short pants, waterproof gloves,
chemical-resistant footwear plus socks, chemical-
resistant headgear for overhead exposure and protective
eye wear. A chemical-resistant apron must also be worn
when cleaning equipment, mixing or loading.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
This product is toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Drift or
runoff may adversely affect aquatic invertebrates and
non-target plants. For terrestrial uses, do not apply di-
rectly to water, or to areas where surface water is present.
BEE HAZARDS
This product is highly toxic to honey bees exposed to
direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds. Apply
from late evening to early morning or when bees are not
foraging.
THIS IS A FICTITIOUS LABELINTENDED FORTESTING AND TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
c
d
13
a
Apples,
Pears b
Rate
c
Directions
Annual
broadleaf
weeds
3 pints For control of weeds on the
orchard floor, apply using coarse
sprays and low pressure in suf-
ficient volume of water to obtain
thorough wetting of weeds. Treat
when weeds are small and
actively growing.
RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
FOR USE IN ORCHARDS
Do not make more than 2 applications per year.
Do not harvest stone fruit within 40 days of application.
Do not enter or allow entry into treated areas during
the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) of 48 hours.
Do not graze animals for 7 days following application.
d
g
e
f
h MIXING INSTRUCTIONS
Add about one-half the water to the mixing tank, then
add CAVERN® 68 Broadleaf Herbicide with agitation
and finally the rest of the water with agitation.
i APPLICATION PROCEDURES
Apply by air or ground equipment in sufficient gallonage
to obtain adequate coverage. Use 2 or more gallons
per acre for aerial application and 10 or more gallons of
water per acre for ground application.

10. 13.Directions for use. This large section (figure 2) tells
how to mix and apply the product. This information is
derived from product testing required for registration.
Directions may be different for each crop or site where
the product may be applied. Most of these instructions
are mandatory. Information includes:
a.What pest(s) the product is registered to control
b. To what sites or crops the product may be applied
c. Correct application rate
d. How much total product can be applied to a site
or crop during a growing season. The label may
tell how often to apply the product and/or limit
the number of applications or amount applied per
season.
e. How soon the crop can be harvested after a
pesticide application (the preharvest interval, or
PHI)
f. How long people must wait before reentering a
treated area after the pesticide application (the
restricted-entry interval, or REI). This statement
gives either a specific amount of time (such as
48 hours) or a general statement such as, “Do not
enter treated area until sprays have dried.”
g. How much time must lapse after pesticide
application before livestock may be allowed to
graze the area (the grazing interval)
h. How to mix the product
i. How to apply the product
14.Storage and disposal. This section (figure 3) tells
how to store and dispose of the product and container.
15.Agricultural use requirements andWorker
ProtectionStandard. The federal Worker Protection
Standard (WPS) requires this section on certain
products (figure 3). It is surrounded by a “box” and lists
notification requirements, the REI, and required PPE for
early reentry. Information for greenhouse applications
is included, if appropriate.
16.Nonagricultural use requirements. This “box”
(figure 3) appears on nonagricultural product labels,
for example, pesticides used on lawns, golf courses,
ornamental plantings, and structures (except
greenhouses). It contains important PPE and safety
instructions, in addition to that provided under
“Precautionary statements.”
STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
STORAGE
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or dis-
posal. Store in original container in a dry, secure storage
area. Keep container tightly closed when not in use.
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL
Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper dis-
posal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is
a violation of Federal law and may contaminate ground
water.
CONTAINER DISPOSAL
Triple rinse or equivalent. Then offer for recycling or
reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary
landfill or incineration.
AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS
Use this product only in accordance with its labeling
and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR
Part 170. This Standard contains requirements for
the protection of agricultural workers on farms,
forests, nurseries and greenhouses, and handlers of
agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for
training, decontamination, notification and emergen-
cy assistance. It also contains specific instructions
and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this
label about personal protective equipment (PPE),
and restricted entry interval (REI). The requirements
in this box only apply to uses of this product that are
covered by the WPS.
Do not enter or allow entry into treated areas during
the restricted entry interval (REI) of 48 hours.
NONAGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS
The requirements in this box apply to uses of this
product that are NOT within the scope of the Worker
Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides
(40 CFR Part 170). For ornamental turf uses (golf
courses, cemeteries, parks and other turf grass
areas), do not enter treatment areas until sprays have
dried. Do not allow people (other than applicator) or
pets on treatment area during application.
Figure 3.Interior page of pesticide label showing other required
content (items 14–16).
THIS IS A FICTITIOUS LABELINTENDED FORTESTING AND TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
14
15
16
Some labels may have both the agricultural use box and
the nonagricultural use box.

11. What do you want to know? Where to look Why is it important?
Will this control the pest I have? Directions for use (figure 2) Buying the wrong product wastes money and will
not solve your problem.
Can I use it where I have the
problem?
Directions for use (figure 2) It is illegal and dangerous to use a product on a
crop or site that is not on the label.
Do I need a license? Restricted use statement (figure
1)
Only licensed applicators can purchase restricted-use
pesticides.
How much should I buy? Directions for use (figure 2)
Net contents/net weight (figure
1)
Buying the right amount saves money and eliminates the
need for storage and disposal.
How toxic is this product? Signal word (figure 1) Using toxic productswithout proper precautions is
dangerous.
Should I wear special clothing? How Precautionary statements Applying pesticides without proper protection
exposes
else can I protect myself? (figure 2) you to toxic materials.
Agriculturalor nonagricultural use
requirements (figure 3)
What should I do if it gets on my
skin or in my eyes, mouth, or
lungs?
First aid statement (figure 1) First-aid measures are pesticide-specific. What is
right in one case may be harmful in another.
How can I minimize risks to
people, animals, and the
environment?
Precautionary statements (figure
2)
Using a product incorrectly increases the risk of
harm to people,animals, and/or the environment.
How much should I apply? Directions for use (figure 2) Using too little risks not controlling the pest
and developingpesticide resistance; using too
much is dangerous and illegal.
When and how often should I apply
the pesticide?
Directions for use (figure 2) Reapplication may be necessary, but timing is important,
and most products have limits on reapplication.
How should I mix and apply
the pesticide?
Directions for use (figure 2) Proper mixing and application minimize risk
and maximize pest control.
How long must I wait before
eating treated crops or
livestock?
Directions for use (figure 2) Eating treated plants/animals too soon may expose
you to higher residues that have not been tested. It is
illegal to do this.
How long until I can enter the area Directions for use (figure 2) The pesticide residues may still betoo high for safe entry,
after application? Agriculturalor nonagricultural use
requirements (figure 3)
for several hours or days following application.
How long until livestock can graze
the area?
Directions for use (figure 2) The pesticide residues on the forage may still betoo high
and cause illegal pesticide levels in meat, milk, eggs, or
other animal products consumed.
What if I still have problems with this Mode-of-action numerical It is bestto use a pesticide with a different classification
pest? classification (figure 1) number to prevent pest resistance.
How should I store extra pesticide? Storage and disposal (figure 3) Improperlystored pesticides can be spilled, usedfor the
wrong purpose, or accidentally ingested.
How should I dispose of the
product and package?
Storage and disposal (figure 3) Proper disposal keeps discarded pesticides from
endangering people or contaminating soil and
water.
What if there’s a problem with the Company name and address Tracing a product to its source could prevent others
from
product? (figure 1) experiencingthe same problem.
EPA registration number and
establishment number
(figure 1)
Find it fast
Always read the entire labelfirst. Use this guide as a quick referenceto review specific information.

12. American Pest CEUs would like to thank the University of Idaho, Ronda Hirnyck, William Warren,
and Sherman Takatori for use of BUL 908 Reading and Understanding Pesticide Labels.
To Learn more, please visit uidaho.edu/extension/publications.
Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics, Acts of May 8 and June30, 1914, in cooperation
with theU.S.Department of Agriculture, Barbara Petty,Director of University of Idaho Extension, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844.
TheUniversity of Idaho has a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex,sexual orientation, gender
identity/expression, age,disability or status as aVietnam-era veteran.
Published July 2016 © 2016by the Universityof Idaho
7
The authors
Ronda E.Hirnyck, University of Idaho Pesticide ProgramCoordinator;
William Warren,Extension Educator,Clearwater County; Sherman
Takatori, Pesticide Applicator and Training Program Specialist, Idaho
State Department of Agriculture
Conclusion
Pesticide labels are the main way for manufacturers
to communicate safety and other information to users.
The scientific data collected during pesticide research
determines what is on the label. The purpose is to
protect users, consumers, and the environment.
Always read the label directions before purchasing a
pesticide. The label will help you decide whether you
need a pesticide and which pesticide is best for your
situation. The label provides important information
on mixing, applying, storing, and disposing of the
pesticide. Reading and following label directions is part
of good pesticide stewardship. It protects human health,
pollinators, wildlife, and the environment. And, it is the
law.

13. Toxicity
Category I being the highest toxicity category. Most human hazard, precautionary statements, and human
personal protective equipment statements are based upon the Toxicity Category of the pesticide product as
sold or distributed. In addition, toxicity categories may be used for regulatory purposes other than labeling,
such as classification for restricted use and requirements for child-resistant packaging. In certain cases,
statements based upon the Toxicity Category of the product as diluted for use are also permitted. A Toxicity
Category is assigned for each of five types of acute exposure, as specified in the table.
Acute Toxicity Categories for Pesticide Products
Hazard
Indicators
I II III IV
Oral LD50
Up to and including 50
mg/kg
>50 thru 500 mg/kg >500 thru 5,000 mg/kg >5,000 mg/kg
mg/kg
Dermal LD50
Up to and including 200
>200 thru 2000 mg/kg
>2000 thru 20,000
mg/kg
>20,000 mg/kg
Inhalation
LC50
Up to and including 0.2
mg/liter
>0.2 thru 2 mg/liter >2 thru 20 mg/liter >20 mg/liter
Corrosive; corneal
Eye irritation opacity not reversible
within 7 days
Corneal opacity reversible
within 7 days; irritation
persisting for 7 days
No corneal opacity;
irritation reversible
within 7 days
No irritation
Skin
irritation
Corrosive Severe irritation at 72 hours
Moderate irritation at
72 hours
Mild or slight
irritation at 72
hours
Signal Words
Requirement. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4), each pesticide product must bear on the front panel a
signal word, reflecting the highest Toxicity Category (Category I is the highest toxicity category) to which the
product is assigned by any of the five routes of exposure. The signal word must also appear together with the
heading for the human precautionary statement section of the labeling.
(1)Toxicity Category I. Any pesticide product meeting the criteria of Toxicity Category I for any route of
exposure must bear on the front panel the signal word “DANGER.” In addition, if the product is assigned to
Toxicity Category I on the basis of its oral, inhalation or dermal toxicity (as distinct from skin and eye irritation),
the word “Poison” must appear in red on a background of distinctly contrasting color, and the skull and
crossbones symbol must appear in immediate proximity to the word “Poison.”
(2)Toxicity Category II. Any pesticide product meeting the criteria of Toxicity Category II as the highest
category by any route of exposure must bear on the front panel the signal word “WARNING.”

14. (3)Toxicity Category III. Any pesticide product meeting the criteria of Toxicity Category III as the highest
category by any route of exposure must bear on the front panel the signal word “CAUTION.”
(4)Toxicity Category IV. A pesticide product meeting the criteria of Toxicity Category IV by all routes of
exposure is not required to bear a signal word. If a signal word is used, it must be “CAUTION.”
Signal words that may appear on the label.
* Lethal doses are listed for a 150-lb. adult.
**A product’s toxicity category determines what must be on its label.
Human Hazard and Precautionary Statements
Toxicity
Category
Systemic effects (oral, dermal,
inhalation toxicity)
Irritation effects (skin and eye)
Sensitizer (There are no
categories of
sensitization.)
I
Fatal (poisonous) if swallowed
[inhaled or absorbed through
skin]. Do not breathe vapor [dust
on skin, or on clothing. [Front
panel first aid statement
required.]
in eyes on skin, or on clothing. Wear
or spray mist]. Do not get in eyes, goggles or face shield and rubber
gloves when handling. Harmful or
fatal if swallowed. [Front panel first
aid statement required.]
Corrosive, causes eye and skin
damage [or skin irritation]. Do not get If product is a sensitizer:
Prolonged or frequently
repeated skin contact may
cause allergic reactions in
some individuals.
II
on skin, or on clothing.
[Appropriate first aid statement
required]
May be fatal if swallowed,
[inhaled or absorbed through the Causes eye [and skin] irritation. Do
skin]. Do not breathe vapors [dust not get in eyes, on skin, or on
or spray mist]. Do not get in eyes, clothing. Harmful if swallowed.
[Appropriate first aid statement
required.]
III
Harmful if swallowed [inhaled or
absorbed through the skin].
Avoid breathing vapors [dust or
spray mist]. Avoid contact with
Avoid contact with skin, eyes or
clothing.
Signal Word Category** Toxicity (Lethal Dose)*
Danger or Danger-
Poison
Class I—highly toxic
Corrosive or irritant properties, a few drops to 1
teaspoon
Warning Class II—moderately toxic 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce
Caution Class III—slightly toxic
1 ounce to 1 pint/
1 pound
Caution or none Class IV—very slight hazard Over 1 pint or 1 pound

15. Toxicity
Category
Systemic effects (oral, dermal,
inhalation toxicity)
Irritation effects (skin and eye)
Sensitizer (There are no
categories of
sensitization.)
skin [eyes or clothing].
[Appropriate first aid statement
required.]
IV
No precautionary statements
required
No precautionary statements required.
PESTICIDES AND THE ENVIROMENT
The objective is to:
Understand the types of damage that can occur to plants, animals (wildlife), soil, water and air.
Understand the typical ways that pesticides are broken down or move within the environment.
Understand what pesticide drift is and what factors contribute to pesticide drift.
Understand why it is important to protect water sources and the recommended practices that are necessary to
protect water sources.
Understand the importance of protecting crop pollinators and what laws and regulations are in place to protect
crop pollinators.
Understand what management practices may be used to lower any negative impact to fish and wildlife.
Drift is most commonly due to off-target movement of pesticide spray droplets. It is essential to understand the
factors that contribute to spray drift and to make a conscious effort to minimize drift for every spray application.
Three primary factors contribute to pesticide spray drift:
I. Weather conditions
2. Equipment configuration and operation
3. Applicator attitude
Equipment configuration and operation determine spray droplet size. Small droplets are most likely to drift off-
target, and are produced in greatest volume when using small nozzle orifices and high pressure. Select the
correct nozzle type and use a spray pressure low enough to produce the largest droplets that will provide
sufficient penetration and coverage of the intended target. Drift potential is also increased as the distance
between the nozzle and the target increases, so applications should always be made as close to the target as
possible.
Many pesticide labels include directions that prohibit spray application of the pesticide "under conditions that
favor drift." Complying with these directions requires an understanding of weather conditions that enhance drift.

16. Drift can be defined simply as the movement of a pesticide through the air to a non-target area.
There are two types of drift: Particle Drift and Vapor Drift.
Particle Drift refers to small spray droplets carried by air movement from the target
area during application. Any pesticide applied with a sprayer is susceptible to particle
drift.
The most important factor in drift minimization is applicator attitude. Small droplets
and high equipment operating pressures can provide better spray coverage, but also produces large amounts
of very small spray droplets that are susceptible to drift. Spraying when it is convenient and disregarding
existing weather conditions will often result in off-target pesticide application leading to inconsistent pest
control and possible damage to adjacent crops or properties. The many factors that influence the amount of drift
are discussed in the following sections. Of primary concern are spray droplet size and wind velocity. Although
there are several other factors that can affect the off-target movement of a pesticide, most of the problems
associated with drift can be avoided by paying close attention to the droplet size being produced by the
sprayer and the velocity and direction of the wind.
As droplet size increases, the potential for drift decreases. Because of this, it is desirable to operate a
sprayer so it produces the largest droplets while providing adequate coverage of the target area.
However, as droplet size increases, the volume of water required to give the same degree of coverage also
increases.
Vapor Drift refers to the movement of pesticide vapors from the target area. Some pesticides
are “volatile” and can change from a solid or liquid form into a gas. As a gas or vapor, the
pesticide may drift farther and for a longer period of time than spray droplets. Pesticides with a
high volatility are most susceptible to vapor drift.
A pesticide in a gaseous state can be carried away from a treated area by air currents; the
movement of pesticide vapors in the atmosphere is called Vapor Drift. Unlike the drift of sprays
and dusts that can sometimes be seen during an application, vapor drift is not visible. Some
herbicides can volatilize and move from the treated area, reducing the control of the target weeds
and increasing the likelihood that nontarget plants will be injured.
Application of a volatile pesticide should be avoided when conditions favor volatilization, such as high
temperatures combined with low humidity. The vapor pressure rating of the pesticide may help indicate the
volatility of the material. A higher vapor pressure means that the pesticide is more volatile. Volatilization can be
reduced through the use of low-volatile formulations and soil incorporation of the pesticide. Precautionary
statements on labels indicate pesticides that have a potential for vapor drift.
Wind Velocity and Direction:
Wind speed is the major weather condition affecting drift. The greater the wind speed, the greater the drift. In
general, wind speeds below five miles per hour (mph) pose very little drift hazard. In fact some pesticide labels
require a minimum wind speed to avoid temperature inversions. Nearly all the spray particles will have a chance
to deposit on the site before moving too far off. When wind speed increases above 5 mph, drift does
become an important factor and must be considered. Generally, wind over 10 mph will control and carry
virtually all smaller particles and will affect medium and large particles. In general, winds are usually less just
before sunrise and just after sunset. Air is usually the most turbulent during mid afternoon. Pesticides should
not be applied when wind movement is toward an adjoining property. Buffer zones should be increased as winds
increase.
Several other factors influence the potential for drift.
Physical properties of liquids - The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. For example,
mayonnaise is more viscous than water. As the viscosity of the liquid is increased, the droplet size of the

17. spray increases. Thickening agents can be added to the spray to increase droplet size, thereby reducing
the time a droplet is suspended in the air, thereby reducing the chances of it drifting.
In addition to thickeners, a number of drift control agents are now available that reduce the potential for
drift. They include foam additives, invert emulsions, and others. Research with ground sprayers indicated
that the addition of a spray thickener reduced spray drift by 66 to 90 percent. However, some post-
emergence herbicides require small droplets for optimum performance, so techniques that increase the
droplet size of an herbicide, may reduce weed control. Always follow the label directions regarding the use
of any spray additive.
Humidity and Temperature - Low relative humidity and/or high temperature, increases the evaporation rate
of water-spray droplets thereby shrinking them before they settle. Evaporation reduces the size of the spray
droplets, thereby making the smaller droplets more susceptible to drift. Droplets greater than 150 microns
are not significantly affected by evaporation.
Adsorption is the binding of one type of molecule ( e.g. solute or liquid) to another molecule ( e.g. soil).
Pesticides adsorb to soil particles. The amount and persistence of pesticide adsorption varies with pesticide
properties, soil moisture content, soil pH and soil texture. Soils high in organic matter or clay are the most
adsorptive; coarse, sandy soils that lack organic matter or clay are much less adsorptive. The increased
adsorption of soils high in clay and organic matter is due to an increase in soil surface area, thus the number of
binding sites for chemicals.
Absorption by plants and microorganisms is another process that can transfer pesticides in the environment.
Once absorbed, most pesticides are degraded within plants. These residues may persist inside the plant or be
released back into the environment as the plant tissue decays.
Runoff is a process that moves pesticides in water. Runoff occurs as water moves over a sloping surface
carrying pesticide, either mixed in the water or bound to eroding soil. The amount of pesticide runoff depends
upon the grade or slope of an area, the characteristics and texture of the soil, the soil moisture content, the
amount and timing of irrigation or rainfall, and properties of the pesticide. For example, a pesticide application
made to a heavy clay soil already saturated with water is highly susceptible to runoff. Established vegetation or
plant residues also influence runoff because of their ability to retain soil and moisture.
Runoff from residential and recreational areas, or industrial sites can be a factor in pesticide pollution of
surface waters (streams, ponds, and lakes). Pesticide residues in surface water can cause injuries to plants
and animals in aquatic systems, contaminate groundwater and result in livestock and plant/crop losses to
downstream users. Herbicide runoff into non-target areas can damage sensitive plants.
Pesticide losses from runoff are greatest when heavy rainfall occurs shortly after a pesticide application.
Pesticide runoff can be reduced by careful observation of current and predicted weather conditions. If heavy
rain is expected, the application of pesticides should be delayed. Irrigation should be applied in accordance
with labeled instructions and monitored to avoid runoff and accumulation of excess surface water.
When applying pesticide treatments for parks, recreation areas or homes the site supervisor or homeowner
should be advised to turn off sprinkler systems until the treatment areas are completely dry or longer if label
requirements have specific guidelines.
When treating brumes careful attention should be made to what's at the bottom. Notice if there are sidewalks,
city sewer systems, floodwater or storm drains that could potentially be contaminated if lawn sprinklers are ran
or if there is a possibility of rain. Soil that has standing water (puddles) should never be treated with pesticides.

18. Leaching is a process that moves pesticides in water. Several factors influence the leaching of pesticides, such
as water solubility of the pesticide, soil texture and adsorption. A pesticide that is dissolved in water can move
readily with the water as it seeps through the soil. Soil structure and texture influence soil permeability as well
as the amount and persistence of pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Adsorption is probably the most
important factor influencing leaching of pesticides. If a pesticide is strongly adsorbed to soil particles, it is less
likely to leach regardless of its solubility, unless the soil particles themselves move with the flow of water.
Groundwater contamination is a major concern associated with the leaching of pesticides. Keeping our water
safe is the responsibility of everyone. As a licensed (PMP) Pest Management Professional you should always
set an example of environmental stewardship. Prevention is the best remedy to minimize ground water
contamination.
There are many factors that contribute to water contamination, pesticides, domestic waste (sewers), landfills,
industrial waste, even government produced radioactive waste. As a PMP you should only apply pesticides
when and where necessary and only in amounts adequate to control pests. Using pesticides only when
necessary and using only the minimum amount necessary for effective pest management will help to minimize
potential groundwater contamination.
There are things you can do to help protect ground water:
Use (IPM) Integrated Pest Management. Combine chemical control with other alternatives to minimize the use
of pesticides.
Consider the type of soil you are treating. Soil texture is determined by proportions of sand, silt and clay. In
sandy soil, percolating water moves faster and there are fewer binding sites available for the adsorption of
dissolved chemicals.
Soil organic matter influences how much water a soil can hold, and how well it adsorbs pesticides.
Increasing the soil organic content, increases the soil's ability to hold both water and dissolved pesticides in
the root zone where they will be available to plants. The susceptibility of the particular soil type to leaching
should be determined prior to using pesticides with the potential to contaminate groundwater.
In the selection of the product you use, always try to choose the pesticides that are highly soluble, relatively
stable and not readily adsorbed to soil tend to be the most likely to leach. Choose pesticides with the least
potential for leaching into groundwater.
Follow label directions. The label is the law and it carries critical information you need to know about the
proper application rates, mixing, treatment areas, including areas to avoid. When using products that require
dilution, mix the correct amount for the job. Adding more doesn't kill pests any more dead it just wastes
chemical and adds to the increased possibility of off target contamination.
Calibrate your equipment. Calibration doesn't apply to applications made with tractors. If you are using a 1/2
gallon, 1 gallon or larger compressed air sprayer or back pack you still need to know how much is being
applied at how many seconds using each tip at a consistent pressure. Most chemical suppliers have 1 gallon
measuring cups you can purchase for use in calibrating. As an example, a spray wand with a cone tip verses
pin stream will put out different amounts of liquid in the same time period with the same pressure. You should
always select the correct nozzle size and pressure for the application you are performing.

19. TRIPLE RINSING
Triple rinse your containers and dispose of according the label. In most instances you can pour the rinse
water back into the spray tank for use in treating the site. To triple-rinse:
I. Allow the concentrate to drain from the empty pesticide container for 30 seconds.
2.Fill approximately 20 percent of the container volume with water replace the lid and rotate the container so
all the interior surfaces are rinsed.
3. Dump the rinse water into the spray tank, allowing it to drain for at least 30 seconds.
4. Repeat the procedure two more times.
Pesticide storage areas should be away from water sources such as springs, wells, cisterns, ponds, lakes,
rivers, creeks or any other water sources.
Bees and other pollinators.
Restrict the application of pesticides that are toxic to bees and
other pollinators when weeds and flowering plants are in
bloom. Pollinators are very important to our environment. From
a food standpoint, about 1/3 of the food we eat requires
pollination.
Do not apply pesticides that are toxic to bees during bloom. Even shade trees and weeds should not be
sprayed when blooming. Select the pesticide least harmful to foraging bees. Check the product labels for
specific bee hazards.
Select the safest formulation. In general, dusts are more hazardous to bees than sprays; wettable powders are
more hazardous to bees than either emulsifiable concentrates or water-soluble formulations. Granular
insecticide formulations are generally the least hazardous while microencapsulated formulations can be quite
hazardous. The hazard to the bees increases when the material can be carried back to the hive. Since
microencapsulated and dust formulations are picked up with pollen, they are the most dangerous because they
can affect the brood as well as other adults fed by the contaminated pollen.
Fish and other vertebrates. Pesticides can be harmful to all kinds of vertebrates. Most
recognizable are the direct effects from acute poisoning. Fish kills often are a direct
result of water pollution by a pesticide. Pesticides can enter water via drift, surface
runoff, soil erosion, leaching, and in some cases, deliberate or careless release of the
pesticide directly into the water. Fish kills are most often caused by insecticide
contamination of small ponds or streams with low water volume or turnover.
Bird killed from pesticides can occur in many ways. Birds can ingest the toxicant in granules, baits or treated
seed; they may be exposed directly to the spray; they may consume a treated food source; they may drink or
use contaminated water; or they may feed on pesticide-contaminated prey. Animals often mistake granules or
pellets for food. Pets, birds and other wildlife can be killed when baits are left unattended or improperly placed.
Granule pesticides are particularly attractive to birds, since they are often mistaken for food.
The following practices can minimize negative effects to wildlife caused by improper or unnecessary pesticide
application.
Use pesticides only when necessary.

20. Select the least toxic and least persistent pesticide that will do the job.
Observe the environmental precautions on the label.
Treat only the area needed.
Avoid aquatic areas whenever possible. Leave a buffer zone between bodies of water and the treated area.
Avoid spraying trees that overhang streams or ponds.
Exercise caution when placing baits or granules. Clean up any spilled granules or completely cover them with
soil.
Be aware of the legal considerations when using pesticides. Very strict laws have been enacted to protect
pollinators and wildlife, especially endangered species. Always keep in mind: THE LABEL IS THE LAW!

21. ANTS : One Node & Two Node
Ants are social insects that produce a colony made of various specialized types of individual ants. Most ants are known as
workers; they are wingless, do most of the food foraging and rearing of young, and defend the colony. Eggs are produced
by the large queens, which have wings until after they have mated. Smaller winged ants found in colonies are the males.
Ants are characterized by having a very narrow, pinched "waist" and antennae that are bent, or elbowed. Ants have a
node at the petiole. In identifying ants the first step is to determine if they have one node or two.
One node ants include: Argentine; Carpenter; Odorous house; Velvety tree; White-Footed; Ghost; Cornfield
Two node ants include: Pavement; Pharaoh; Red imported fire; Southern fire; Thief; Bigheaded
Ants are sometimes confused with termites, especially when swarms are produced. However, termites have a broad waist
and beaded antennae while ants have a pinched waist and elbowed antennae. Development of ants involves complete
metamorphosis. Eggs are extremely small. The developing larvae are fed by the worker ants and pass through several
molts before pupation. The pupae don’t feed and are immobile, soft and white. Ant nests usually are produced under
ground, and colonies can contain tens of thousands of workers.
The large carpenter ants build nests in wood, usually wood that is partially decayed. Carpenter ants can cause structural
damage Ants feed on a wide variety of different foods. Sugary materials are preferred by some species; others mostly
feed on fatty or protein-rich foods. Some ants are important predators of insect pests. However, problems with ants often
occur when they forage for food indoors during the warmer months. In addition house-infesting species, such as the
pharaoh ant, can mechanically move disease organisms around. Following are descriptions of some common species of
ants.
ONE NODE ANTS
Carpenter Ants(Camponotus sp.)
Carpenter ants are the largest ant, workers are polymorphic 1/4 to 1/2 inch with one
node. Often they are black or dark brown, although some eastern plains species
are lighter in color. They have a globular anus, which separates them from several
other species of ant, and under a microscope a ring of yellow hairs can be noted at
the end of their abdomen. The most distinctive habit of carpenter ants is their
nesting in wood. These ants excavate galleries and pile coarse sawdust at the nest
openings. Unlike termites, carpenter ants don’t eat wood; instead, they scavenge
on dead insects, insect honeydew, and other materials. Carpenter ants almost
always nest in wood that is soft because of water and decay damage. Nests originating from damaged wood can extend
into sound wood, causing structural damage. Carpenter ants will make voids in solid
styro-foam type insulation and use the cavity as a nest. Carpenter ants don’t sting,
but they can produce a mildly painful pinch from their jaws.
Argentine Ants (Linepithema humile)
Argentine ants are approximately 1/8 inch, dull brown and one node. Argentine ants
commonly nest outdoors and build shallow mounds but will infest structures when
foraging for food. Argentine ants differ from most other ant species in that their nests
are often shallow, extending just below the soil surface. Under dry conditions they
will nest deeper in the soil and also during periods of heavy rain moved deeper in the
soil or locate above ground. When located above ground they can be found inside homes under cabinets, in wall voids
and attics. In addition, Argentine ant colonies aren’t separate as most ant species but linked between each other to form
one large colony with multiple queens. Colony size is not uncommon to reach into the millions.
When you find numerous ants on plants, they are probably attracted to ripening fruit or the sweet honeydew deposited on
the plants by certain sucking insects such as aphids or soft scales.
Odorous House Ants (Tapinoma sessile)
Odorous house ants are 1/8 inch, dark brown to shiny black, one node hidden by
the abdomen,12 segmented antenna with no club and have a very strong pungent
coconut odor when crushed. Odorous house ants nest in the soil in mounds or in
wall voids indoors and around water pipes, moisture sources and heating lines.
Typically they feed on sweets and sometimes protein and favor aphid and scale
honeydew.

22. Cornfield Ants(Lasius sp.)
Workers are about 1/10-1/8 inch, light to dark brown, one node. Nests of the cornfield ants
occur in fields and around homes. Cornfield ants feed on dead insects and sweets,
including honeydew that is secreted by aphids. Typically, nesting sites in yards include
brick or stone walls, cracks in the pavement, beneath rocks, and sometimes in openings
around foundations. They don’t nest in the house, but they often forage inside in search of
sweet materials.
Velvety Tree Ant (Liometopum occidentale)
Velvety tree ant workers vary in size from 1/8-1/4 inch, brownish-black head, red thorax, velvety black abdomen, one
node and a distinct odor when crushed. Their bodies have an obvious change in color between the abdomen and thorax
with the pedicel usually an orange color. The abdomen itself has small hairs on top that resemble velvet which is why it
has the name that it does. The abdomen therefore has a velvety appearance.
They can be found in dead tree limbs, knot holes, stumps and logs. They feed primarily on sweets and insects.
TWO NODE ANTS
Pavement Ant(Tetramorium caespitum)
Pavement ants average 3/16 of an inch, dark brown to black, pale legs and antennae,
two nodes and antennae are 12 segmented with a 3 segmented club. The pavement
ant can be one of the most frequent nuisance-ants in areas of the state where they
have become established. As the name might suggest, pavement ants commonly nest
under pavement slabs, especially next to lawn areas. Rocks and areas under slab-
construction homes also have been commonly used as nest sites. Foraging in the
home most commonly occurs during summer, but nests adjacent to homes can allow
foraging to occur year-round. Pavement ants feed on sweets, proteins and grease. Ants can often be found feeding on dry
pet food both indoors and out. Inside structure they easily move along plumbing and electrical lines.
Pharaoh Ant (Monomorium pharaonis)
Pharaoh ants are 1/16 inch, yellowish to an orange hue, and have two nodes, antennae
are 12-segmented with a 3 segmented club. One of the most persistently annoying and
hard-to-control ants in homes is the pharaoh ant. These colonies can be upwards of
300,000 workers with multiple queens. Unlike most other ants, pharaoh ants have adapted
well to nesting indoors, and colonies may spread throughout a building. Nests can be
found in almost any interior void including window jambs, door jambs, baseboards, cavities
above and below cabinets even behind refrigerator and freezer insulation. In addition,
pharaoh-ant colonies readily split into smaller colonies call budding, when disturbed.
Pharaoh ants have a wide range of foods that include jellies, grease, cake, pet food and living or dead insects.
Thief Ant (Solenopsis molesta)
Thief ants are 1/32 inch, yellow to light brown and two nodes. The thief ant is one of the
smallest ants found within a building, similar in size to the pharaoh ant. However, its habits
differ considerably from many other ants, since it primarily develops in association with
colonies of other ant species. Because of their small size, thief ants can move around in
small tunnels of other ant colonies and may move about and kill other immature ants.
Within homes, thief ants forage on greasy or fatty foods and sometimes sweets. Nests can
occur in a wide variety of locations, but they are almost always located outdoors.
Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta)
Red imported fire and workers are polymorphic (different sizes) average 1/16-1/5 inch, are
reddish with a darker brown abdomen, two nodes and 10 segmented antennae with 2
segmented club.

23. They nest in mounds with multiple openings in soil or lawns generally in sunny exposures near a water source, and
sometimes in buildings behind wall voids and structural cavities. They can be extremely aggressing if disturbed and can
inflict a painful sting. Red imported fire ants feed on sweets, proteins and honeydew.
Southern Fire Ant (Solenopsis xyloni)
Workers are polymorphic (different sizes) vary between 1/8 -1/4 inch, amber colored head
and thorax , black abdomen, two nodes, 10 segmented antennae with 2 segmented club
and golden hairs cover the body. Food preferences are proteins and sweets. Nests are
built in small mounds in irregular craters formed in loose soil or under rocks. They are
most active in mornings and early evening. They do not form trails as some other ant
species. Indoors they can nest in all voids, crawl areas and under carpet.
Big-headed Ant (Pheidole fervens)
Big-headed ants have two distinct sizes of workers-major workers(soldiers) and minor
workers.
Major workers can be identified by very large heads in comparison to the body size.
The color is yellowish-red to reddish-brown depending on the species. The antenna have
twelve segments and ends in a three segmented club. These ants primarily live outdoors
near structures but do infest inside structures.
Big-headed ants forage in trails. Outside they can be found along the edge of foundations
and sidewalks. Inside trails are found along baseboards and under the edge of carpets.
General Ant Control
In most cases inspecting for ants require a good flashlight, inspection mirror, gloves, and knee pads. Tweezers and a vile
of alcohol are handy to have to collect samples for identification.
Sanitation is an important aspect of any ant-control program. Crumbs, grease, food scraps, and other foods attractive to
foraging workers should be eliminated. Heavy infestations of ants in buildings are rarely found where thorough sanitation
is practiced. Sanitation is also important to increase the effectiveness of ant-baiting. Finding and sealing up entry points is
also important in a well constructed treatment plan.
When inspecting, don't just look around the perimeter of the foundation of a building, look up. In many cases ants enter a
structure from overhead wires such as telephone and T.V. cable. Once inside they can run wiring and pipes to anywhere
in the structure. When ants are seen coming from a kitchen outlet doesn't mean they didn't come in from the opposite side
of the structure sometimes from a different floor level. Other areas to carefully observe are trees with even one tiny branch
touching the structure or a vine growing up a wall.
Ant baits contain carbohydrates, proteins, oils, or a combination of these as attractants along with an active ingredient.
Different attractants are more effective against different species of ants and at different times of the year. In the case of
Argentine ants, sweet baits are attractive year-round.
Protein baits are attractive to Argentine ants primarily in the spring. However, other ant species such as thief ants and
Pharaoh ants prefer protein or greasy baits year-round. Fire ants prefer baits containing oils. Offering a small quantity of
each kind of bait and observing which one the ants prefer is a good way to determine what to use. Setting out different
formulations of various bait products in a single baiting station and monitoring the feeding activity will help in determining
the best bait to use at that service.
Most species of nuisance-ants nest outdoors, perimeter treatments with residual sprays applied around foundations can
prevent many ants from foraging indoors.
For more permanent control, baits near the colony and foraging areas are usually more effective than sprays, since the
bait will be picked up and carried into the colony killing queens and young. Also, slow-acting insecticides such as dusts
are useful, since they allow the forager time to return to the nest so the poison can be spread in the colony, killing queens
and young.
Control of some ants, such as carpenter ants and pharaoh ants, requires more specialized treatment.
Carpenter Ant Control (we will focus on the control strategies of four ant species)
Effective control of carpenter ants requires finding the nest. Carpenter ants don’t accept baits readily, and residual
treatments often fail to kill colonies. When carpenter ants are found in a building, they are either nesting inside the building
or nesting outside the building and entering to forage for food. In some circumstances, an entire colony may migrate from

24. one nesting site to another, so areas of wood associated with high moisture are important to locate. Critical areas include
plugged drain gutters, poorly fitting or damaged siding and flashing, wood-shingle roofs, hollow porch posts and columns,
and leaking doors and window frames. Look for wood in contact with soil and wood in crawlspaces or under dirt-filled slab
porches.
When looking for a nest indoors, look for:
1. Piles of wood debris ejected from the colony. This debris has a shredded quality that looks somewhat like shavings
found in pencil sharpeners. It’s similar to that produced by some wood-boring beetles that are common in firewood.
Sometimes this debris is deposited in the voids in the wall and isn’t visible.
2."Windows" or small openings to the nest. "Windows" may not always be present or visible, since existing cracks
may be used by the ants.
3. Ant activity. The ants often forage in kitchen pantries, garbage, and other areas for food. Often, relatively few ants are
seen during the day, as they are more active at night.
4. Swarmers. These may be found trapped in spider webs.
5. Damaged timbers. The surface may appear solid, but by sounding, the damaged areas can be located.
Sound detection is sometimes useful in carpenter-ant nest location. An active colony at times produces a distinct dry,
rustling sound that may be heard from outside the nest. Sometimes the noise is very loud, but generally it can only be
heard when conditions are very still and outside noises are at a minimum.
Control of carpenter ants indoors should involve:
1. Elimination of high-moisture conditions that provide wood conditions suitable for carpenter-ant nesting.
2.Insecticide application to nests and nest areas. Dusts are especially effective in treating nest galleries. Nest treatments
may be used with dusts or in conjunction with sprays. However, spraying or dusting the infested area with residual
insecticides without locating or treating the nest its self usually doesn’t result in complete control. The insecticides should
be applied to reach, as much as possible, areas inhabited or traveled by the ants. The extent of the galleries should be
determined to whatever degree is practical by careful inspection and drilling.
3. Baiting if applied to areas of foraging activity can also aid in colony control and elimination.
Pharaoh Ant Control
Pharaoh ants are unusually well-suited to nesting indoors, and most colonies will be located within buildings rather than
outdoors. Finding the colony isn't critical with this ant since most often it will not be possible to find it. Locating the foraging
trails for bait applications is more important both inside and out. They are also poorly controlled with residual sprays, since
irritating chemicals (including solvents and many cleaners) may cause the nest to "bud" into separate colonies, which can
disperse throughout the structure.
Because Pharaoh ants are most active at night pre-baiting with a non-toxic product like mint jelly or peanut butter is a
better inspection strategy. Place the bait on small cardboard squares 1 inch by 1 inch or parchment paper in the same
dimension. Place bait inside kitchen and bath outlets, near fish tanks, along walls, counter tops, window sills, medicine
cabinets, closet shelves and any areas the occupant has seen activity. Inspections should always include along bas
boards, door trim, under the edge of counter tops, around dishwashers, and under and behind stoves and refrigerators.
A mirror with and extendable handle is an important inspection tool along with a good flashlight for any proper inspection.
Use of slow-acting baits has been most effective for pharaoh-ant control. Sweet baits, especially mint-apple jelly, are
readily accepted by foraging workers. However, pharaoh ants may later become saturated by the sweet baits and no
longer accept them. Use of combination of fat-based materials, such as peanut butter and honey, in combination with
sweets are often effective for a longer period than are sweet baits alone.
To improve bait acceptance, sanitation is essential. Failure to restrict other food sources will result in poor bait
acceptance. Since the purpose of baiting is to get the ants to feed on the bait and return it to the colony, residual
insecticides should not be used in the area of the baiting. It’s also important to avoid use of volatile cleaners and solvents,
which may repel pharaoh ants. Residual insecticides can be used as a preventive treatment in areas where ants are not
present. As with any ant program sealing cracks, crevices and gaps is important. Areas such as along base boards,
around door and window trim, and around pipes and wiring. Also make sure windows are sealed properly and door
weather stripping is tight. Outside eliminate tree and bushes from contacting the structure. If there are gutters make sure

25. they are free of debris and have no standing water. Check for standing water, weeds or clutter on the soil that would
provide a breading or foraging area.
Odorous House Ant Control
Control strategies must include habitat modification to reduce nesting and feeding sites. Outside they often construct
nests in soil underneath stones, patio blocks, logs, piles of debris and downspout blocks. Piles of material let undisturbed
in cool, moist shaded areas are also conducive to nesting. They are also frequently found under loose tree bark, and in
tree cavities. Tree limbs and bushes touching the structure should be trimmed away. If tree limbs are intermingled from
one tree to another especially if trees are touching from neighboring properties, every effort should be make to remove
contact. Elimination of such areas combined with long term residual treatments with dusts or baiting is an important step
in the reduction of the population.
Indoors nests can be found in wall cavities particularly near water lines, bath traps, and other voids. Caulking, sealing and
or residual dust applications will aid in curtailing ants in these areas.
Odorous house ants have strong foraging trails often going long distances from the nest to additional food sources or to
and from satellite colonies. If the structure has carpet, check along the edge of the carpet and behind the tack strip for
trails.
Indoors or out it is important to locate the source of the infestation. The investigation to find the source in many cases can
take longer than the application of any chemical treatment. Using a strong flashlight, knee pads, gloves and in some
instances a good quality magnifying glass will be the key to a successful investigation. If you are unable to locate the
colony and you have obtained the proper permissions small containers of bait can be placed around the structure and the
bait placements monitored for activity.
Once the colony or colonies are located treatments should be selected based on the site conditions. Under rocks and
landscape mound or soil drenching or residual dust applications may be appropriate. If the site has children or pests
placing bait in inaccessible containers or inaccessible areas may be a better choice.
Indoors, crack and crevice treatment, wall void treatments including dusting, foaming or baiting may be appropriate.
Under carpet of behind tack strips baiting or dusting are good choices.
Argentine Ant Control
As with any good treatment strategy inspection is the first key element of a successful plan.
Finding the colony or colonies is the first step. Inspect along the foundation, under the edge of siding, along sidewalks,
along fascia and gutters. Keep in mind they generally follow some type of structural guideline. Look at wires entering the
structure for signs of activity, pull branches away from the walls and check for ants of the wall surface. If there are citrus
trees on the property check around the base of the trees and up the trunk for activity. Argentine ants will follow wires and
pipes inside walls of a structure and under carpet behind the tack strip.
Indoors or out it is important to locate the source of the infestation. The investigation to find the source in many cases can
take longer than the application of any chemical treatment. Using a strong flashlight, knee pads, and gloves will be the key
to a successful investigation.
Once the colony or colonies are located treatments should be selected based on the site conditions. Under rocks and
landscape mound or soil drenching or residual dust applications may be appropriate. If the site has children or pests
placing bait in inaccessible containers or inaccessible areas may be a better choice.
Indoors, crack and crevice treatment, wall void treatments including dusting, foaming or baiting may be appropriate.
Under carpet of behind tack strips baiting or dusting are good choices. If ants are found in attics or subareas under
insulation dusting or treatments with a wettable powder or baits may be necessary.
No one treatment type will generally give 100% control. It is always prudent to enlist several control tactics in your ant
control plan.
Photos courtesy of photographers published on Bugwood.org ITP Node
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. American
Pest CEUS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do
not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be
used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow
directions on the manufacturer's label.