4. present illness
1 yr PTA : She was admitted to PMK hospital
(10-16 Aug 2016) with acute visual loss RE (RE
VA FC'2), no clinical eye pain/pain on eye
movement, no floater, no flashing, no Hx of
head/eye trauma, No Hx ocular Sx , she had
paresthesia both legs, no
respiratory/bowel/bladder symptoms
5. OD OS
VA FC'2 PH not improved 20/80-1 PH 20/40-1
EOM full, no pain on eye movement full, no pain on eye movement
IOP 12 16
Lid Not swelling Not swelling
Conjunctiva No injected, No discharge Not injected, no discharge
Cornea Clear Clear
A/C Deep/Quiet Deep/Quiet
Iris and Pupil Round, 3 mm RTL Round, 3 mm RTL
RAPD Positive RE
Lens Clear Clear
Vitreos No AV cell /scatter vitreous
clumping
No AV cell / scatter vitreous
clumping
Fundus C:D 0.3, blurred disc margin, A:V
2:3, macular normal foveal reflex,
scatter whitish retinal infiltration,
sheathing vessels
C:D 0.3, A:V 2:3, macular normal
foveal reflex, scatter whitish retinal
infiltration, sheathing vessels
10 Aug 2016
Ocular examination
15. CSF protein sugar WBC RBC PMN Mono
CBC 38 64 6 - - -
NMO igG (CSF,serum) :negative
Oligoclonal band in CSF : positive
Quantiferon-TB : Negative
VEP : Slightly abnormal RE
Lab10 Aug 2016
16. Diagnosis
• Optic neuritis RE (Ddx NMO or MS)
• Intermediate uveitis BE (phlebitis R/O pars
planitis)
• R/O Autoimmune disease
17. Treatment
•Methylprednisolone 750 mg IV OD * 3
days(11-13 Aug 20/6)
-clinical improved 3 days(VA RE20/125) and
color vision normal
•pred (5) 7*1 oral(11days)
18. Progress note
Date VA RAPD
24 Aug 2016 RE : Fc' CC 20/200
LE : 20/40 PH not
positive RE
-Pred(5) 7*1
CTVF 24-2 : normal BE
26 Aug 2016 RE : 20/125 PH20/40 positive RE
23 Sep 2016 RE : 20/200 PH20/50 positive RE
28 Sep 2016 RE : 20/200 PH20/40 Negative
27/10/2016 -MRI brain c orbit c spine : slightly
enhancing of optic nerve RE
-MRI spine : No significant change of
lesion
1 Feb 2017 RE 20/125 PH not Negative
CTVF 24-2 : normal BE
color vision : normal BE
14 June 2017 RE 20/125 PH 20/63 Negative
19. MRI spine
• No significant change of lesion
27 Oct 2016
27 Oct201627 Oct2016
20. Present illness
1 day PTA : She had left eye pain and pain on eye
movement and suddenly blurred vision, no floater, no
flashing, no history of head/eye trauma, no history of
ocular surgery, no paresthesia/paralysis, no respiratory
symptom, no bowel/bladder symptom
21. Systemic review
• No fever
• No headache / severe dizziness / seizure /
unconsciousness / depression or mental illness
• No tinnitus
• No oral ulcer/severe sore
throat/tonsilitis/sinusitis/running nose/ abscessed teeth
• No UTI/proteinurea/hematurea/genital herpes
• No muscular pain/arthritis/stiffness/severe back pain
• No alopecia/poliosis/vitilligo/rash
22. Personal History
• No Smoking
• No ever eaten raw meat / unpasteurized milk / dirty
fruit or veggies
• No contact cat / dog / soil
• No insect bite
• No Hx of contact TB/chronic cough
23. Ocular examination
OD OS
VA 20/160 PH 20/100 20/160 PH 20/50
EOM full, no pain on eye movement full, pain on eye movement
IOP 19 17
Lid Not swelling Not swelling
Conjunctiva Mild injected, no discharge Not injected, no discharge
Cornea Clear Clear
A/C Deep/Quiet Deep/Quiet
Iris and Pupil Round, 3 mm RTL Round, 3 mm RTL
RAPD Positive LE
Lens Clear Clear
Vitreos AV cell trace/scatter snowball AV cell trace / scatter snowball
Fundus C:D 0.3 pale disc (temporal), A:V 2:3,
macular dull reflex, no cws , no
hemorrhage, no sheathing vessles
C: C:D 0.3 hyperemia,blurred discA:V
2:3, macular dull reflex, no cws , no
hemorrhage, no sheathing vessles
1 Sep 2017
36. Progress note
Date BCVA EOM
Eye pain/ Pain
on eye
movement
RAPD Tx
4 Sep 2017 RE : 20/63
LE : 20/32
full No positive LE -Pred(5) 7*1
- Disc Photo : No change
-CTVF 24-2 : Left
Superotemporal VF
defect( Compare
1/9/2017)
- OCT disc : poor signal
strength
13 Sep 2017 RE : 20/50
LE : 20/25
full No positive RE -Pred(5) 7*1
-Disc Photo and
-OCT disc : No change
43. Female
Young
History of optic neuritis RE
History of limb weakness
VF defect
Positive RAPD in each attack of effected eye
Color vision defect
Rapid VA gain after an attack
Positive finding on MRI
Positive result of oligoclonal band test
Negative result of NMO IgG
Presence of intermediate uveitis BE
Positive finding
44. Is it just an ordinary Optic neuritis?
Or Is it NMO!?
or Is it Optic neuritis with MS!?
45. OPTICNEURITIS
Optic Neuritis is a clinical diagnosis that is made when
a patient presents with
CLINICAL PRESENTATION PRESENC
E
pain with eye movement and/or periorbital discomfort
RAPD
visual field defect
optic nerve swelling (35% anterior disc edema, 65%
retrobulbar)
unilateral decreased visual acuity
46. OPTICNEURITIS
1.optic neuritis is a clinical diagnosis,
2.typical (unilateral vision decrease, pain with eye movement) optic neuritis will
recover with good visual prognosis by 6-12 months,
3.the final amount of vision recovery is independent of treatment with or without IV
IV steroids
4.oral prednisone alone is CONTRAINDICATED
5.MRI of the brain is a must after an initial episode of optic neuritis
47. OPTICNEURITIS
Up to 75% of MS patients have at least 1 episode of optic neuritis
The ONTT showed that even without any lesions present
on MRI, there still was a 16% chance of developing MS in
5 years, 22% in 10 years and 25% in 15 years.
At 10 years, the overall risk of MS was 38% after an initial episode of
optic neuritis. That risk is 56% if the MRI had 1 or more lesions.
48. OPTICNEURITIS
At 15 years, the overall risk of MS was 50% after an initial episode of
optic neuritis and strongly related to presence of lesions on a
baseline non-contrast-enhanced MRI of the brain.
No lesion on MRI brain = 25% chance of
developing MS
1 or more lesions on MRI brain = 72% chance of
developing MS
49. Talking about first attack
NMO
NMOSD without AQP4-IgG or NMOSD with unknown AQP4-IgG
status
1. At least 2 core clinical characteristics : Optic neuritis +LETM
acute myelitis (disseminated in space)
2. Negative test for AQP4-IgG from best detection method
3. Exclusion of alternative diagnosis
50. NMO Talking about first attack
Red flags (clinical/laboratory)
• Presence of CSF oligoclonal bands (occur in
<20% of NMO vs >80% of MS)
53. MS Talking about first attack
SPACE TIME
She had negative MRI finding after follow up
approximately 30 days from attack
54. Talking about second attack
• This time she only has left optic nerve enhancement on
MRI
• No spine lesion on MRI
• Negative NMO IgG in serum and CSF
• Positive oligoclonal band
NMO
56. • Uveitis is 10 times more common in MS patients
than in general population
• 30% of MS patients have uveitis
• Intermediate uveitis is the most common
manifestation of MS-associated uveitis
• 95% are bilateral
• Most patients develop mild vitritis with
periphlebitis
Chen L, GordonLK. Ocularn manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol.2005;16(5):315-320.
Zein G, Berta A, Foster CS. Multiplesclerosis-associated uveitis. OculImmunol Inflamm. 2004;12(2):137-142.
Evidence supporting MS theory
57. • Immunological abnormalities in the CSF are common in patients with
optic neuritis
• Frederiksen et al : abnormal CSF were present in 79% of 45 patients
with isolated optic neuritis which 69% were oligoclonal bands
• Soderstrom : oligoclonal bands were present in 69% of patients with
optic neuritis
• Predictive value of CSF oligoclonal bands for the development of CDMS
within 5 years after optic neuritis event : the presence of
oligoclonal bands was associated with the development of
CDMS (P=0.02) which was useful when MRI brain was
normal
Optic neuritis + oligoclonal bands from
ONTT
58. • CDMS developed in 42% of patients with optic neuritis+positive
oligoclonal bands test
• CDMS developed in 16% of patients with optic neuritis+negative test
result
• (Odds ratio 3.88 CI= 1.18,13.86 P=0.02)
Optic neuritis + oligoclonal bands from
ONTT
59. • Among 39 patients with normal MRI brain, CDMS developed in 3 of 11
(27%) patients with oligoclonal bands present but in only 1 of 28% (4%)
without oligoclonal bands
• Among 37 patients with abnormal MRI brain, CDMS developed in 13 of
27 (48%) with oligoclonal bands and in 5 of 10 (50%) without oligoclonal
bands
Optic neuritis + oligoclonal bands from
ONTT
thus MRI of the orbit with gadolinium looking for optic nerve enhancement, blood testing for inflammatory or infectious etiologies, and lumbar puncture are not needed for the diagnosis,
(IV STEROIDS DO NOT IMPROVE VISUAL OUTCOME, THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS OF TYPICAL OPTIC NEURITIS IS VERY FAVORABLE WITH OR WITHOUT IV STEROID TREATMENT),
because it has been shown to cause more recurrences to the affected eye or new episodes in the contralateral eye compared to placebo or IV steroids followed by oral prednisone
because the number of lesions will stratify patients’ risk for developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) after a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS),
Since optic neuritis is common among patients who have MS, (up to 75% have at least one episode of optic neuritis in their life time), these patients are at risk for developing CDMS.
In patients with CDMS, the median time to diagnosis was 3 years and 34% of the diagnoses were made in the first 2 years whereas 72% were made within 5 years.
25% of patients with no lesions on baseline brain MRI developed MS during follow-up compared with 72% of patients with 1 or more lesions. Baseline factors associated with a lower risk for MS included male sex, optic disc swelling, and atypical features of optic neuritis.
NMOSD without AQP4-IgG or NMOSD with unknown AQP4-IgG status
At least 2 core clinical characteristics : Optic neuritis +LETM acute myelitis (disseminated in space)
Negative test for AQP4-IgG from best detection method
NMOSD without AQP4-IgG or NMOSD with unknown AQP4-IgG status
At least 2 core clinical characteristics : Optic neuritis +LETM acute myelitis (disseminated in space)
Negative test for AQP4-IgG from best detection method