6. 3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates
1. Endoskeleton.
Supports larger animal size.
Grows with animal (No molting!)
Backbone and cephalization.
Well-developed brain with sensory organs.
Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.
3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart.
3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be
separated into oxygenated or deoxygenated.
More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.
7. Endotherms and Ectotherms
• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by
external environment.
– Fish, amphibians, reptiles
• Endotherm: Body temperature is
regulated by internal processes.
– Mammals, birds
8. Temperature Control in
Chordates
Section 33-2
Body Temperature (°C)
Environmental Temperature (°C)
10. Characteristics of fish
• Live in water.
• Overlapping scales that cover skin.
• Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming).
• Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have
one).
– Why do many sharks never stop swimming?
• Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water).
• Gills (blood and water flow in opposite
directions; more efficient oxygen absorbtion
and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and
closing flaps; sharks)
11.
12. The Anatomy of a Fish
Section 30-2
Pyloric
cecum
Esophagus
Stomach
Kidney
Swim Brain
Vertebra Spinal Gills
Muscle bladder
cord
Mouth
Operculum
Anus Heart
Urinary
bladder Reproductive
Pancreas Gallbladder
organ
Intestine Liver
13. Circulation in a Fish
Section 30-2
Gills Brain and
head Sinus Venosus Atrium
circulation Oxygen-poor blood Blood enters the
Body from the veins collects atrium and flows
muscle in the sinus to the ventricle.
circulation venosus.
Digestive Ventricle
Bulbus Arteriosus
system Heart The ventricle pumps
circulation blood into the bulbus The bulbus arteriosus
arteriosus. moves blood into the
ventral aorta and
toward the gills.
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
14. Fish: Life Cycle
• Varied strategies.
– Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon:
external.
• Generally, lay many more eggs than
they need.
– Many are never fertilized.
– Many more are fertilized than the
environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this
wasted effort on the part of the fish?)
16. Characteristics of Amphibians
• Live both in water and on land.
• Four strong limbs.
• Nictating membrane: see through
second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both
land and in the water?
• Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land?
Water?
17. Amphibians: Energy and
Wastes
• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept
moist.
• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped
circulatory system. – What is that? Why is
that a good thing?
• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into
lungs, circulatory system changes
• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in
the frog.
– In water excrete, on land retain.
18. The Life Cycle of a Frog
Section 30-3
Adult Adults are typically ready to
Frog breed in about one to two years.
Young Frog eggs are laid in water and The eggs
Frog undergo external fertilization. hatch into
tadpoles a
Fertilized Eggs few days to
several
weeks later.
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
19.
20.
21.
22. Characteristics of Reptiles
• Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation).
– Keratin: A hard, water-resistant protein
(human hair and fingernails, bird feathers).
• Usually carnivores.
• Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles
have 4 chambers).
• Ectotherms.
– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?
28. The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)
• Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.
• Yolk: food source.
• Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.
• Chorion: regulates gas exchange.
• Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell
is porous (gas can exchange through it).
• Allantois: stores wastes.
29. The Amniotic Egg
Section 31-1
Amnion Embryo Allantois
The amnion is a fluid-filled sac The allantois stores the
that surrounds and cushions waste produced by the
the developing embryo. It embryo. It also serves
produces a protected, watery as a respiratory organ.
environment.
Chorion
The chorion regulates
the transport of
oxygen from the
surface of the egg
to the embryo and
the transport of
carbon dioxide,
one product of
respiration, in the
opposite direction.
Yolk sac
This baglike structure
contains a yolk that
serves as a nutrient-rich Shell
food supply for the embryo.
30. Characteristics of Birds
• Adaptations center around flight…
– Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross
braces.
– Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift.
– Fused bones (ligaments are heavy).
– Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of
weight).
• Shape of the wings gives lift.
• The one reptilian characteristic of birds
is their scale-covered legs.
31. The Digestive System of a Pigeon
Section 31-2
Brain
Esophagus
Lung
1 When a bird eats, Heart
food moves down Crop Kidney
the esophagus and Air sac
is stored in the crop.
Liver
2 Moistened food passes to the
stomach, a two-part chamber. First
The first chamber secretes acid chamber Pancreas
and enzymes. The partially of stomach
Large intestine
digested food moves to the Gizzard Small
second chamber, the gizzard. Cloaca 5 Undigested food is
intestine excreted through the
cloaca.
3 The muscular walls 4 As digestion continues,
of the gizzard squeeze the food moves through
the contents, while the intestines.
small stones grind the
food.
32.
33. You Eat Like A Bird…
• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to
maintain their high metabolism.
• Feathers – trap body heat.
• Unique respiratory system – air flows
one-way.
• Crop Gizzard Intestines.
– Figure 26.18.
34. Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird
• Toronto Blue Jays
World Series
1992-1993
Champions
37. Mammals: Movement and Energy
• High-speed running: long bones and
flexible hip and shoulder joints.
• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth
structures.
• Diaphram: More gas exchange.
• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas
exchange.
38. The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
Section 32-1
CARNIVORE HERBIVORE
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores
use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.
In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
Jaw
Jaw joint joint
Horse
Wolf Chisel-like incisors are used for
cutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars
allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,
flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
39. Mammals: Types of Life Cycles
• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying
eggs (duck-billed playtpus).-
• Marsupials: Give birth to small,
immature young that then further
develop inside the mother’s external
pouch (kangaroo).
• Placental mammals: Babies develop
inside the mother’s body (95% of all
mammals).
41. The Success of Mammals
• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest
part of the brain; makes processing
information and learning possible.
• Care of the Young: Development
inside the mother; care of the young for
the first year(s) of their life.
42. Compare/Contrast Table
Section 33-3
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function Non- fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
vertebrate (adult)
Chordates
Respiration Gills and Gills/air sacs Simple lungs Lungs Lungs (tubes Lungs
diffusion and skin and air sacs; (alveoli)
one-way flow)
Circulation No true Single loop; 2 Double loop; Double loop; Double loop; Double loop;
chambers chambers 3 chambers 3 chambers 4 chambers 4 chambers
Excretion Gills and Kidney and Kidney and Kidney Kidney Kidney
gill slits gills gills
Response Simple; mass Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization;
of nerve cells small small small large large
cerebrum cerebrum cerebrum cerebrum cerebrum
43. The Circulatory Systems
Section 33-3
of Vertebrates
Single-Loop Double-Loop Circulatory System
Circulatory System
fish MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
44. Compare/Contrast Table
Section 33-3
continued
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function Non- fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
vertebrate Amphibians
(adult)
Chordates (adult)
Movement Muscles, Muscles on Limbs stick Limbs point Upper limbs 2 or 4 legs;
no bones either side of out sideways; directly are wings; 2 walk with legs
backbone muscles and toward feet; muscles straight under
ligaments ground; and ligaments them;
muscles and muscles and
ligaments ligaments
Reproduction External External External Internal Internal Internal
fertilization fertilization fertilization fertilization; fertilization; fertilization
shelled egg shelled egg and
development
Temperature Ectothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic Endothermic Endothermic
Control
45. The Digestive Systems
Section 33-3 of Vertebrates
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
