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OMM Solutions
TECHtalks #13
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www.tech-talks.eu

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Einmal im Monat ist TECHtalk Zeit! First come first served!
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Talk: Quantum computing - The next BIG thing?
Speaker: Olaf Horstmann
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Brief History of Quantum Computing
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● 1980s: Theories and Scientific Papers
● 1990s: First algorithms
○ Shor’s, Grover’s, Deutsch’s
○ all based on theories and without physical devices
● 1998: First 2-qubit quantum computer (Oxford)
● 2000: First 7-qubit quantum computer (Los Alamos)
● 2008: D-Wave creates 128 qubit chip (QA1
)
● 2015: D-Wave breaks 1000 qubit barrier
● 2017:
○ D-Wave creates chip with over 2000 qubits (QA1
)
○ IBM creates 50 qubit chip (GM2
)
○ Intel creates 48 qubit chip (GM2
)
● 2018: Google announced “Bristlecone”, a 72 qubit chip (GM2
)
○ said to have achieved “quantum supremacy”
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Quantum Annealing; 2
Gate Model
Quelle: https://blockchainwelt.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/quantum-computer-chalmers.jpg; Quanten Computer Chalmers
@wikimedia.org

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Short answer:
Will Quantum Computing take over the world of today’s bits and bytes?
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NoYes
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● a “classical bit” represents a transistor/gate
○ is either 0 or 1
○ +100 billion transistors in modern CPU
● a “qubit” represents the state of a quantum particle
(electron, photon, ion)
○ is either 0 or 1 or any state in between
(which can be thought of as both 1 and 0)
○ “largest” chip today is 2000 qubits
What is a Quantum Computer and what are “Qubits”?
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Quelle: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ibm_research_zurich/32390815144/in/album-72157663611181258/

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Basically: Searching minima on a curve
What is “Quantum Annealing”?
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Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_annealing#/media/File:Quant-annl.jpg
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Quelle: http://cdn4.spiegel.de/images/image-932123-breitwandaufmacher-uiqj-932123.jpg

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What is “Quantum Annealing”?
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Optimization Problems
● e.g. “best way to stack items in a shipping container”
● or “best route through a given set of locations”
● machine learning
● protein folding
● challenge: reformulate each original problem, so it could be represented by a curve
What can quantum annealing be used for?
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● In short: A quantum version of “classical” binary logic gates
● Databases
○ searching for a specific entry in a set of entries
■ e.g.: in 1 Mio. entries, a classical system might need to check all 1 Mio.
a quantum algorithm (Grover’s Search) would only take √1 Mio. = 1000 tries as max.
● Cryptography
○ factoring prime-numbers
■ today’s computer are good at multiplying prime-numbers, but very bad at factoring them
(Shor’s algorithm)
■ the highest prime-factorized number to date is 291311
A solution, for what is currently only possible by brute force
What can a “Gate Model”-Quantum Computer be used for?
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● most systems require super cooling (barely above the absolute zero)
● high error-rates (magnet-fields from individual atoms can disturb the calculation)
● the quantum states(superposition, entanglement, ect.) can only be held up for some
10s of microseconds currently
● impossible to “debug” the systems by classical understanding
○ every taken measurement would alter the state of the system and thus return new data
unrelated to the “bug”
Challenges in building quantum computers
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Still: “Yes and no”
● Will I be walking around with a quantum processor in my smartphone?
○ probably not
○ in most of today’s applications there will be no benefit
● Is our current encryption in danger?
○ probably not (yet)
○ by the time quantum-computers can crack today’s encryption, alternatives will be available
● So where will quantum computing be used?
○ in a limited set of applications (e.g. databases or encryption)
○ But: When the first computer was developed, probably nobody did foresee the invention of the
internet or smartphones.
So will quantum computers eventually take over or not?
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Vielen Dank für Eure Aufmerksamkeit!
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14< OMM Solutions GmbH >
www.omm-solutions.de
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Olaf Horstmann
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