270 .pdf

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Civil engineering
270
IMPORTANT POINTS FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
Haidari

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1. There are different steps involved in Building
construction like,
Concreting
Masonry work
Plastering work
Flooring work
Formwork
Steel cutting and Bending
2. Measure the volume of concrete.
The volume of concrete is calculated by Multiplying
its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For
Example – 1m x1m = 1 m³ of volume of concrete.
3. Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to
protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide
resistance against fire.
4. Calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia at
the Steel on-site.
By multiplying the length of the steel bar with its
unit weight (Unit wt. of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m)
Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg
5. The equation used for calculating the unit weight
of the steel bar is (D²/162).
6. The size of a concrete cube is 15 cm x 15 cm x 15
cm.
7. LEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
a. Footings : 50 Mm
b. Raft Foundation. Top : 50 Mm
c. Raft Foundation. Bottom/Sides : 75 Mm
d. Strap Beam : 50 Mm
e. Grade Slab : 20 Mm
f. Column : 40 Mm
g. Shear Wall : 25 Mm
h. Beams : 25 Mm
i. Slabs : 15 Mm
j. Flat Slab : 20 Mm
k. Staircase : 15 Mm
l. Ret. Wall : 20/ 25 Mm On Earth
m. Water Retaining Structures : 20/30 Mm
8. WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH: DIA
WEIGHT PER METER; (Formula=D^2/162)
a. 6mm = 0.222Kg
b. 8mm = 0.395 Kg
c. 10mm = 0.616 Kg
d. 12mm = 0.888 Kg
e. 16mm = 1.578 Kg
f. 20mm = 2.466 Kg
g. 25mm = 3.853 Kg
h. 32mm = 6.313 Kg
i. 40mm = 9.865 Kg

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9. UNITS:
a. 1bag cement-50kg
b. 1feet-0.3048m
c. 1m-3.28ft
d. 1sq.m-10.76sq.ft
e. 1cu.m-35.28cu.ft
f. 1acre-43560sq.ft
g. 1cent-435.6sq.ft
h. 1hectare-2.47acre
i. 1acre-100cent-4046.724sq.m
j. 1ground-2400sq.ft
k. 1unit-100cu.ft-2.83cu.m
l. 1square-100sq.ft
10. 1M LENGTH STEEL ROD I ITS VOLUME
V= (Pi/4) x Dia x DiaX L= (3.14/4) x D x D X 1 (for
1m length) Density of Steel=7850 kg/ cub meter
Weight = Volume x Density= (3.14/4) x D x D X
1x7850 (if D is in mm) so = ((3.14/4) x D x D X
1x7850)/ (1000x1000) = Dodd/162.27
11. DESIGN MIX
M10 (1: 3.92: 5.62)
Cement: 210 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 708 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 472 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 823 Kg/ M 3
Total water: 185 Kg/ M 3
Fresh concrete density: 2398 Kg/M 3
12. M20 (1: 2.48: 3.55)
Cement: 320 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 455 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2430 Kg/ M 3
13. M25 (1: 2.28: 3.27)
Cement: 340 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 445 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.6%
Note: sand 775 + 2% moisture, Water185 -20.5 =
164 Liters,
Admixture = 0.5% is 100ml
14. M30 (1: 2: 2.87)
Cement: 380 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 436 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Note: Sand = 760 Kg with 2% moisture
(170.80+15.20)

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15. M35 (1: 1.79: 2.57)
Cement: 410 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 421 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Note: sand = 735 + 2%, Water = 200- 14.7 = 185.30,
Admixture = 0.7%
16. M40 (1: 1.67: 2.39)
Cement: 430 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 412 Kg/ M 3
Water Cement ratio: 0.43
Admixture: 0.7%
Note: Sand = 718 + Bulk age 1%
17. M45 (1: 1.58: 2.26)
Cement: 450 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 417 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 727 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 1%
Water Cement ratio: 0.43
Admixture: 0.7%
18. M50 (1: 1.44: 2.23)
Cement: 450 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 483 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 689 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 12%
Water Cement ratio: 0.36 (188 Kg)
Admixture: 1.20%3
Micro silica: 30 Kg
Super flow 6.7% of cement
19. 1 cubic meter contains 500 bricks
The Standard size of the 1st class brick is 190mm
x 90mm x 90mm and motor joint should be 10mm
thick So brick with motor=200 x 100 x 100.Volume
of 1st class brick = 0.19 x 0.09 X 0.09 = 0.001539
cu.m Volume of 1st class brick with motor =0.2 x
0.1 x 0.1=0.002 cu.m
No. on bricks per 1cu.m= 1/volume of1st class brick
with mortar =1/0.002 = 500 no’s of bricks
20.STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS
Inch = 25.4 Millimeter
Foot = 0.3048 Meter
Yard = 0.9144 Meter
Mile = 1.6093 Kilometer
Acre = 0.4047 Hectare
Pound = 0.4536 Kilogram
Degree Fahrenheit X 5/9 – 32 = Degree Celsius

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Millimeter= 0.0394 Inch
Meter = 3.2808foot
Meter = 1.0936yard
A Rope Having Length 100cm.You Can Form Any
Shape Using This Rope (Example: Triangle,
Rectangle, Etc.,). Which Shape Will Covers
Maximum Area
1 Newton = O.101971 Kg
1 Mm2 = 0.01 Cm2
1 Cm2 = 100 Mm2
1 Mm2 = 20 N
100 Mm2 = 2000n
1 Cm2 = 2000n
2000 N = 203.942 Kg
So 20 N/ Mm2 = 203.942 Kg / Cm2
21. the Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars is 0.89 kg/m
22.Density of Steel is 7850 kg/m³.
23.In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates the
Tensile Strength of Steel.
24.The Volume of 50 kg bag of cement is 0.035 m³.
25.In Residential Building, Average Value of Stair
Width is 900 mm.
26.The Slope of Stair should not Exceed 40º.
27.Minimum diameter of steel in Column is 12 mm.
28.Standard Size of Brick is 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm.
29.Unit Weight of RCC is 2500 kg/ m³.
30.One Acre = 43560 Sq. ft.
31. the Full Form of UTM = Universal Testing
Machine
32.Expire of Cement is after 3 month.
33.One square meter = 10.76 Sq. ft
34.Unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars is 3.85 kg/m.
35.One Hectare =2.47 Acres.
36.One Gallon = 3.78 Liters
37.One kilo newton is equal to 101.97 KG
38.One Tonne is equal to 1000 KG
39.Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.5 m.
40.Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be 6 Nos
41. The Full Form of AAC is Autoclaved Aerated
Concrete.
42.The Full Form of NDT is Non – Destructive Test.
43.The Full Form of JCB is Joseph Cyril Bamford.
44.The Plate Load Test is conducted to determine
the bearing capacity of Soil.
45.The Ring and ball test is conducted on
construction material Bitumen.
46.Minimum hook length as per IS Code is 75 mm.
47.The extra length in Bent up bars is 0.45.
48.The Least Count of Dumpy is 5mm.
49.The Full of EGL is Existing ground level.
50.A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More
than 20 %.

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51. Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of
Brickwork is 500 Nos.
52.The Normal Consistency of Portland cement is 25
%.
53.The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by
Soundness Test.
54.According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete
is achieved after 28 Days.
55.the Volume of 1 bag of cement is 0.035 m³
56.Minimum Grade of Concrete Used for RCC is M –
20.
57.Cement Expire is After 3 month.
58.The Full Form of DPR is Detailed Project Report.
59.The initial and final setting time for cement is
initial: Less than 30 min and 600 min.
60.the Responsibilities of a Construction Manager in
the project are:
a. Responsibilities of a Construction Manager
in the project
b. Supervising the construction Site.
c. Estimate the proper cost of the project
d. Purchasing the materials required for
construction before work begins.
e. Purchasing the materials required for
construction before work begins.
f. Analyzing the proposals.
g. Construction Scheduling & Monitoring
61. the potential risk factors for workers on the
construction site are:
a. Following are the risk factors for workers,
for not following the safety protocols:
b. Risk to fall from height
c. Failure Scaffold and Trench
d. Change of Electric shock and arc blast
e. Motion injuries
62.Hybrid Foundation: Hybrid Foundation is used to
reduce the amount of settlement in high rise
building, which contains both soils supported mat
and piles.
63.The different ways of demolition are: Demolition
is commonly done through Hydro-demolition,
Dismantling and Pressure Bursting.
64.Floating Slab Foundation: Type of mat foundation
having the hollow mat formed by the grid of thick
reinforced concrete walls between two thick
reinforced concrete slabs is termed as Floating
Slab Foundation.
65.Flashing: Joints in a building can be sealed and
protected from water penetration through
extended construction called as Flashing. It can
be installed at the walls and parapets.

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66.different types of roof systems are :
a. Following are the types of roof system,
b. Slate or Stone roofs
c. Wood shingle roofs
d. Metal roofing systems
67.the phase inspections done by local authority
while construction are :
a. Various inspections during the construction
includes,
b. Inspection of Site
c. First or pre-construction Inspection
d. Inspection of Foundation before placing of
concrete
e. Framing inspection
f. Insulation inspection is done after
insulation
g. Lastly, the final inspection is done after
the completion of the construction
68.the some of the Inspections, done after the
completion of construction are :
a. Listed are some of the checking or
inspection is done on the exterior side of
the construction is,
b. Storm sewer system
c. Safety provision (terraces, porches,
areaways)
d. Accessory buildings
e. Drainage
f. Retaining wall
g. Compaction of fill material
h. Caulking at opening
i. Pavement edging
j. Protection against moisture penetration
k. Design of dwelling structure
69.the Order of Change request is :
Change order request is a written document given
by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the
contract sum or an extension of the contract
time. It can be issued by the architect or owners
representative.
70.The components covered within Construction Cost
are: Materials required, labor expense, equipment
and services, contractor’s overhead, and profit
are covered under the estimated construction
cost while compensation or salary paid to the
architect, consultant, or engineers, cost of the
land, and other costs that is owner’s
responsibility is not covered in it.
71. Distribution bars of slabs should not be more
than 1/8 of slab thickness and should not be less
than 8mm.

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72.Maintain the maximum thickness of slab which is
125mm.
73.The PH value of the water should not be less than
6.
74.Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping
should be 36mm. Bars with more than the
mentioned diameter should not be allowed.
75.Maximum chair spacing is always 1m and a
minimum diameter that is used for these bars is
12mm.
76.Longitudinal reinforcement need not be less than
0.8% of the gross area of cross section nor
should it be more than 6% of the same.
77.The main bars used in the slabs should not be less
than 8mm in case HYSD bars are used and 10mm
when plain bars are used.
78.The minimum diameter that is used for dowels
bars is 12mm.
79.The maximum standard of free fall of concrete is
1.50m.
80.The comprehensive strength of bricks is 3.5
N/mm2
81. Absorption of water by bricks should not be more
than 15%.
82.Lapping should not be employed for bars with
diameters greater than 36mm.
83.The binding wire needed in steel reinforcement is
8 kg per MT.
84.As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for
core cutting tests for every 100m2 in Soil filling.
85.Electrical conduits shall not run in the column.
86.Earthwork excavation for basement above 3m
should be stepped form.
87.Backfilling of any kind should be compacted 95%
of dry density at the optimum moisture content.
They should be in layers not more than 200mm
for filling above structure and 300mm for no
structure.
88.F soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid
at 45° to 60° inclination, not in a vertical way with
interstices filled with sand.
89.Cement should be stored in dry places. It will be
placed on a raised platform say about 200mm
above floor level and 300mm away from walls.
90.Bags to be stacked till 10 bags high in a manner
that it is protected from moisture and
contamination.
91. Fresh concrete samples should be taken and at
least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be prepared
and cured. 3 cubes each at 7 days and 28 days
shall be tested for comprehensive strength. Test
results must be given to engineering for approval.
When the results are unsatisfactory necessary
rectification measures need to be taken.

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92.Set of cube test need to be done for each 30 cum
of concrete / each level of casting / each batch
of cement.
93.Water that is used for mixing and curing should
be clean and free from oils, alkali, salts, sugar and
organic materials or other deleterious
substances. PH. shall be generally between 6 and
8.
94.Maximum chair spacing is 1.00m or 1 number per 1
m2.
95.For the diameter, more than 36mm lapping is not
allowed for the bars.
96.A minimum of 12mm diameter bars of chairs is to
use on-site.
97.For dowels steel of 12mm diameter should be
used.
98.Longitudinal reinforcement not more than 6% of
gross C/S and not less than 0.8 percent of C/S.
99.The minimum vertical bars for the Square column
is 4no’s and 6no’s for the Circular Column.
100. Main bars in the Slab shall not be less than 8mm
(HYSD) or 10mm (plain Bars) and the distribution
bars not less than 8mm and not more than 1/8 of the
slab.
101. Dimension Tolerance of a cube is +2mm.
102. The minimum thickness of a slab is 125mm.
103. The maximum freefall of concrete that is allowed is
1.50m.
104. Water absorption of bricks should not be more
than 15 percent.
105. Ph value of the water should not be less than 6.
106. Bricks Compressive Strength is 3.5N/mm2.
107. Binding wire in steel is required is 8kg per MT.
108. 3 samples should be taken for the core cutting test
for every 100m2.
109. 36mm is the maximum diameter of the bars used
for lapping. Bars having more than this diameter are not
allowed.
110. Maximum chair spacing is 1m and the minimum
diameter used for these bars is 12mm.
111. Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
112. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than
0.8% of gross area of cross section and not be more
than 6% of the same.
113. Minimum number of bars used for square columns is
4 and that of a circle is 6.
114. The main bars used in the slabs should not be less
than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when
plain bars are used.

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115. The distribution bars in slabs should not less than
8mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
116. Minimum thickness of slab is 125mm.
117. Maximum free fall of concrete is allowed to 1.50m.
118. Lap slices not be employed for bars greater than 36
mm.
119. PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
120. Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.
121. Water absorption of bricks should not be more than
15 %.
122. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8 kg
per MT.
123. As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core
cutting test for every 100m2in soil filling.
124. The curb and also state the height of the low curb
are: A curb is defined as a structure that can separate
pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, pavement
and footpath. The height of the low curb is restricted
to 100mm only
125. The density of steel used in construction is 7850
kg/m³.
126. Floating slab foundation: A floating concrete
foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of
the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced
concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete
slabs is called as a floating concrete foundation.
127. The Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars is 0.89 kg/m.
128. 1: 1.5: 3 is the mix ratio for M – 20 Grade of
concrete.
129. The size of a concrete cube is 15 cm x 15 cm x 15
cm.
130. (D²/162) is the general equation used to calculate
unit weight of steel bar.
131. Calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia.
steel bar on-site
Here, we can multiply the length of the steel bar by its
unit weight (unit wt. of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m)
Therefore, Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg.
132. Concrete Cover is provided to reinforcement, the
function of the cover is to protect the reinforcement
bars against corrosion and to provide ultimately provide
resistance against fire.

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133. Measure the volume of concrete it is a simple task
of multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together.
For Example – 2m x 2m x 2m = 8 m³ of the volume of
concrete.
134. Different steps involved in building construction:
Major steps involved in Building construction like,
a. Concreting
b. Masonry work
c. Plastering work
d. Flooring work
e. Formwork
f. Steel cutting and Bending
135. 995 mm is the maximum value of the throw of a
switch for a broad gauge track.
136. Specific Gravity of Cement be Determine are:
The composition of cement is itself in powder form.
Hence it is not easy to measure its specific gravity.
Ultimately knowing its specific gravity is not particularly
useful.
Finding a conclusion to a solution is that the more useful
question is “What is the typical density of concrete?”
And according to the rule of thumb, its answer is that
the normally cured concrete has a density of about 150
pounds per cubic foot.
137. The Critical Path Method (C.P.M) are: Critical Path
Method is a strategy and method which uses the symbolic
diagram to represent the respective tasks and activities
involved in the construction.
138. The void ratio: Void ratio is the ratio of the volume
of voids to volume of solids.
139. The tests used for checking brick quality are:
Absorption test, Hardness Test, Shape & size test,
crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. are
performed to determine the brick quality. For example,
in the water absorption test, brick is dipped in
freshwater for 16 hours in water. And depending on the
weight of brick its class is decided such as if the weight
of brick after dipping in water doesn’t exceed 20% it can
be considered as a first-class brick if below 22.5% it can
be considered as second class brick, and so on.
140. In Indian railways, the minimum formation width in
embankment for a single line of board gauge is 6.1m.
141. The Purpose of the Gap in the Road on the Bridge:
The purpose of the gap in the road is to allow road
expansion and contraction caused due to temperature
changes, without damaging or deformation the road.

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142. The Materials Used in Building a Gravity Dam:
Compacted earth and concrete are used depending on the
dam type. Many gravity dams could be constructed of
compacted earth. While high dams are generally made out
of concrete. The spillway is a necessary requirement for
dams.
143. Anchors used to check to creep of concrete.
144. Cement soundness: It is the property of cement that
ensures that the cement does not go through any
unwanted expansion or experience any change in volume
once it has been set. Cement soundness is a necessary
process to help cement get rid of any possibilities of the
mortar or concrete from getting expanded.
145. Flat bearing: is a highly effective process for
repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.
146. The length of each fish plate is 457.2mm.
147. QA & QC
Quality Assurance (QA): Set of activities to make sure
quality in the processes by which works are done is
termed as Quality Assurance (QA). It is the process of
managing for quality.
Quality Control (QC): Quality Control can be defined as a
set of activities that ensure quality in work. This
Activities focus on identifying defects in the actual
products produced.
148. The major types of reinforcements used in
prestressing are:
Spalling Reinforcement: The Spalling stress adjured
leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor
blocks. Which results into the breaking off of the
surface concrete.
Equilibrium reinforcements: In this type several
anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are
applied in a sequential manner.
Bursting Reinforcements: Various stresses occurs in case
of the stress concave trajectories towards the line of
action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, here the
reinforcement in the form of bursting is required.
149. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called
BAT.
150. Uses of Groynes are:
a. Stop the longshore drift.
b. Slow down erosion.
151. The functions of columns in a building are:
Support structural load and transfer it through beams to
the foundation.

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152. The recommended standards of tamping rod used in
cube filling for cube test are: According to the IS code
2386, a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge is
recommended specifications.
153. The range for the bearing capacity of granite is
around in between 30 to 35 kg/cm2.
154. The recommended slump for the column is 75 to 125
mm
155. Grouting: Grout is a fluid form of concrete that is
used to fill the voids and this method is nothing but
grouting.
156. The major difficulties faced during pumping
concrete works are:
a. The force needs to overcome the friction between
concrete and the pumping pipes along with the
weight of concrete and the pressure head.
b. Segregation and Bleeding are the major problems
associated with pumping.
c. Aggregate selection is important in this process to
reduce errors in work.
157. Reason for concrete being weak in tension are:
a. Concrete is a combination of materials like
several aggregate types, cement, pozzolana,
water, air, etc. which are stick together with a
cement paste. The zone called the “interface
zone” is the weakest link in the structure. During
compression, that interface is the only to
transfer compressive stresses from aggregate to
aggregate. Which does not require exceptional
strength.
b. While the scenario under tension is not the same.
The aggregates in tension are trying to pull away
from each other and the bond is what holds it
tightly. Since it is significantly weaker than the
aggregates, it is what results in failure.
158. Bursting Reinforcement is: Tensile stresses induced
during prestressing operation are called as bursting
reinforcement and it is maximum where the stress
trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the
load.

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159. Steps in Concreting are as given below:
a. Batching of Concrete
b. Mixing.
c. Transportation of Concrete
d. Compaction of Concrete
e. Curing
160. The Water-Cement Ratio: Ratio of weight of water
to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower
constant ensure higher strength and durability but is
difficult to mix i.e. low workability of Concrete Mix.
Admixtures are added to deal with workability.
161. Types of cement
Various types of cement which are used for quality
construction are listed below: Portland Pozzolana Cement
(PPC), Low Heat Portland Cement, Colored Portland
Cement, Hydrophobic cement, Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC), White Portland Cement (WPC), Rapid Hardening
Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Sulphate resisting
Portland Cement, White Portland Cement (WPC), etc.
162. Tests necessary for the quality check of cement
are:
a. On looking, Cement should have a grey color with
a light greenish shade.
b. It should feel smooth when rubbed between
fingers. If the hand is inserted in heap cement
or its bags, it should feel cool.
c. When a pinch of cement is thrown in Water then
cement should float for some time before it
sinks.
d. Cement should be lump-free when checked by
putting the hand in the mixture.
163. Honeycomb in concrete: Air Pocket is another name
for honeycomb in concrete which is usually formed during
concrete casting.
164. Bearing capacity of soil: The bearing capacity of soil
is the ability of soil to withstand the load imposed by the
Foundation.
165. The minimum recommended weight of fine aggregate
for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136 is 300 g.
166. The duration of the minimum curing concrete period:
As per IS 456 – 2000 recommendations the curing period
of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement), and at least 10 days for the
concrete with added mineral admixtures. It is also
mandatory for OPC exposed to dry and hot weather
conditions to have at least a 10-day curing period.

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167. The Retaining wall is the wall constructed to resist
the pressure of an earth filling.
168. The process called for covering the concrete placed
on the exposed top of an external wall is called coping.
169. Plastic bitumen is the best-suited bitumen used is
for filling cracks in masonry structures.
170. The terms bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF)
are:
A bending moment is a reaction that tends to bend the
element when an external for resist shear force is a
major objective than its ability to resist an axial force.
The axial force acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.
171. Grunting: Grunting is a kind of process in which a mix
of cement & sand is in the proportion of 1:3 is shouted on
a concrete surface with the use of a cement gun under
the pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2. It is a process with high
effectiveness maintained for repairing concrete walls or
damaged surfaces.
172. Maximum temperature that is allowable for fresh
concrete used according to the ASTM is 32oC.
173. The ideal size of the living room ranging from small
to large are:
a. Very small size living room= 7 x 10 feet
b. Small living room= 10x 13 feet (for two 2 seater
sofa)
c. Medium living room= 12×18 feet (for 3 Seater
sofa)
d. Large living room= 15×20 feet (for 4 seater or 5
seater sofa)
174. Types of Roofs are as listed below:
a. Gull wind roof
b. Mansard roof
c. Bell cast roof
d. Sawtooth roof
e. Monitor roof, etc.
f. Half hipped roof
g. Dutch gable roof
h. Skillion roof
i. Gambrel roof
175. The standard height of the roof can be one or two
stories tall. If you do not need to make the roof taller
and yet you won’t make it look bigger from outside, you
can use a mansard roof containing multiple floors. Pitch is
adjusted so as to give a bigger look.

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176. Common problems faced by architecture are:
a. The client would sometimes not be able to know
what they want that is when the architect will face
problems in designing the structure.
b. When budget is limited
c. When the requirement of the customer is custom
design at standard design cost
d. When an architect is provided with less space to
work
177. Wooden Shingles: Slats or sheets rectangular in
shapes that are nailed to the exterior surface are called
wooden shingles. The shingling method is a traditional
weatherproofing method for building.
178. the most helpful and best engineering Apps are:
a. Sketchbook
b. Photoshop Express
c. Flipboard
d. Evernote
e. STEEL
f. Dropbox
g. Houzz
h. AutoCAD Ws
i. Magic Plan
179. The skills required for a good architect are:
a. Conceptual understanding related to designing
models.
b. Basic knowledge of computer and architectural
software programs.
c. Various Engineering abilities.
d. General and Business aptitude.
e. Knowledge about 3D model Designs.
180. 1/8 on the architect ruler is a scale that converts
1/8 inch onto the drawing to 1 foot. Its representation
will be a drawing with a scale of 1/8”= 1 foot.
181. Structural Frame or Systems are:
Beams and columns form load-bearing assembly on a
foundation called Structural frames. However, the
columns and beams are mostly fabricated off-site and
can be assembled on site.
182. Demising wall: Demising wall act as a boundary that
separates your land or house from neighbor’s house or
property.
The Significance of the labor and material payment bond
is if the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials,
equipment’s or services in accordance with the contract,
he or she will guarantee payment to the owner under this
bond. Hence it is a bond between the owner and the main
contractor

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183. (CPM) is a strategy along with the method of
representing the respective tasks and activities to be
involved in the construction with respect to a symbolic
diagram.
184. The binding wire required in steel reinforcement is
8 kg per Metric ton.
185. The minimum Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5
N / mm2.
186. PH value of the water used should not be less than
6.
187. Water absorption of bricks is limited to not more
than 15 %.
188. Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36
mm.
189. The freefall of concrete is allowed a maximum of
1.50m in height.
190. The minimum bars used for a square column are 4
No’s and 6 No’s for the circular column.
191. Longitudinal reinforcement should not less than 0.8%
and more than 6% of gross C/S.
192. Steel Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be
used.
193. In steel dowels, a rod minimum of 12 mm diameter
should be used.
194. Steel Char maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per
1m2.
195. lapping in reinforcement is not allowed for the bars
having diameters more than 36 mm.
196. Normal concrete temperature allowed during
placement is 10 to 32 degree centigrade or 50 to 90
degree F.
197. The maximum height during pouring or free fall of
concrete is restricted to 1.5 to 2 meters to avoid
segregation of concrete.
198. Curing period for concrete is minimum 7 days and
maximum of 14 days at temperature of 50.
199. Typical vibrator used for concrete has a head
diameter of 30, 50, and 80 mm. The frequency of
vibration is 140-200 hz.
200. Normal types of vibrators for concrete are: needle
vibrator – surface vibrator – screed vibrator – external
vibrator or formwork vibrator and table vibrator.
201. Some common methods of concrete curing are wet
covering, water spraying, sheet covering, soaked hessian
cloth, electrical curing, and membrane curing.

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202. Slump of concrete is measured by slump cone test.
203. Workability of concrete is measured by slump cone
test or compaction factor test.
204. Three types of slump are collapse, shear, and true
slump.
205. Typical range of concrete slump in wet condition is
150 to 175 mm.
206. Normal standard concrete has compressive strength
in the range of 2500 to 4000 psi or 17 to 28 Mpa.
207. Compressive strength is tested by crushing
concrete cylinders in the UTM machine
208. Size of concrete sample for compressive strength
cylinder is 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height.
209. Rebound hammer test is used for non-destructive
testing of concrete.
210. Normal aggregates sizes used in concrete is in range
of 9.5 mm to 37.5 mm.
211. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15
212. 4 basic compounds of cement are called brogues
compounds they are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate,
tricalcium aluminate, tetra-calcium alumina-ferrite.
213. The grey color of cement is due to tetra calcium
alumina ferrite.
214. MATERIAL CALCULATION:
CEMENT IN BAGS
a. PCC 1:5:10 1440/5*0.45 129.60Kg 2.59
b. PCC 1:4:8(M 7.5) 1440/4*0.45 162.00Kg 3.24
c. PCC 1:2:4(M 15) 1440/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
d. PCC 1:3:6(M 10) 1440/3*0.45 216.00Kg 4.32
e. RCC 1:2:4(M 15) 144/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48
f. RCC 1:1.5:3(M 20) 1440/1.5*0.45 32.00Kg 8.64
g. RCC 1:1:2(M 25) 370.00Kg 7.40
h. RCC M 30 410.00Kg 8.20
i. RCC M35 445.00Kg 8.90
j. RCC M40 480.00Kg 9.60
215. Height of building = 3.15m.
216. Height of parapet wall should be 1m.
217. Height of window = 2.1m.
218. Minimum thickness of slab = 125mm.
219. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm.
220. Thickness of DPC = 2.5cm.
221. Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping is
36mm. Bars having more than this diameter are not
allowed.

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222. Minimum diameter of bars used in slab = 8mm.
223. Minimum diameter of bars used in column = 12mm.
224. Minimum number of bars used in square or
rectangular column = 4 bars.
225. Minimum number of bars used in circular column = 6
bars.
226. Maximum diameter of bars used in slab = 1/8 ×
thickness of slab.
227. Maximum chair spacing = 1m.
228. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
230. Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
231. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than
0.8% and not be more than 6% of gross area of cross
section.
232. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8kg
per MT.
233. Weight of 1 cement bag = 50kg.
234. 1 bag of cement = 1.25 cubic feet = 0.0347 cubic
meter.
235. No. of cement bags in 1m^3 = 28.8 bags.
236. Initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes.
237. Final setting time of cement = 10hrs = 600 minutes.
238. PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
239. Riser of staircase = 150mm to 200mm.
240. Tread of staircase = 250mm to 300mm.
241. Angle of staircase = 25° to 40°.
242. Tensile or Flexural strength of concrete = 0.7√fck.
243. Modulus of elasticity of concrete = [Ec=5000√fck].
244. Young's modulus of steel = [Es=2×10^5 N/mm2].
245. F.O.S for steel = 1.15.
246. F.O.S for concrete = 1.5.
247. Standard size of brick = 190mm×90mm×90 mm =
19cm×9cm×9cm.
248. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50
to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime,
Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.
249. Colour of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper
Coloured.
250. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.
251. Maximum water absorption of first class brick is 15%
of its dry weight

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252. The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick
brittle and weak.
253. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of
Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of
bricks and Burning of bricks.
254. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or machine
moulding.
255. The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or
in a kiln.
256. The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime,
Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphates, Iron oxide, Magnesia,
Sulphur & Alkali's.
257. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of
Lime.
258. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement
should not be less than 30 minutes.
259. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement
should not be more than 10 hours.
260. Initial and Final setting time of cement is
determined by Vicat's apparatus.
261. The normal consistency of Portland cement is about
25%.
262. When concrete is to be laid under water, Quick
setting cement is used.
263. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m.
264. Test on Fresh Concrete
a. Slump Test - Workability.
b. Compacting Factor.
c. Vee-Bee Test.
265. Test on Hardened Concrete
a. Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer Test.
b. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test.
266. CONCRETE GRADE
M5 = 1: 5: 10
M7.5 = 1: 4: 8
M10 = 1: 3: 6
M15 = 1: 2: 4
M20 = 1: 1.5: 3
M25 = 1: 1: 2
M30 & above grade based on Design Mix

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267. Specific gravity of Cement, Bricks Sand
a. Cement – 3.16 g/cm3
b. Bricks – 2g/cm3
c. Sand – 2.65 g/cm3
d. Standard size of brick – 19cm X 9Cm X 4Cm.
268. Unit weight of PPC, RCC, STEEL
a. PCC – 24 KN/m3,
b. RCC – 25 KN/m3,
c. Steel – 7850 kg/m3
269. Important point of civil engineering basics on
project management on construction sites
a. Scheduling
b. Cost control
c. Risk management
d. Contract management
e. Critical thinking
f. Project Recovery
g. Task management
h. Quality management
i. Meetings management
j. Leadership
k. Decision Making
l. Negotiation
m. Organizational skills
n. Problem-solving skills.
270. The main bars used in the slabs should not be less
than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when plain
bars are used.

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