1. NIBHA INSTITUTE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
(NUCLEAR PHARMACY)
TOPIC :-
RADIATION HAZARDS & THEIR
PREVENTION
Submitted to :- Dr. MA jahangir Sir (Dean, NIPS)
Submitted by:- Pankaj kumar
(B.pharm, nips)

2.  NUCLEAR PHARMACY
:- Nuclear pharmacy is a reliability new branch of
pharmacy that involves Procurement(Buy),
Dispending , Compounding and quality control of
Radio-pharmaceutics, intending to be used for
diagnosis or therapy of the disease.
 RADIATION HAZARDS
:- The harmful effect causes by the penetration of
radiation in the human bodies called Radiation
hazard.
:- it can also result in long term health effects such
as cancer and cardio-vascular disease.

3. RADIATION HAZARDS EFFECTS
 RADIO-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
:- When radiation falls on human body it produces
moving electrons
:- These electrons ionise and excite other atom and
produce chemical and molecular changes in cell is
called DIRECT EFFECT.
:- Radiation can also produce free radicals that are
chemically very high reactive and procedure
changes in the atomic and molecular structure of
the cell is called INDIRECT EFFECT.

4.  CLASSIFICATIOPN OF RADIO-BIOLOGICAL
EFFECT
1. Stochastic effect / Late effect
i. Somatic effect
ii. Genetic effect
iii. Foetal effect
2. Deterministic effect/ Early effect
1. Stochastic effect/Late effect
:- The effect that appears after a period of time are called
late or stochastic effect.
:- A stochastic effect is one in which the probability of
accurance increase with increase in observed dose.

5. i. Somatic effect
:- The effect that appear in the life spam of a particular
individual and doesn’t pass in the next generation
are called Somatic effect.
Eg- Skin Damage, Bone marrow damage…
ii. Genetic Effect
:- the effect that alters the DNA sequence of the
individual and result in the mutation which can pass
into next Generation.
e.g..- Nuclear Blast
iii. Foetal Effect
:- foetal effect depend upon the gestation period of the
pregnant lady.

6.  It has three Phases
1. Pre-implantation period ------1-9 Days
2. Period of major organogenesis-----9-45Days
3. Foetal period ------- 45-252Days
2. Deterministic Effect/ Early Effect
:- the radiation effect which appers soon after the
penetratioin of radiation is called Deterministic
Effect.
:- this effect is one in which severity of disease is
increase with increase in absorbed dose in
affected individual.

7. Different b/w Stochastic & Deterministic
Effect

8. RADIATION PROTECTION
:- The radiation protection is to prevent deterministic effect and to
limit the probability of stochastic effect to a certain level.
 PRINCIPAL
1. ALARA Principle
2. Cardinal Principle
1. ALARA Principle
:- As Low As Reasonable Achievable
# There are three basic methods for radiation Protection
i. Justification of Practice
ii. Optimization
iii. Dose Limit

9. i. Justification of Practice
:- The Practice involving radiation exposure should be
justified and it produces a net positive benefit,.
ii. Optimization
:- the every effort should be taken to reduce the patient
dose as low as considering the clinical , social and
economical factors.
iii. Dose Limit
:- the effective dose to the person should not exceed the
limit recommended by Commission.
e.g. ICRP(Internatiomnal Commission on Radiation
Protection)

10.  Unit of Radiation = Bacquerel (Bq)
 Unit of Radiation exposure dose = Sievert (Sv)
2. Cardinal Principle
:- its also know as TDS
# There are three basic methods for radiation Protection

11. i.Time
ii.Distance
iii.Shielding
i. Time
:- the dose to an individual is directly related to the
duration of radiation exposure.
Exposure = exposure rate x time
ii. Distance
:- reduction of exposure due to increase in distance is given by
inverse square low.
therefore, larger the distance lesser is the Radiation dose.
Exposure α 1/(distance)²

12. iii. Shielding
:- shielding b/w the radiation source and worker
greatly reduce the level of radiation exposure.
:- material used in this process is called Shield.
:- Mostly high atomic number material like- lead
or concrete are used for shielding.
Exposure of worker α 1/sheilding
e.g. – lead apron, lead glass , lead gloves, concrete
wall, lead barrier…etc

13. THANK YOU