This document consists of a series of charts showing trends in higher education across various countries from 1995 to 2012. It shows that over this period, there was a rise in tertiary-level graduation rates and expenditures per student globally. However, women continue to be underrepresented in fields like engineering and more likely to earn undergraduate vs. graduate degrees. Additionally, upper secondary and tertiary education levels have increased unemployment protection in many nations.

1. 1
Education at a Glance
2014

2. Qualification levels in Europe
have risen markedly…
…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
2

3. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost per student
Graduate supply

4. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
United States
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost per student
Graduate supply

5. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom

6. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

7. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2002
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

8. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2003
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

9. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2004
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

10. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2005
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

11. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2006
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

12. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2007
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

13. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2008
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

14. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2009
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

15. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2010
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

16. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2011
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

17. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2011
Australia
Poland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Iceland
UK
New Zealand

18. Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
A world of change – higher education
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2011
US
P
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate

19. Many more people are expected to graduate from
academically-oriented tertiary education
First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Iceland
New Zealand
Poland
Australia
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Netherlands
Japan
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Norway
Portugal
Latvia
Israel
Czech Republic
Austria
Sweden
United States
EU21 average
OECD average
Canada
Germany
Switzerland
Spain
Turkey
Italy
Chile
Hungary
Mexico
Tertiary-type A (2012) Tertiary-type A (1995)
%
Chart A3.2
- A

20. Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter
university programmes
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Australia
Latvia
Iceland
Poland
New Zealand
Norway
Slovenia
Denmark
United States
Russian Federation
Korea
United Kingdom
Finland
Netherlands
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Israel
Czech Republic
Argentina
Saudi Arabia
OECD average
EU21 average
Ireland
Hungary
Germany
Austria
Spain
Japan
Chile
Italy
Switzerland
Estonia
France
Turkey
Greece
Mexico
Belgium
Luxembourg
Indonesia
China
%
All students Excluding international students
Chart C3.1

21. Women and men are differently represented
in some fields of education
Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)
Chart A.3 -
Field
Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields
100
80
60
40
20
0
Poland
Estonia
Iceland
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Brazil
Sweden
Hungary
Italy
New Zealand
Argentina
Czech Republic
Finland
Norway
Luxembourg
Portugal
Canada
Denmark
Israel
OECD average
United States
Australia
Spain
Ireland
Netherlands
Chile
France
United Kingdom
Austria
Belgium
Germany
Mexico
Switzerland
Turkey
Korea
Japan

22. Women are more likely than men to earn a university
degree, but less likely a doctorate
Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Latvia
Greece
Iceland
Sweden
Slovenia
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Poland
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Finland
Norway
Brazil
Brazil
New Zealand
Argentina
Denmark
Canada
Hungary
Australia
OECD average
Portugal
Austria
Spain
Israel
United States
United Kingdom
Ireland
Netherlands
Chart A3_G
ender
Chile
France
Belgium
Switzerland
Mexico
Germany
Korea
Turkey
Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree

23. China has almost caught up with the US in terms of
high-school completion
Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Slovenia
Iceland
Germany
Netherlands
Hungary
United Kingdom
Ireland
Japan
Spain
Finland
Denmark
Korea
Norway
Canada
Israel
Slovak Republic
EU 21 average
New Zealand
Poland
Chile
Italy
OECD average
Czech Republic
United States
Sweden
China
Greece
Luxembourg
Austria
Turkey
Mexico
Total <25 years old ≧25 years old
Chart A2.1
%

24. In many countries those without an upper secondary
education face an increasing unemployment risk
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Korea
Mexico
Brazil
Norway
Chile
Australia
Luxembourg
New Zealand
Netherlands
Iceland
Austria
Switzerland
Turkey
Below upper secondary education
Denmark
Israel
United Kingdom
Canada
Finland
Belgium
Russian Federation
Italy
Sweden
Germany
OECD average
France
Slovenia
United States
Portugal
EU21 average
Poland
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Ireland
Greece
Czech Republic
Spain
Slovak Republic
2012 2005 2010
Chart A5.2
- BS
%

25. Qualifications don’t always translate into
strong foundation skills
26

26. Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment
but not in the same way across countries
Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
Japan
Netherlands
Finland
Sweden
Australia
Czech Republic
Flanders (Belgium)
Norway
United States
Average
Poland
Austria
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Slovak Republic
France
Germany
Denmark
Ireland
Korea
Canada
Estonia
Spain
Italy
Russian Federation
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
Chart A1.4

27. The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are
very different across countries
Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Japan
Finland
Netherlands
Sweden
Australia
Norway
Flanders (Belgium)
England/N. Ireland (UK)
United States
Czech Republic
Average
Poland
Canada
Austria
Germany
Ireland
France
Denmark
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Korea
Russian Federation
Spain
Italy
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
%
Chart A1.5

28. The rising tide has not lifted all boats…
…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down
33

29. Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated
than their parents
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility)
that of their parents
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Czech
Republic
Germany
Austria
United States
Slovak
Republic
Italy
Norway
Denmark
England/N.
Ireland (UK)
Spain
Average
Australia
Japan
Sweden
Estonia
Canada
Netherlands
Poland
Ireland
France
Flanders
(Belgium)
Finland
Korea
Russian
Federation
Downward mobility Upward mobility
%
Chart A4.3
- Mob

30. In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to
be lower in the younger generations
Proportion of upward mobility across age groups
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Average France Germany Italy Spain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)
55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34
Upward Mobility
Age groups
Graph
Mobility A4

31. Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19
year-olds not in education is not working
Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Mexico
Turkey
Japan
Brazil
Israel
Chile
New Zealand
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
Norway
Italy
Iceland
United States
OECD average
Spain
Ireland
Austria
Portugal
Switzerland
Belgium
Korea
Estonia
Denmark
Sweden
EU21 average
France
Finland
Slovak Republic
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Greece
Hungary
Germany
Poland
Slovenia
Luxembourg
NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed
Chart C5.3
%

32. Europe is now driving
international student mobility…
…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.
43

33. In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in
tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1
Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)
Million students
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Worldwide OECD G20 countries
Europe North America Oceania
25% of EU target
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

34. In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia,
Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)
United States¹ 16%
United Kingdom¹ 13%
Germany 6%
Other OECD countries
8%
Belgium 1%
Korea 1%
Netherlands 1%
Switzerland 1%
South Africa 2%
New Zealand 2%
Austria 2%
Italy 2%
China 2%
Spain 2%
Japan 3%
Canada² 5%
Australia¹,³ 6% France 6%
Russian Federation 4%
Other non-OECD
countries 17%
Chart C4.2

35. New players are emerging in the international
education market
Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
25
20
15
10
5
0
United State
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Australia
Canada
Russian Federation
Japan
Spain
China
Italy
Austria
New Zealand
South Africa
Switzerland
Netherlands
Korea
Belgium
Other OECD
Other G0 and non-OECD
2000
2012
Market share (%)
OECD countries Other G20 and
non-OECD countries
2000
2012
Chart C4.3

36. International students comprise around 8% of
tertiary enrolments, on average
Student mobility in tertiary education (2012)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Luxembourg
Australia
United Kingdom
Switzerland
New Zealand
Austria
Belgium
Canada¹
Denmark
Netherlands
Sweden
Ireland
Iceland
Finland
Portugal
Hungary
Slovak Republic
United States
Japan
Spain
Estonia
Slovenia
Norway
Poland
Chile
France
Czech Republic
South Africa¹
Greece
Italy
Saudi Arabia
Russian Federation
Korea
Israel
Turkey
China
Brazil
International students
Foreign students2
%
OECD average
Chart C4.4

37. More than half of foreign students in tertiary
education come from Asia
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)
Asia 53%
Europe 23%
Not specified 3%
Oceania 1%
North America 3%
Latin America and the
Caribbean 6%
Africa 12%
Chart C4.5

38. Education remained a priority during the crisis…
49

39. Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut
public expenditure on educational institutions
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP
Denmark
Slovak Republic
Brazil
Finland
Australia
Ireland
Netherlands
Japan
Switzerland
Germany
Slovenia
Chile
Canada
Portugal
Mexico
Korea
OECD average
Austria
Spain
EU21 average
Norway
Belgium
France
Sweden
Israel
Iceland
United States
Russian Federation
Poland
Estonia
Italy
Hungary
Index of change (2008=100)
Chart B2.3
- T

40. Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
student increased by at least 10% in most countries
Chart B1.5
- PS
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
Switzerland
Norway
United States
Austria
Sweden Belgium
Annual expenditure per
student (2011, USD)
France Australia United KingdomGermany Denmark CanadaIreland Netherlands
Korea
Iceland Japan Finland
Italy Spain
New Zealand
Czech Republic Poland Portugal Israel
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Hungary Chile
R² = 0.2707
Mexico Brazil
20 000
19 000
18 000
17 000
16 000
15 000
14 000
13 000
12 000
11 000
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
OECD average
OECD average

41. Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary
student increased by 10%, on average
Chart B1.5
- T
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
United States
Annual expenditure per
student (2011, USD)
Switzerland
Tertiary education
OECD average
Denmark
Sweden
Norway Finland
Netherlands Germany
Japan
Ireland
Slovenia
Belgium
Austria France
Spain
Israel
United Kingdom
Brazil
Italy
Czech Republic
Portugal Poland Korea
Chile Hungary
OECD average
Mexico Slovak Republic Estonia
Iceland
Russian Federation
New Zealand
R² = 0.079
27 000
26 000
25 000
24 000
23 000
22 000
21 000
20 000
19 000
18 000
17 000
16 000
15 000
14 000
13 000
12 000
11 000
10 000
9 000
8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)

42. In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of
their GDP on tertiary education
Chart B2.2
- T
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and
source of funds
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Canada
Sweden
Estonia
Austria
Switzerland
Belgium
Netherlands
France
EU21 average
Argentina
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Germany
Iceland
Spain
Poland
New Zealand
Latvia
Portugal
Hungary
United States
Brazil
Israel
Mexico
United Kingdom
Russian Federation
Colombia
Slovak Republic
Chile
Italy
Korea
Australia
Japan
% of GDP
Tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions
OECD average (total expenditure)

43. Few European countries have sustainable financing
for tertiary education
60

44. The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions
increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)
% 2011 2008 2000
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chile
Korea
United Kingdom
Japan
United States
Australia
Israel
Canada
Russian Federation
Italy
Mexico
Portugal
OECD average
Netherlands
Poland
Slovak Republic
Spain
EU21 average
Estonia
Ireland
France
Czech Republic
Germany
Slovenia
Chart B3.3
- T
Austria
Sweden
Belgium
Iceland
Denmark
Finland
Norway

45. Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to
supporting students, households and other private entities
Public support for tertiary education (2011)
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
United Kingdom
United States
Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary
Slovenia
Denmark
Italy
Chile
Slovak Republic
Austria
Germany
Portugal
New Zealand
Belgium
Latvia
Finland
Australia
OECD average
Netherlands
Ireland
Hungary
Poland
Norway
Israel
Sweden
Spain
France
Switzerland
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
Korea
Estonia
Indonesia
Czech Republic
Argentina
Japan
Iceland
% of total public expenditure
on tertiary education
Student loans
Transfers and payments to other private entities
Scholarships/ other grants to households
Chart B5.3

46. The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over
USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
500 000
450 000
400 000
350 000
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
Turkey
Denmark
Spain
Estonia
Sweden
New Zealand
Greece
Korea
Japan
Canada
Slovak Republic
Poland
Norway
Israel
Czech Republic
France
Australia
Finland
OECD average
Portugal
EU21 average
Austria
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Italy
Belgium
Slovenia
Germany
United States
Hungary
Ireland
Equivalent USD
Private net returns Public net returns
Chart A7.1

47. 93
Good progress in raising early childhood participation
Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets

48. Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early
childhood education
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Belgium
France
Denmark
Iceland
Spain
Norway
United Kingdom
Sweden
Italy
Germany
Estonia
New Zealand
Israel
Korea
Slovenia
Netherlands
Latvia
EU21 average
Portugal
Japan
Hungary
Luxembourg
OECD average
Russian Federation
Austria
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Poland
Finland
Chile
Ireland
Mexico
United States
Argentina
Brazil
Australia
Colombia
Indonesia
Turkey
Switzerland
%
2012 2005
Chart C2.1

49. The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level
of resources devoted to pre-primary education
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation
based on full-time equivalents
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Israel
Indonesia
Mexico
Chile
France
Turkey
United Kingdom
Brazil
Poland
Belgium
Portugal
Korea
Netherlands
Japan
OECD average
Austria
Czech Republic
EU21 average
Spain
Slovak Republic
Germany
United States
Italy
Luxembourg
Hungary
Finland
Slovenia
Estonia
New Zealand
Sweden
Iceland
Student to teaching staff ratio
Chart C2.4

50. Countries spend their money differently on schools…
…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of
teachers over the size of classes.
96

51. The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across
countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Chart B7.4
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USD
3 200
2 200
1 200
200
- 800
-1 800
-2 800
-3 800
Belgium (Fl.)
Germany
Austria
Spain
Portugal
Australia
Norway
Canada
France
Ireland
Netherlands
United States
Korea
Italy
Finland
England
Slovenia
Israel
Poland
Czech Republic
Turkey
Hungary
Chile
Slovak Republic
Estonia
USD
Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD average

52. Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours
of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Hungary 8
Latvia 9
China1 9
Poland 9
Turkey 8
Slovenia 9
Finland 9
Korea 9
Austria 8
Estonia 9
Belgium (Fl.) 8
Sweden 9
Slovak Republic 9
Czech Republic 9
Belgium (Fr.) 8
Greece 9
Germany 9
EU21 average 9
Japan 9
Italy 8
OECD average 9
Portugal 9
Iceland 10
Norway 10
England 9
Denmark 10
Luxembourg 9
Canada 9
France 9
Ireland 9
Mexico 9
Chile 8
Netherlands7 9
Israel 9
United States 9
Spain 10
Colombia1 9
Australia 10
Primary education Lower secondary education
Duration of primary and lower
secondary education, in years
Chart D1.1
Total number of compulsory instruction hours

53. Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers
higher than those of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers'
salaries, in public institutions
1.5
1
0.5
0
Korea
Spain
Luxembourg
Portugal
Turkey
New Zealand
Canada
Finland
Germany
England
Australia
Greece
Denmark
OECD average
Belgium (Fl.)
France
EU21 average
Israel
Estonia
Poland
Scotland
Sweden
Belgium (Fr.)
Netherlands
Ireland
Slovenia
Chile
Norway
United States
Italy
Austria
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Ratio
Chart D3.1

54. Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first
time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education
OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant p
rices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
Chart Box
D.3.2
Equivalent USD converted
using PPPs

55. 107
107 Thank you
Find out more about our work at
www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014
– The publication
– The methodologies
– The complete database
Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org
Twitter: SchleicherEDU
and remember:
Without data, you are just another person with an opinion