BLUE MARBLE Dec 7 1972,
Apollo 17

Summary for Policymakers Climate Change
and Land An IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems WG I WG II WG III WG I WG II The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate This Summary for Policymakers was formally approved at the Second Joint Session of Working Groups I and II of the IPCC and accepted by the 51th Session of the IPCC, Principality of Monaco, 24th September 2019 Summary for Policymakers

Figure ES.4. Global GHG emissions
under different scenarios and the emissions gap by 2030 EmissionsGapReport2019 2°C range 1.8°C range 1.5°C range Turquoise area shows pathways limiting global temperature increase to below 2°C with about 66% chance Green area shows pathways limiting global temperature increase to below 1.5°C by 2100 and peak below 1.7°C (both with 66% chance) Current policy scenario Cond.NDCcase Uncond.NDCcase Cond.NDCcase Uncond.NDCcase Remaining gap to stay within 2°C limit Remaining gap to stay within 2°C limit Remaining gap to stay within 1.5°C limit Conditional NDC scenario Unconditional NDC scenario 15GtCO2e 32GtCO2e 29GtCO2e Median estimate of level consistent with 2°C: 41 GtCODže (range 39-46) Median estimate of level consistent with 1.5°C: 25 GtCODže (range 22-31) 2005-Policies scenario Current policy scenario Conditional NDC scenario Unconditional NDC scenario 2005-Policies scenario 2°C range 1.8°C range1.5°C range GtCO2e 12 20 30 40 50 60 70 2015 2020 2025 2030 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 GtCOǖe (median estimate and 10th to 90th percentile range). I Emissions Gap Report 2019 Emissions Gap Report 2019

P oliticians, economists and even
some natural scientists have tended to assume that tipping points1 in the Earth system — such as the loss of the Amazon rainforest or the West Antarcticicesheet—areoflowprobabilityand little understood. Yet evidence is mounting thattheseeventscouldbemorelikelythanwas thought,havehighimpactsandareintercon- nected across different biophysical systems, potentiallycommittingtheworldtolong-term irreversible changes. Herewesummarizeevidenceonthethreat of exceeding tipping points, identify knowl- edge gaps and suggest how these should be plugged. We explore the effects of such large-scale changes, how quickly they might unfold and whether we still have any control over them. In our view, the consideration of tipping points helps to define that we are in a climate emergency and strengthens this year’s chorus of calls for urgent climate action — from schoolchildren to scientists, cities and countries. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) introduced the idea of tipping points two decades ago. At that time, these ‘large-scale discontinuities’ in the climate system were considered likely only if global warming exceeded 5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Information summarized in the two most recent IPCC Special Reports (published in2018andinSeptemberthisyear)2,3 suggests that tipping points could be exceeded even between1and2 °Cofwarming(see‘Tooclose forcomfort’). Ifcurrentnationalpledgestoreducegreen- house-gas emissions are implemented — and that’s a big ‘if’ — they are likely to result in at least 3 °C of global warming. This is despite the goal of the 2015 Paris agreement to limit warmingtowellbelow2 °C.Someeconomists, Thegrowingthreatofabrupt andirreversibleclimate changesmustcompel politicalandeconomic actiononemissions. Climatetippingpoints— tooriskytobetagainst Timothy M. Lenton, Johan Rockström, Owen Gaffney, Stefan Rahmstorf, Katherine Richardson, Will Steffen & Hans Joachim Schellnhuber assuming that climate tipping points are of very low probability (even if they would be catastrophic),havesuggestedthat3 °Cwarm- ingisoptimalfromacost–benefitperspective. However, if tipping points are looking more likely,thenthe‘optimalpolicy’recommenda- tionofsimplecost–benefitclimate-economy models4 aligns with those of the recent IPCC report2 . In other words, warming must be limited to 1.5 °C. This requires an emergency response. Icecollapse We think that several cryosphere tipping points are dangerously close, but mitigating greenhouse-gas emissions could still slow downtheinevitableaccumulationofimpacts and help us to adapt. Research in the past decade has shown that the Amundsen Sea embayment of West Antarcticamighthavepassedatippingpoint3 : the‘groundingline’whereice,oceanandbed- rock meet is retreating irreversibly. A model studyshows5 thatwhenthissectorcollapses,it coulddestabilizetherestoftheWestAntarctic icesheetliketopplingdominoes—leadingto about3metresofsea-levelriseonatimescale of centuries to millennia. Palaeo-evidence shows that such widespread collapse of the WestAntarcticicesheethasoccurredrepeat- edly in the past. The latest data show that part of the East Antarctic ice sheet — the Wilkes Basin — might be similarly unstable3 . Modelling work suggeststhatitcouldaddanother3–4 mtosea level on timescales beyond a century. The Greenland ice sheet is melting at an accelerating rate3 . It could add a further 7 m tosealeveloverthousandsofyearsifitpasses a particular threshold. Beyond that, as the elevation of the ice sheet lowers, it melts fur- ther,exposingthesurfacetoever-warmerair. Models suggest that the Greenland ice sheet couldbedoomedat1.5 °Cofwarming3 ,which could happen as soon as 2030. Thus, we might already have committed future generations to living with sea-level risesofaround10 moverthousandsofyears3 . But that timescale is still under our control. The rate of melting depends on the magni- tude of warming above the tipping point. At 1.5 °C, it could take 10,000 years to unfold3 ; above2 °Citcouldtakelessthan1,000years6 . 592 | Nature | Vol 575 | 28 November 2019 Comment An aeroplane flies over a glacier in the Wrangell St Elias National Park in Alaska. Researchers need more observational data toestablishwhethericesheetsarereachinga tippingpoint,andrequirebettermodelscon- strained by past and present data to resolve how soon and how fast the ice sheets could collapse. Whatever those data show, action must be takentoslowsea-levelrise.Thiswillaidadapta- tion,includingtheeventualresettlingoflarge, low-lying population centres. A further key impetus to limit warming to 1.5 °C is that other tipping points could be triggeredatlowlevelsofglobalwarming.The latestIPCCmodelsprojectedaclusterofabrupt shifts7 between1.5 °Cand2 °C,severalofwhich involve sea ice. This ice is already shrinking rapidlyintheArctic,indicatingthat,at2 °Cof warming, the region has a 10–35% chance3 of becominglargelyice-freeinsummer. Biosphereboundaries Climate change and other human activities risktriggeringbiospheretippingpointsacross arangeofecosystemsandscales(see‘Raising the alarm’). Ocean heatwaves have led to mass coral bleaching and to the loss of half of the shallow-water corals on Australia’s Great BarrierReef.Astaggering99%oftropicalcorals areprojected2 tobelostifglobalaveragetem- perature rises by 2 °C, owing to interactions betweenwarming,oceanacidificationandpol- lution.Thiswouldrepresentaprofoundlossof marinebiodiversityandhumanlivelihoods. As well as undermining our life-support system, biosphere tipping points can trigger abruptcarbonreleasebacktotheatmosphere. This can amplify climate change and reduce remaining emission budgets. Deforestation and climate change are destabilizingtheAmazon—theworld’slargest rainforest,whichishometooneintenknown species.EstimatesofwhereanAmazontipping pointcouldlierangefrom40%deforestation to just 20% forest-cover loss8 . About 17% has been lost since 1970. The rate of deforest- ation varies with changes in policy. Find- ing the tipping point requires models that include deforestation and climate change as interacting drivers, and that incorporate fire and climate feedbacks as interacting tipping mechanisms across scales. With the Arctic warming at least twice as quickly as the global average, the boreal forest in the subarctic is increasingly vulner- able. Already, warming has triggered large- scale insect disturbances and an increase “Theclearestemergency wouldbeifwewere approachingaglobal cascadeoftippingpoints.” FRANSLANTING/NAT.GEO.IMAGECOLLECTION Nature | Vol 575 | 28 November 2019 | 593 ning to irreversibly thaw and release carbon dioxideandmethane—agreenhousegasthat isaround30timesmorepotentthanCO2 over a 100-year period. Researchers need to improve their under- standing of these observed changes in major ecosystems, as well as where future tipping points might lie. Existing carbon stores and potential releases of CO2 and methane need better quantification. The world’s remaining emissions budget for a 50:50 chance of staying within 1.5 °C of warmingisonlyabout500 gigatonnes(Gt)of CO2.Permafrostemissionscouldtakeanesti- mated20%(100 Gt CO2)offthisbudget10 ,and that’s without including methane from deep permafrost or undersea hydrates. If forests are close to tipping points, Amazon dieback could release another 90 Gt CO2 and boreal forests a further 110 Gt CO2 (ref. 11). With global total CO2 emissions still at more than 40 Gt per year, the remaining budget could be all but erased already. Globalcascade In our view, the clearest emergency would be if we were approaching a global cascade of tipping points that led to a new, less habit- able, ‘hothouse’ climate state11 . Interactions clima of th from that e can in ers.S inter In obse is am warm ing a Atlan slowd ofthe latio salt t of th down West in Af AMO East upin erate Th such lion y andf 2001 2007 2013 2018 Year of IPCC report Globalmeansurfacetemperature(ºC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Global average temperature: ~1 ºC above pre-industrial levels Level of risk Very high High Moderate Low Undetectable TOOCLOSEFORCOMFORT Abrupt and irreversible changes in the climate system have become a higher risk at lower global average temperatures. 594 | Nature | Vol 575 | 28 November 2019 Researchers need more observational data toestablishwhethericesheetsarereachinga tippingpoint,andrequirebettermodelscon strained by past and present data to resolve how soon and how fast the ice sheets could collapse. Whatever those data show, action must be takentoslowsea-levelrise.Thiswillaidadapta tion,includingtheeventualresettlingoflarge low-lying population centres. A further key impetus to limit warming to 1.5 °C is that other tipping points could be triggeredatlowlevelsofglobalwarming.The “Theclearestemergency wouldbeifwewere approachingaglobal cascadeoftippingpoints.” m- t- e, he s). he at ss ly ’s s- on es an . en ne st ne er is te si- en ng and‘hothouse’climatestatesshouldincrease confidenceintheirabilitytoforecastthese. the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany. Owen Gaffney is a Tipping points Connectivity RAISINGTHEALARM Evidence that tipping points are under way has mounted in the past decade. Domino effects have also been proposed. Wilkes Basin, East Antarctica Ice loss accelerating Coral reefs Large-scale die-offs Permafrost Thawing Arctic sea ice Reduction in area Atlantic circulation In slowdown since 1950s West Antarctic ice sheet Ice loss accelerating Amazon rainforest Frequent droughts Boreal forest Fires and pests changing Greenland ice sheet Ice loss accelerating SOURCE:T.M.LENTONETAL.

FLOODED FUTURE: Global vulnerability to
sea level rise worse than previously understood October 29, 2019 Report by Climate Central Flooding in Jakarta, Indonesia, February 2017. Source: World Meteorological Organization / Flickr ARTICLE New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding Scott A. Kulp1* & Benjamin H. Strauss 1 Most estimates of global mean sea-level rise this century fall below 2 m. This quantity is comparable to the positive vertical bias of the principle digital elevation model (DEM) used to assess global and national population exposures to extreme coastal water levels, NASA’s SRTM. CoastalDEM is a new DEM utilizing neural networks to reduce SRTM error. Here we show – employing CoastalDEM—that 190 M people (150–250 M, 90% CI) currently occupy global land below projected high tide lines for 2100 under low carbon emissions, up from 110 M today, for a median increase of 80 M. These figures triple SRTM-based values. Under high emissions, CoastalDEM indicates up to 630 M people live on land below projected annual flood levels for 2100, and up to 340 M for mid-century, versus roughly 250 M at present. We estimate one billion people now occupy land less than 10 m above current high tide lines, including 250 M below 1 m. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z OPEN 1 Climate Central, Palmer Square #402, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA. *email: skulp@climatecentral.org NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019)10:4844 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 1234567890():,;

climate crisis is a water
crisis 2018 wildfires California typhoon Mangkhut Philipines floods Japan droughts Africa

understand

Blue planet? All Earth's water,
liquid fresh water, and water in lakes and rivers Spheres showing: (1) All water (sphere over western U.S., 860 miles in diameter) (2) Fresh liquid water in the ground, lakes, swamps, and rivers (sphere over Kentucky, 169.5 miles in diameter), and (3) Fresh-water lakes and rivers (sphere over Georgia, 34.9 miles in diameter). Credit: Howard Perlman, USGS; globe illustration by Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (©); Adam Nieman.

Rising temperatures Desertification Water consumption
2010 versus 2050 in km3 Source: Utrecht University, PBL 2050 2010 Electricity Industry Households IrrigationDeveloped countries Latin America and Caribbean North Africa, the Middle East and Russia Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia and East Asia Pacific 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 Agriculture uses the most water, by far, with a water use of more than 80%. In particular, in South and East Asia, agricultural production heavily depends on irrigation. Groundwater abstraction Groundwater depletion Agri- culture Industry and power plants Urbanisation HouseholdsShrinking lakes 300 million Rural population 2050 Arid Semi-arid Dry sub-humid Humid Dryland areas are the most vulnerable Drylands’ rural population and food production will especially be affected by changes in water availability, as a result of climate change. Source: PBL Abstraction for irrigation Challenges Climate change, which brings higher average temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, combined with increasing compe- tition for water resources, may result in substantial increases in the number of people living under severe water stress. Between now and 2050, global water consumption is expected to increase by 25%, due to the growing number of households, the growth in industrial produc- tion and agricultural expansion and intensification. Growing water demand and —in some regions— declining precipitation will increase the pressure on the available water resources, resulting in high levels of water stress in many regions. Areas with increasing water stress 2010–2050 Source: Utrecht University No to low water stress Increasing compe- tition for water Water stress may have a negative impact on agricultural production and eco- nomic development. Moderate water stress High water stress Severe water stress Water consumption is increasing, especially that of households and industries. Agriculture will remain the largest user, though. High levels of regional water stress may limit agricultural production. WATER STRESS BY 2050 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 3130 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

Source: CRED Ethiopia 2.5 million
China 16.5 million India 17.5 million Bangladesh 5 million China 67 million India 19 million Flooding events 1996–2015 Flooding events lead to casualties, result in temporary dis- placement out of the area and high economic losses affecting both indus- tries and households. Number of occurrences 100 Source: CRED People annually affected by drought 1996–2015 Droughts lead to water scarcity for people, severe agri- cultural production loss, local food shortages, and wildfires. Number of people affected, annually 10 million Source: CRED People annually affected by flooding 1996–2015 Flooding occurs all over the world, but the majority of the people affected live in Southeast Asia. Number of people affected, annually 35 million Drought occurrences 1996–2015 Droughts occur on all continents, but predominantly in the southern hemisphere. Number of occurrences 10 Source: CRED THE GEOGRAPHY OF DROUGHTS AND FLOODS The impact of too much waterThe impact of too little water 1716 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 1 SETTING THE SCENE THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

Global Population growth Young adults
population growth Urban population growth The Bangladesh Government expects to have 20 million migrants around 2050, if the worst-case sea level rise scenarios become a reality. Small islands in the Pacific Ocean are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. Moderate High Very high Potential levels of migration Hotspots of potential migration due to 1 metre sea level rise People living below sea level + 1 metre Drylands Rest of the worldGlobal population distributionStrong population growth and urbanisation in drylands The population growth rate in drylands exceeds the global rate. The dryland population is projected to grow from 2.7 billion today to over 4 billion by 2050, an increase of 40% to 50%. Source: PBL Potential levels of migration Dryland hotspots of potential migration associated with water stress Between 2000 and 2010, an estimated 40 million people migrated out of drylands, mostly in South America, Africa and Asia. Moderate High Very high No data A high likelihood of water stress, strong population growth with a large share of young adults, and low income per capita, can be associated with water-stress-related migration. By 2050, these factors may all affect migration in many Sub-Saharan dryland regions. Drylands African drylands Millions of people live in coastal areas within the reach of 1m sea level rise. Sea level rise, therefore, will eventually become a potential driver of migration in areas without the capacity to help people adapt. Hotspots of migration may be found especially in Southeast Asia, the Small Island Developing States and in Africa, based on projected coping capacity and number of people at risk. 2015 2050 36% 64% 59% 41% 33% 2% 76% 42% 9% 96% 83% 64% 168% Drylands compared to global averages Strong population growth, especially in combination with a large share of young adults, affects migration processes. This is projected to be particularly the case for the African drylands. Source: PBL Source: PBL Source: PBL Migration from rural areas to cities is among other variables associated with a lack of rural economic perspective, population growth and increased water stress. For 2050, water availability and soil quality are particularly expected to deteriorate in the drier and poorer areas of the world. HOTSPOTS OF MIGRATION THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 7776 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

Somali refugees wait outside a
UNHCR processing center at a refugee camp outside Dadaab, eastern Kenya, on Aug. 5, 2011. Climate change contributed to low rain levels in East Africa in 2011, making global warming one of the causes of Somalia's famine. Somali refugees displaced from their homes by floods cross a swollen river in Kenya

Challenges As urban areas expand,
trillions of dollars worth of infrastructure, industrial plants, office buildings and homes will be increasingly at risk of flooding. Latin America and Caribbean Annual economic damage in billion USD Annually exposed population, in millions North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia Developed countries South Asia and East Asia Pacific Sub- Saharan Africa 2010 2050 2050 contribution due to climate change Between now and 2050, the focal point of economic damage will shift to Asia. 9 1.4 2.0 35 8 2.1 2.9 30 9 1.4 1.7 93 19 28.1 43.3 215 4 5.7 15.1 33 Most of the people at risk live in developing countries, especially in the South Asia and East Asia Pacific regions. Their numbers will increase. Source: Deltares, IVM 1,450 million people at risk in developing countries 200 million people at risk in developed countries 2050 Source: PBL Risks for people are unequally distributed While the developed countries will face most of the economic damage, the majority of people at risk live in developing countries. 2010 2050 Millions of people are living in flood- prone areas Deltas Coastal zones Rivers Source: PBL 1,095 1,650 People living in flood-prone areas 2010–2050: The Business-as-usual scenario projects a 30% increase in the number of people potentially exposed to flooding and a threefold increase in economic damage. Many more people are potentially exposed to river flooding than to coastal flooding. Soil subsidence Slums in risky locations Growing economy Extreme precipitation Disappearing mangroves Sea level rise River flooding Storm surges and coastal flooding Flood risk increases mainly due to population and economic development Overall, more extreme precipitation will increase the risk of river flooding. Without additional flood protection and following the projected strong increase in economic value in flood-prone areas, the focal point of damage will shift to Asia. In 2010, around 1 billion people around the world were living in flood- prone areas, potentially exposed to either river or coastal flooding. This number is projected to increase to over 1.6 billion by 2050. STRONG INCREASE IN POTENTIAL FLOOD RISKS THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 4746 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

an urban world

Source: PBL Cities and population
density, 2050 Cities 2010 Cities 2050 Inhabitants (millions) 10 20 30 Population density (number of people per 30'' grid cell) 1–100 101–500 501–1,000 > 1,000 Source: PBL Kinshasa will grow from 7.8 million to 28.3 million inhabitants By 2050 Mumbai will be the biggest city (31.6 million) 0 2,0002,000 4,0004,000 6,000 Delta Coast Drylands Global UrbanRural Millions Strong population growth in urban areas In deltas and drylands the urban population will almost double 2050 2010 Change in urban and rural populations, per type of area, 2010–2050 Fast urban growth, more than doubling city sizes, occurs especially in the developing countries of East and South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. URBANISATION CHANGES GLOBAL VULNERABILITY In the urbanising world, cities will increasingly become centres of population growth and economic development. By 2050, 70% of the world population is projected to live in an urban environment, and the 600 major cities in the world are expected to provide 60% of global GDP. The global urban area is expected to expand by more than 70%, not only in riparian and coastal areas and in deltas, but also in water-stressed regions, such as drylands. By 2050, 70% of the global population will be living on 0.5% of the global land area. The challenge of inclusive urban development Today, about one billion people are living in urban slums. The rapidly growing urban population strongly increases the pressure on local resources, local environmen- tal conditions, food availability, labour opportunities, and public services. Reducing inequality, inse- curity and poverty in cities may be some of the major challenges, on the path towards 2050. Because of continued global urbanisation, water-related risks will increasingly be concentrated in cities. 2120 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 1 SETTING THE SCENE THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES Cities Flood Risk Hotspots

Rotterdam is #12 $ 82
B global flood losses coastal cities will tenfold in 2050 US$52 billion / year all losses global flood damage will cost US$1 trillion a year (OECD / WB)

Flood-prone urban population, in millions
Flood-prone rural population, in millions Deltas Coastal zones Deltas Coastal zones 2050 1,175305170 Most people potentially exposed to flooding live in cities along rivers. Source: PBL Built-up and flood-prone areas in Mumbai From 1990 to 2014, the built-up area of Mumbai expanded by 26%, with a relatively large share of the expansion in flood- prone areas. This trend is projected to continue towards 2050, by which time around 60% of Mumbai will be located in flood-prone areas. If sea levels would rise by one metre, the flood- prone area would become even larger and the num- ber of people potentially exposed would increase further. 2010 114 182 799 Rivers Rivers 0 100% Safe up to 1990 Built-up area in km2 Flood-prone built-up area in km2 Safe 1990–2014 Safe 2014–2050 Safe 2014–2050 Flood-prone built-up area in case of 1m sea level rise Source: JRC, PBL Water Built-up, up to 2014 Flood-prone area, 2050 2014–2050 Water 0 10 km Global population growth will concentrate in cities Globally, the population is increasingly concentrated in cities, most of which are located near rivers or the coast. This trend is projected to continue, between now and 2050. How flood risks and protection of formal and informal settlements will develop, depends on future flood-risk strategies. Informal settlements are the most exposed In many cities, especially in developing countries, the inhabitants of infor- mal settlements make up more than 50% of the urban population. Water- and climate-related disasters disproportion- ately affect people living in informal settlements. The number of people in flood-prone areas in the developing world is expanding rapidly. Without attention, flood protection inequality between urban formal and informal settlements will increase. Formal settlement Built on landfill Informal settlement Built directly on the riverbed RiverbedLandfill UNEQUAL FLOOD RISKS WITHIN CITIES THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 5150 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

Unsafe for human health Sewage
pipes not separated from storm drains Safe for human health Threat to aquaculture, tourism, fishery and industry No water treatment Water pollution Sewage discharges to surface water Groundwater pollution Unsafe for riverine ecosystems and for human use Local farmland Access to clean drinking water Access to basic sanitation Present situation, safe drinking water and basic sanitation Percentage of population Developed countries Latin America and the Caribbean North Africa, the Middle East and Russia Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia and East Asia Pacific Average number of deaths per year, 1980–2015 x 1,000 0 20 40 60 80 100% Source: CRED, WHO Source: WHO, Unicef 75Conflicts 63Natural disasters 780Unsafe water Challenges A century ago, the dominant flow for nutrients was their reuse in agriculture. Today, nutrients mostly end up in surface water. The increase in nutrient emissions may lead to algal blooms and deoxygenation, affecting the ecological quality as well as economic activities in these waters, such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. Lack of access to clean drinking water and lack of sanitation are two of the major causes of human illness and mortality. In combin- ation, their impact leads to almost 800,000 human deaths, annually, in low- and middle-income countries. This is far more than the number of annual casualties from flooding, drought, or violent conflict. One in eight people in the world have no access to clean drinking water and almost one in three lack basic sanitation facilities Although access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities has improved over the last decades, large differences remain between world regions. For instance, although since 1990, 2.6 billion people have gained access to clean drinking water, today 660 million people are still without, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, at least 1.8 billion people around the world use a drinking water source that is faecally contaminated. Improving sanitation in Asian and African countries is one of the major challenges, for the coming decades. In Africa, diseases such as diarrhoea are mainly caused by contaminated drinking water and poor sanitation, and are responsible for over 10% of infant mortality, which is 25times higher than in developed countries. Although major improvements have been made, globally, one in eight people still lack access to clean drinking water, and one in three lack adequate sanitation facilities. DIRTY WATER: A THREAT TO HUMAN HEALTH THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 3938 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES

Agricultural production in million tonnes
dry matter per year Agricultural production 2010 Food and feed crops 3 Mt Grass and fodder 3 Mt Wood 1 Mt Energy crops 0 Mt Agricultural production 2050 Food and feed crops 5 Mt Grass and fodder 3 Mt Wood 2 Mt Energy crops 2 Mt Source: PBL Groundwater abstraction Abstraction for irrigation Gap in crop yields 0–20% 20–40% >40% Source: Wageningen University & Research Gap in crop yields rainfed agriculture, by 2050 Water shortages cause large yield gaps in many areas around the world. Improved water management may increase crop yields in rainfed agriculture, by 40% to over 60%. Gap in crop yields 0–20% 20–40% >40% Source: Wageningen University & Research Gap in crop yields irrigated agriculture, by 2050 Improved water management may also increase crop yields in irrigated agriculture. Under the Business-as-usual scenario, total agricultural production is expected to increase by 70%, mainly due to more food and feed production and more energy crop production. These increases are projected to be about 10% lower than they would have been without climate change. This is mostly due to water shortages and too high temperatures. Especially the agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions are projected to be affected. Twenty percent of the global agricultural area is irrigated, which represents 40% of the total in agricultural production. The remaining area (80%) fully depends on precipitation. Water is a prerequisite for crop production. Water shortages directly lead to reduced crop production. In water-stressed areas, agricul- tural production levels can be increased by improving water management and increasing water efficiency (‘more crop per drop’). Without improved water management, rainfed and irrigated agriculture are expected to experience substantial yield gaps by 2050. LOW CROP YIELDS REQUIRE WATER MANAGEMENT THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 3332

Potential in PWh (per region)
0 0.25 0.75 0.50 1.00 Planned dams (capacity in MW) 10,000 Technical potential Economic potential Ecological potential Source: PBL Additional hydropower potential (PWh) by 2050, compared with 2010 Planned hydropower increase is especially large in the Amazon river basin, the Congo river basin, the Yangtze basin and the Himalayan river basins. Ecological requirements would substantially lower hydropower potential, in many places around the world. This is especially the case for the river systems of high ecological quality of the Amazon and Congo, where hydropower potential would be close to zero if ecological quality is to be pre- served. If all economic potential would be utilised, an estimated 8 million people could be at risk of displacement. In addition to the current 8600 larger dams, primarily designed for hydropower, 3700 new dams are planned, each with more than 1 MW capacity, over 500 of which are already under construction. PLANS FOR 3700 NEW DAMS THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 5958

Level of loss in 2010
Decline in freshwater ecosystems with high biodiversity levels (in 1000 km2) Nutrient loading to coastal seas, 2050 Absolute, x 1000 kg N Nutrient loading, 2050 Relative No outflow areasHigh Low Loss by 2050 Remaining in 2050 Canada United States, Mexico Europe Central and South America North Africa, Central Asia Russia Sub- Saharan Africa South and East Asia 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2 ,000,000 In the coming decades, most losses are expected to occur in the tropical and sub- tropical zones in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin and Central America and South and East Asia. Catchment1,000,000 Quality of coastal seas threatened by increased nutrient loading The increase in nutrient emissions, towards 2050, will also result in an increase in nutrient loading to coastal waters, especially in the Asian region. This will increase the risk of toxic algal blooms and oxygen depletion in those waters, and will negatively affect biodiversity (e.g. coral reefs) and ecosystem functions, such as aqua- culture and fisheries. Projected quality of freshwater ecosystems, 2050 In the sparsely populated northern regions, the quality of freshwater ecosystems will be least affected. Source: PBL Level of original freshwater biodiversity (%) Low (0–20) (20–40) (40–60) (60–80) High (80–100) No data Under the Business-as-usual scenario, developments will result in further biodiversity loss in nearly 40% of the world’s freshwater ecosystems. Decrease in freshwater ecosystems with high levels of biodiversity Tropical regions include the most biodiverse river basins. High- quality ecosystems in these regions, however, are already severely affected and will further decline in quality, between now and 2050. The strongest decline in quality is projected for Sub- Saharan Africa and parts of Latin America and Asia. In developed regions, such as Europe, the United States and Japan/Oceania, most of the decline in quality has already occurred. Overall, natural biodiversity will be preserved in less than 60% of the world’s aquatic ecosystems, under the Business-as-usual scenario. Japan, Oceania World x 10 Source: PBL Source: PBL FURTHER BIODIVERSITY LOSS TOWARDS 2050 THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUTURE WATER CHALLENGES 2 MAPPING HOTSPOTS 6968

We are the turning point
Storm Intensity Temperature Rise Sea Level Rise Urban Growth 210020501900 1950 20001850 We are here

Bridge the gap

What comes next is the
massive task to undo these failing actions, mitigate their origins, adapt for their impacts and rethink the future and our responsibilities.

business as usual is not
enough lethal

Storm Intensity Temperature Rise Sea
Level Rise Urban Growth PRO-ACTIVE From pre-crisis to comprehensive solutions RE-ACTIVE From crisis to temporary solutions NON-RESPONSIVE From crisis to crisis Crisis Temporary Solution Comprehensive Solution 210020501900 1950 20001850 We are here

UNDERSTAND WATER Commit to making
evidence-based decisions about water, and cooperate to strengthen water data, such as through the HLPW World Water Data Initiative. VALUE WATER Use the HLPW Principles on Valuing Water to sustainably, efficiently, and inclusively allocate and manage water resources and deliver and price water services accordingly. MANAGE WATER Implement integrated approaches to water management at local, national, and transboundary levels, strengthen water governance, and ensure gender equality and social inclusion. FOUNDATIONS FOR ACTION s Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Goals related to water No poverty Zero hunger Good health and well-being Quality education Gender equality Clean water and sanitation Affordable and clean energy Decent work and economic growthIndustry, innovation and infrastructure Reduced inequalities Sustainable cities and communities Responsible consumption and production Climate action Life below water Life on land Partnerships for the goals Peace, justice and strong institutions Group 1 targets: New Urban Agenda Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable affecting water quality and biodiver- human health and well-being, clean n, food production, sustainable cities nd the quality of ecosystems, water is y also linked to many of the Sustain- oals (SDGs). Improving the protection d disasters is also covered under ork for Disaster Risk Reduction. The specifically concerns the sustainable es and encompasses the water-related art of the SDGs and the Sendai Water as Leverage

double challenge
parallel paths

2018 Sustainable Development Goal 6
Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2018SustainableDevelopmentGoal6SynthesisReportonWaterandSanitation The world is not on track to reach Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) on Water and Sanitation by the deadline set for 2030. Today, billions of people lack safe water, sanitation and handwashing facilities.Ecosystemsandwatersourcesarebecomingmorepolluted, and funding for water and sanitation services is inadequate. In addition, governance and delivery systems are weak and fragmented. UN-Water’s Sustainable Development Goal 6 Synthesis Report 2018 on Water and Sanitation builds on the latest data available for the 11 SDG 6 global indicators. Representing a joint position from the United Nations family, the report offers guidance to understanding global progress on SDG 6 and its interdependencies with other goals and targets. It also provides insight into how countries can plan and act to ensure that no one is left behind when implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. ISBN 978-92-1-101370-2 Cover_SR_2018_june_ok.indd 1 26/6/18 11:37 The time to act on SDG6 is now. The world is not on track to achieve the global SDG 6 targets by 2030 at the current rate of progress. UN Water Synthesis report, July 2018 the bulk is necessary: gaps for the Agenda2030

we need transformative capacity, upwards
tipping points for sustainable development leapfrog our way out, incremental change is not enough A BLUE NEW DEAL

incremental change is critical important
for cultural change

delay
system’s change
catalytic action

technical solutions climate change SDGs
time Survival delaycrisis

change time Systems change technical
solutions climate change SDGs delaycrisis

scale innovative approach: inclusive, collaborative,
holistic, catalytic SDGs time catalyst / leverage change bend the trend Catalytic action climate change

BLUE MARBLE Dec 7 1972,
Apollo 17 A SYSTEMS APPROACH

long term & comprehensive short
term & innovative programmatic approach & institutional capacity ppp funding & accountability inclusive collaboration research & planning & design understand & value & manage

POLITICAL aspirational & inspirational CAPACITY
TO CONNECT scale time interests SOLUTION ORIENTED innovative, catalytic pragmatic DESIGN, PLANNING AND INNOVATION opportunity urgency responsibility

enabling environment

We aspire that, by 2063,
Africa shall be a prosperous continent with the means and resources to drive its own development, and where African people have a high standard of living and quality of life, sound health and well-being; Well educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by science, technology and innovation for a knowledge society; Cities and other settlements are hubs of cultural and economic activities, with modernized infrastructure, and people have access to all the basic necessities of life including shelter, water, sanitation, energy, public transport and ICT; Economies are structurally transformed to create shared growth, decent jobs and economic opportunities for all… (Agenda 2063 - The Africa We Want) implementation enabling environment / capacity PEOPLE PROJECTS > Collaboration > Consistency > Capacity building > Commitment > Cross-cutting Invest in the process - we need millions to spend the billions (right)…

LOW PERFORMANCELIMITED OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES TIME
CONCEPT PHASE IMPLEMENTATION PHASE MAXIMIZED OPPORTUNITIES HIGH PERFORMANCE Invest in the process - we need millions to spend the billions (right)… Opportunity-Performance Curve. The economic production possibility curve (PPC) shows possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with constant resources & technology, resulting in less production of it. Similar dynamics take place in development: it is important to keep opportunities open as long as possible. Delaying decisions too long can have a negative impact on the project if not managed right and recent studies show that the proper management of these options & opportunities has a clear positive impact on the value of the project’s performance. Investing more intensively in the concept phase and using that knowledge to actively engage in decision-making, guarantees a more extensive performance rate during implementation.

© Cynthia van Elk |
Water As Leverage Invest in the people - we need to change the billions…

enabling environment
&
institutional capacity

The Netherlands - culture of
living with water Trade, negotiations and crafts, stubbornness, luck and faith. Managing risks and uncertainties. The Netherlands is made out of water Below sea level: 26% Liable to flooding: 59% Above sea level: 29% Outside the dykes: 3% Meuse outside the dykes: 1% County of Holland, 16th Century Woodcut by Sebastian Münster

Dijkenatlas - LOLA / NAI010
1122 - the first collabora:on started in the Utrecht area, where 20 communi:es worked together on the local embankment

“Water governance in the Netherlands
has an excellent track record in several areas, and its management is a multi- level public responsibility” “A global reference for water management” “A robust and adjustable institutional and policy framework” - flood defense - water quantity - drainage - water quality - waste water treatment - drinking water supply WATER GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS: FIT FOR THE FUTURE? © OECD 2014 (Article 3.9, Water Act) and the canal dykes of the regional water authorities, while this responsibility is now carried out by the central government. Third, muskrat and coypus7 control have recently been transferred to regional water authorities. Figure 1.4. Institutional mapping for flood defence ADVISORY GROUPS Regional water authorities (24) [Most of the primary and all secondary flood defence] National Water Authority [Small part of primary flood defence] EU (Flood Directive] Provinces (12) IPO Municipalities (408) VNG UvW Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment PBL KNMI Advisory Committee on Water Research centres and think tanks Nature and environmental NGOs International Water Commissions [Rhine , Scheldt, Meuse, Ems] Management of flood defence structures (dikes, dunes, muskrats and coypus control) Regulation (safety standards) Financing of flood defence structures Data gathering and sharing OTHER ACTORS MAIN ACTORS INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB Supervision of flood defence structures Strategic planning and advice EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers WATER GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS: FIT FOR THE FUTURE? © OECD 2014 shortage in freshwater supply (see Chapter 2). Depending on geographical areas, these can be temporary or permanent and have different origins: aridness, changes in groundwater flows, or different chemical composition of groundwater. Managing the quantity of surface water and groundwater, and achieving and maintaining certain water levels is also a shared responsibility across levels of government. Figure 1.5. Institutional mapping for water quantity management Regarding surface water, the state manages the so-called “main water management system” (the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel), the Wadden Sea, the river deltas, the major rivers and a number of large canals), while the regional water authorities manage the regional water system (Figure 1.5). The precise boundaries of the main water management system and the regional water systems are contained in maps included in the annex of existing water laws and regulations. The latest developments relate to groundwater management. In the Water Act, this area falls under the responsibility of the regional water authorities, with some specific duties allocated to the provinces and municipalities. For example, the provinces levy the ADVISORY GROUPS Provinces (12) [groundwater] Municipalities (408) [Urban groundwater] PBL KNMI National Water Authority [Main water system*] Regional water authorities (24) [Regional water systems and groundwater] Operational management for water systems Operational management for inland waterways Regulation (quantitative status and threshold values) Strategic planning and advice (groundwater quality policy, spatial functions) *The main water systems include the main rivers, Lake Ijssel, the Wadden Sea and the North Sea. EU [Water Directives] INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS IPO VNG UvWMAIN ACTORS Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment OTHER ACTORS Delta Commissioner Advisory Committee on Water Research centres and think tanks International Water Commissions [Rhine , Scheldt, Meuse] Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure Nature and environmental NGOs Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB Financing (general taxes, groundwater tax) Data gathering and sharing on ecological status (quantitative) EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers 38 – 1. INTERLOCKING WATER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS WATER GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS: FIT FOR THE FUTURE? © OECD 2014 groundwater tax and issue licenses for three types of groundwater abstraction. Municipalities are responsible for the groundwater level in urban areas to preclude or limit, as far as possible, any structurally adverse influence on the water level (too high or too low). A unique function carried out by the regional water authorities consists in “keeping the territory dry”. This function is at the heart of the Dutch physical “polder – reclaimed land – approach”. The Dutch word polder refers to areas of ground that are lower than the surrounding waters where the water level is artificially regulated. In a broad sense, it may refer to all areas that have been reclaimed from the water. The Netherlands has 3 891 polders, and half of the total polder surface area in Europe is on Dutch soil.8 Intensive and systematic drainage has been critical to protect the Dutch population and economy in reclaimed areas. Such a function is separate but inherently linked to the existential risk of flooding of low-lying areas that the Netherlands faces. Regional water authorities are responsible for this backbone function of maintaining the watercourses, monitoring water levels and pumping to maintain the required level (Figure 1.6). Through this function, they also create the “natural infrastructure” for urban development, economic growth and recreation, effectively enabling, implementing and operating the communities’ spatial and land-use decisions. Figure 1.6. Institutional mapping for drainage ADVISORY GROUPS Regional water authorities (24) EU (Water Directives] Provinces (12) IPO Municipalities (408) [urban stormwater and groundwater] VNG UvW Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment PBL KNMI Advisory Committee on Water Research centres and think tanks Nature and environmental NGOs Creation and management of drainage infrastructures Regulation (spatial and land use) Data gathering and sharing OTHER ACTORS MAIN ACTORS INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB Implementation of spatial plans Strategic spatial planning and advice (Spatial Planning Act; Water Act; national, regional and local spatial plans; zoning plans) Construction and housing associations EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers 1. INTERLOCKING WATER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS – 39 WATER GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS: FIT FOR THE FUTURE? © OECD 2014 Water quality management The protection and improvement of water quality falls under the state (main water management system) and the regional water authorities (regional waters).9 The national government formally co-ordinates and facilitates the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, and is responsible for national policy (e.g. setting national standards) (Figure 1.7). Regional water authorities are responsible for operational management, including planning, licensing discharges, enforcement and evaluation. They also oversee urban wastewater treatment. Responsibility for groundwater quality is linked to broader soil protection policy, the implementation of which belongs to municipalities and provinces. Figure 1.7. Institutional mapping for water quality management Sewerage and wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment has become a major component of regional water authorities’ tasks and revenues in recent decades. They currently manage about 350 wastewater treatment plants for the treatment of urban wastewater coming from households and businesses (van Rijswick and Havekes, 2012). They can contract out services (e.g. operation and maintenance tasks) to the private sector. In one specific case, a wastewater treatment plant has been based upon a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) contract. To carry out these responsibilities, regional water authorities charge a wastewater treatment fee, and both regional water authorities and the state charge a pollution tax for direct discharges into surface water. INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS ADVISORY GROUPS National Water Authority [Main water system*] EU [Water Directives] Provinces (12) [groundwater] IPO VNG Regional water authorities (24) [Regional water systems] UvW Municipalities (408) [groundwater] PBL KNMI Delta Commissioner Operational management for water systems (licencing discharge, enforcement, monitoring, evaluation) Regulation (quality standards and emission-based measures) Data gathering and sharing on ecological status of water (qualitative) *The main water systems include the main rivers, Lake Ijssel, the Wadden Sea and the North Sea. Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment MAIN ACTORS Advisory Committee on Water Research centres and think tanks International Water Commissions [Rhine , Scheldt, Meuse, Ems] Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure Nature and environmental NGOs Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB Strategic planning and advice (groundwater quality policy, spatial functions) Financing (general taxes, pollution tax, regional water authority tax) VEWIN EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers 40 – 1. INTERLOCKING WATER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS WATER GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS: FIT FOR THE FUTURE? © OECD 2014 Responsibility for sewerage is entrusted to the 408 municipalities in the Netherlands, by the Environmental Management Act, compelling them to draw up a sewerage plan, the preparation of which must involve regional water authorities (Figure 1.8). The same regulation obliges each municipality to ensure that wastewater discharged from premises situated within its territory is collected in a public sewer and transported to the wastewater treatment plant. The municipality can cover the costs incurred by means of a sewerage tax. This municipal responsibility is closely linked to the regional water authorities’ duties associated with water quality and wastewater treatment as the public sewer is connected to regional water authorities’ wastewater treatment plant (the so-called wastewater cycle). Figure 1.8. Institutional mapping for sewerage and wastewater treatment Recently, targets for wastewater treatment have been increasingly influenced by the river basin management plans developed under the EU Water Framework Directive, instead of independent national and provincial policies. The 2011 Administrative Agreement on Water Affairs includes options for a more cost-effective organisation of wastewater treatment, ranging from further co-operation between municipalities and regional water authorities in the collection, transport and treatment of wastewater, to joint collection of taxes. Regional water authorities and municipalities have self-regulated benchmarking for sewage collection and wastewater treatment. ADVISORY GROUPS EU [Water Directives] Provinces (12) Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Advisory Committee on Water Research centres and think tanks Regional water authorities (24) Municipalities (408) Collection and transport of sewerage water Treatment of wastewater (350 wastewater treatment plants) Regulation – requirements for urban wastewater discharge Financing (regional water authorities’ tax, municipal sewerage tax) Strategic planning (sewerage plans) INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS IPO VNG UvW MAIN ACTORS OTHER ACTORS Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure Nature and environmental NGOs Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB Benchmarking – monitoring – performance evaluation Data gathering and sharing EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers 1. INTERLOCKING WATER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS – 41 Drinking water supply The Drinking Water Act sets up the organisation of the drinking water supply in the Netherlands and entrusts government bodies with the responsibility to ensure the sustainable security of the public drinking water supply (Figure 1.9), with the central government playing a central role. The responsibility for supplying drinking water is entrusted to ten drinking water companies (previously more than 200). These are semi-public bodies operating under private law with their shares owned by the provinces and municipalities. Therefore, rather than levy a “tax” they charge a “price” for the drinking water they supply to households and firms. In 2004, parliament banned private sector provision from water supply, but in practice, drinking water companies contract out many services (e.g. customer relations and repairs) to the private sector. Figure 1.9. Institutional mapping for drinking water supply Linkages across water management functions and beyond Interdependencies Water management functions are intrinsically interlinked and mutually dependent and EU [Water Directives] ADVISORY GROUPS Provinces (12) Municipalities (408) Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Research centres and think tanks Drinking water companies (10) Vewin National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Production and distribution (treatment, supply, maintenance, financing and compliance with quality standards) Protection and financing of drinking water resources (tariffs for households and firms) Regulation – drinking water standards Shareholders of drinking water companies Strategic planning and advice (supply plans, policy documents) Benchmarking – monitoring – performance evaluation National Water Authority INTEREST AND INFLUENTIAL GROUPS IPO VNG Advisory Committee on Water Advisory Committee on Legal Water and Public Work Affairs Council for the Environment and Infrastructure UvW Nature and environmental NGOs Agricultural organisations Consumers organisations VNO-NCW MKB MAIN ACTORS OTHER ACTORS Regional water authorities (24) Data gathering and sharing EU European Union MKB Organisation of Entrepreneurs VNG Association of Netherlands Municipalities IPO Association of Dutch Provinces PBL Environmental AssessmentAgency Vewin Association of Dutch Water Companies KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute UvW Association of Regional Water Authorities VNO-NCW Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers Watergovernance in the Netherlands is culture

Overview of OECD Principles on
Water Governance The OECD Principles on Water Governance are expected to contribute to improving the “Water Governance Cycle” from policy design to implementation. TRUST & ENGAGEMENT Clear roles & responsibilities Capacity Policy coherence Appropriate scales within basin systems Regulatory Frameworks Data & information Financing Innovative governance Trade-offs across users, rural and urban areas, and generations Integrity & Transparency Monitoring & Evaluation Stakeholder engagement WATER GOVERNANCE The OECD Principles on Water Governance are expected to contribute to improving the “ Governance Cycle” from policy design to implementation. The Water Governance Cycle Source: Forthcoming, OECD Working Paper, 2015, Water Governance Indicators Trade-offs across users, rural and urban areas, and generations Stakeholder engagement WATER GOVERNANCE Formulation of policies and strategies Implementation Monitoring Evaluation From good water governance To better water governance Bridging the gap Assessing the gaps Indicators Actions Principles New instruments or improvements Watergovernance - OECD

two principles : SAFETY and
QUALITY

DUTCH DELTA APPROACH

global
COALITIONS

Verenigde Staten New York: advies
over resilience en klimaat, samenwerking met Rockefeller Foundation. Verenigde Staten Boston: samenwerking voor klimaatadaptatie. Verenigde Staten Miami: samenwerking helpen opzetten in de regio, ook met Nederlandse waterbedrijven en universiteiten. Verenigd Koninkrijk Adviseur parlementaire commissie na overstromin- gen 2015 voor integrale wateraanpak. Argentinië Samenwerking gericht op de waterveiligheid (klimaat) in de Parana Delta. CanadaAdviseur resilience Adviseur resilience voor Toronto Waterfront en economische diplomatie voor de Nederlandse watersector. Verenigde StatenAdviseur Betrokken bij Great Lakes Initiative voor rights on nature. Verenigde StatenAdviseur San Francisco: initiator en jurylid Bay Area Resilient by Design Challenge. Verenigde StatenAdviseur Los Angeles: samenwerking met Frank Gehry voor LA River Project. Mexico Samenwerking met de regering voor resilient cities en het mede opzetten van een plan voor kustveilig- heid met pilot in Cancun. Panama Samenwerking met de locoburgemeester van Panama City op het gebied van disaster response, water, klimaat en stedelijke ontwikkeling. Peru Adviseur van de regering bij aanpak overstromingen en reconstruction by change, economische diplomatie met Nederlandse water- bedrijven. Chili Adviseur van de regering over water governance, kennisuitwisseling en vergroten waterbewustzijn, economische diplomatie met o.a. Deltares. Verenigde StatenAdviseur New Orleans: samen- werking voor resilience en waterveiligheid. Colombia Adviseur van de burgemeester van Bogota over water, klimaat en stad. Zuid-Afrika Adviseur van de minister over waterbeleid, met o.a. Unie van Waterschappen, economische diplomatie met Nederlandse bedrijven in waterdata. Zuid-Afrika Adviseur Kaapstad voor stedelijke ontwikkeling en water/klimaat. Mozambique Stedelijke ontwikkeling, masterplanning, klimaat en water, economische diplomatie met Nederlandse bedrijven in haven- ontwikkeling. Myanmar Adviseur van de regering en Yangon over water, klimaat en verstedelijking, Delta aanpak met andere internationale partijen. Singapore Samenwerking op het gebied van water, fellow van Center for Liveable Cities, economische diplomatie Nederlandse watersector. Australië Internationale samenwer- king en hulp bij opzetten trilaterale samenwerking in Zuidoost-Azië op het gebied van water. Vietnam Adviseur van de regering over Mekong Deltaplan. Japan Hulp bij opzetten van samenwerking in Zuidoost-Azië op het gebied van water. India Adviseur van de stad Chennai na overstromin- gen, met o.a. Rockefeller Foundation, Word Bank, ADB, Deltares en Arcadis. Egypte Samenwerking op het gebied van water, klimaat en waterveiligheid Middellandse Zeekust. Bangladesh Adviseur van de regering over Bangladesh Delta Plan. De waterdreigingsmeter laat zien welke regio’s kwetsbaar zijn voor watergerelateerde rampen zoals droogte of overstromingen. De meter is samengesteld op basis van de Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas. hoog risico laag risico Natuurrampen in 2016 Landen met, soms ook gewelddadige, politieke conflicten die met water te maken hebben. Waterdreigingsmeter Klimaatgerelateerde rampen extreme temperaturen, droogte, natuurbranden Hydrologische rampen Overstromingen, aard- verschuivingen Meteorologische rampen Tropische stormen, tornado’s en andere extreme stormen Politieke conflicten

POLICY PERSPECTIVES OECD ENVIRONMENT POLICY
PAPER NO. 11 Financing water Investing in sustainable growth THE ROUNDTABLE ON FINANCING WATER. 15 1 Estimating investment needs Estimating capacity to finance Typology of investments in water security Typology of financ ers 2 3 Mapping and estimating n n in o Analysing po i i t t ff t investment o P o otin p t ys and pp o t t f i it t investment 3 pillars for action B ended finance Approaches to valuing the benefits o ater invest ents Long-term strategic planning to facilitate investment Policies that help or hinder invest ent flo s Policies that spur innovation The role of information in stimulating demand for investment oun t on in n in ater

Delta Coalition - launched at
UNISDR Sendai DRR Conference March 2015 The Netherlands, Japan, Colombia, Philippines, Vietnam, Bangladesh, France, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, Myanmar, Mozambique, Argentina, …

An Agenda forWater Action Making
Every Drop Count

ADAPT NOW: A GLOBAL CALL
FOR LEADERSHIP ON CLIMATE RESILIENCE #AdaptOurWorld

Image UN
Water Action Track

© Alex MacLean © Fred
Boltz © Fred Boltz © Fred Boltz© Nature Sustaining an Earth system suitable for humanity to thrive Build the resilience of human systems – agriculture, energy, cities, economies

Preparedness Resilient basins Resilient cities

Then City(state)Inclusive Network PragmaticidealismDistributionCooperationSharing Tra
Now NationExclusive Hub PaternalisticidealismConcentrationCorporationShareholdersInvestment Windowona http Changing the world starts with key projects, with people and places with transformative capacity

Dutch River Region 4 million
Rural Just above EUR 2.3 billion Extremely high water levels. That is the greatest challenge the river region in the Netherlands faces today. In 1993 and 1995, water levels in the Netherlands reached a critical level, weakening the dikes to the point of collapse. A quarter of a million inhabitants had to be evacuated, along with one million cattle. As heavy rainfall is becoming more common – and will become even more so in the future – the Dutch government is continually working on ensuring the safety of the river regions through programmes such as Room for the River. Reinforcing dikes is not an adequate solution. In order to drain excess water into the sea, measures must also include widening and deepening rivers. At more than 30 locations, the Room for the River Programme allows rivers more space, for example by moving dikes, digging secondary channels and deepening flood plains. The Room for the River Programme uses a globally innovative approach to protect areas against river flooding. Giving the river more room not only protects the river regions from floods but also improves the overall quality of the area, with new nature and recreational areas as an added bonus. In short, an integrated approach improves both safety and spatial quality. Multiple Dutch partners including central government, and local provinces, municipalities and water boards, companies and NGOs are implementing the Room for the River Programme. This close cooperation between national and regional governments ensures support and reduces the risk of delays. Room for the River is a pilot programme for the Dutch Delta Programme, which is designed to prepare the Netherlands for extreme natural events. The main objective of this programme is to make water safety and freshwater supplies sustainable and predictable by 2050. The Dutch Delta approach is based on five Ds: Delta Act, Delta Fund, Delta Commissioner, Delta Decisions and Delta Programme. The so-called Delta Decisions, for example guide the concrete approach to the Rhine- Meuse delta with regard to water storage and drainage, and the need for new dams or dikes. www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english THE NETHERLANDS ROOM FOR THE RIVER Integrated approach governance and cooperatIon wIth stakeholders 12

Bangladesh Delta 155 million Rural,
with several rapidly urbanising cities Just above EUR 7.65 million Bangladesh, encompassing the Ganges-Brahmaputra- Meghna river systems, can in many respects be considered one of the most dynamic deltas in the world. Huge amounts of water and sediment often exceed the carrying capacity of Bangladesh’ rivers. Cyclones and coastal floods, intensified by climate change effects, and a range of socio-economic trends, pose additional challenges. The Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP2100) attempts to address these issues by developing a long term, holistic delta vision and adaptive strategy. Amongst socio-economic trends are a rapidly increasing population and a growing demand for food. The already high pressure on available land adds to the complexity of water-related problems in the Bangladesh Delta, which all need to be addressed in order to support sustainable living conditions and continued economic growth. The Bangladesh Delta Plan aims to deliver an umbrella development vision, strategy and implementation plan that can act as a frame of reference for new governmental policy, thereby supporting the integration of existing sectoral development plans. At the same time it aims to provide anchorage for numerous on-going projects and no-regret measures to delta challenges in the short term. A range of stakeholders is involved in an interactive manner, ensuring the necessary institutional support for the development and implementation of the programme. BDP2100 links with the Five Year investment plans, which are coordinated by the Government of Bangladesh. Importantly, the Bangladesh Delta Plan will build on insights from the Dutch Delta Programme and the Mekong Delta Plan. www.bandudeltas.org BANGLADESH INTEGRATED DELTA PLANNING long-term approach vs. short-term measures cooperatIon wIth other government levels and stakeholders Integrated approach 13

Nile Delta 10 million Urban
and rural Just above EUR 2.4 million The Nile delta is heavily populated, with up to 1,600 inhabitants per square kilometre. The Nile delta coastal zone encompasses more than 40% of Egypt’s industries and hosts vital centres for tourism, agriculture and fish farms. By the year 2075, a coastal area of about 500 km2 will be vulnerable to flooding. The sandy barrier, separating the inland lakes from the sea, is very narrow and low lying, presently subject to strong erosion. A UNDP report on climate change impacts estimates that hundreds of billions of Egyptian pounds, about 2 to 6% of future gross domestic product, could be lost from effects of climate change on water resources, agriculture, coastal resources and tourism. Thousands could die from air pollution and heat stress. Millions could lose jobs in agriculture as the result of climate change. In a middle scenario of sea-level rise, about 40 km2 of agricultural land will be lost by the year 2060. The Egyptian-Dutch High Level Water Panel, established 38 years ago, addresses these very urgent coastal zone challenges. Dialogues, knowledge exchange sessions and preparatory studies led to a public procurement for the development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management strategy (ICZM) and a shoreline management plan for the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast from the Libyan border to the Gaza border. It should recognise, incorporate and address the concerns of all stakeholders through a well-defined and structured participatory approach. Next to the tremendous natural challenges there are also a number of institutional and legal challenges. The institutional framework for addressing responsibilities in Egypt is complex and sometimes unclear. Cooperation among agencies is limited. The ICZM strategy must incorporate all required legislative and institutional changes that would facilitate the adoption, buy- in, and seamless development and implementation. The project, with a total budget of EUR 2.4 million, will be funded by Europeaid and should start by the end of 2014 and be finished within 30 months. EGYPT NILE DELTA NEEDS A SHORELINE MASTER fInance and ImplementatIon Integrated approach legIslatIon and depolItIsatIon governance and cooperatIon wIth stakeholders 15

Ayeyarwady Delta 6.6 million +3
m Rural The Ayeyarwady Delta in Myanmar is extremely fertile. The area, which is plagued by floods, salinity and erosion, can play an important role in the economic development of this Southeast Asian country. The first step is to assess the vulnerabilities and, in particular, the resilience of the delta. At about three metres above sea level, the delta’s sediment plays a dominant role in the large-scale cultivation of rice. The delta region is densely populated and is dotted with fishing communities in villages and market towns, mostly located along the rivers and streams. That is why the destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in May 2008 was so catastrophic, causing nearly 140 thousand casualties and severe economic damage. Myanmar has asked the Netherlands to take the lead in drawing up an adaptive, integrated water management plan for both the delta and the rest of the country to cope with Myanmar’s expected huge economic growth and increasing pressure on water resources as a result of this. Delta Alliance Partners Deltares and Alterra are conducting a Vulnerability and Resilience Assessment Ayeyarwady Delta study, which is financed by the Global Water Partnership (GWP) and Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME). The Ayeyarwady Delta is currently still, for the most part, underdeveloped. Uncoordinated exploitation of its resources in some areas may pose serious threats to the health of the delta. Effective, cross-sectoral management of the water system, in which local stakeholders are involved, will lead to sustainable solutions in the long term. The list of problems may seem long: Mangroves are cut down for fuel, there is overfishing, river bank erosion and deterioration of water quality as a result of salinisation. However, by applying Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), the delta can be used by the local people without compromising the integrity of these systems or overexploiting their natural resources. MYANMAR MAKING USE OF THE RESILIENCE OF THE DELTA Integrated approach sustaInabIlIty, flexIbIlIty, solIdarIty supported analysIs 17

Beira 0.6 million Urban Just
above Approx. EUR 2 million Beira and Rotterdam: two low-lying cities in densely populated deltas with ports serving a massive hinterland. People keep flocking to Mozambique’s seaport and settling in low-lying areas that are not fit for habitation. Waterborne diseases, especially malaria, are rampant and the city’s infant mortality rate is dramatically high. What can Beira learn from its Dutch counterpart? Focusing solely on water safety and water supply in these neighbourhoods means you are only addressing part of the problem. In addition to water safety, the integrated approach of the Beira Master Plan 2035, which has been commissioned by the Beira Municipality and drawn up in consultation with all stakeholders in the city, aims to stimulate both land development and economic growth. One important insight and result gained during the development process of the Beira Master Plan is the need for a public- private Land Development Company (LDC). A company responsible for site preparation and for allocating suitable parcels of land for housing and business purposes. The Beira Municipality drew up the master plan in association with a Dutch consortium, aided by funding from the Dutch Global Water programme. The establishment of the LDC, again with help from the Netherlands, is currently underway. The next step is preparing land development business cases aimed at generating concrete investment projects. At the request of the Beira Municipality, Dutch experts will remain actively involved. Detailed financial engineering and the inclusion of crucial development partners will be the next step after that. MOZAMBIQUE A MASTER PLAN FOR BEIRA Integrated approach, fInance and ImplementatIon cooperatIon wIth other government levels and stakeholders 18

Vistula and Oder Delta 2
million Urban and rural -1.8 m to +2.5 m Poland is a country of water, although it does not have a reputation as such. Almost all major Polish cities are located by the sea or a river and are directly influenced by water. Sometimes, as is the case with the Vistula and Oder Rivers, which run from the mountains in the south to the Baltic Sea and the low- lying, flat deltas in the north, the influence of water is too great. The one-dimensional river system set up in the past is highly susceptible to flooding. In the last century, various Polish rivers were canalised and subsequently poorly maintained. Water management was considered an architectural problem, with concrete as the solution. Little attention was paid to the natural behaviour of rivers, resulting today in flooding problems causing annual flood damages of up to EUR 3 billion in 2010 alone. In addition, cities such as Warsaw and Cracow are unable to exploit the social, economic and ecological potential of their rivers to the full. Awareness that things can and must change is gaining ground in Poland, which is also being affected by climate change. Economically, the Central European country is doing well. Poland is reaping the fruits of EU membership, also in terms of knowledge exchange. There are valuable lessons to be learned from the Netherlands and the Dutch Delta Programme in terms of its holistic, integrated approach to spatial planning and water management. In the coming years, aided by Dutch knowledge and innovation and European funding, efforts will focus on ensuring water safety in the form of infrastructure, retention and limiting building in areas susceptible to flooding. This alternative approach will make room for nature while creating opportunities for tourism, recreation and nature development, both in flood plains and on city shores. POLAND WATER KNOWLEDGE HAS ECONOMIC POTENTIAL Integrated approach cooperatIon wIth other government levels and stakeholders fInance and ImplementatIon 19

Mekong Delta 17 million (expected
shrink to 15 or growth to 30 million) Urbanisation 28% Greater parts + 1.5 m In the past decades, the Mekong Delta, with its rich land and water resources, successfully developed into the granary of the country and turned Vietnam into one of the leading rice exporters globally. On the other hand, the economic development of the delta lags behind other regions in the country. In its present state, the Mekong Delta is very vulnerable. Floods, droughts and salinity are dominant problems, hampering a prosperous and sustained economic development. Inspired by the experiences in the Netherlands, the Government of Vietnam expressed the strong intention to work towards a Mekong Delta Plan for a safe, prosperous and both economically and environmentally sustainable development of the delta. It presents a vision to use the comparative advantages of the delta and focus on agro-business industrialisation. Organisation of the agricultural producers enables a better position to reduce transaction costs, platforms for more sustainable land and water resources management, improvement of product quality and competitiveness. Diversification over the provinces is necessary to adapt as much as possible to available land and water resources. Important examples are a saline coastal zone with room for aquaculture integrated with mangrove restoration and in the upper delta controlled flooding with water retention and fish farming in the flood season instead of a third rice crop. Still, large-scale measures to guarantee flood protection and fresh water availability may be required when climate change causes persisting sea level rise and droughts. The plan offers an assessment framework for government, donors and international financial institutions for moving from planning to implementation. The plan enjoys broad support – from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations and countries such as Australia and Germany. VIETNAM MEKONG DELTA PLAN: LONG-TERM VISION AND STRATEGY Integrated approach sustaInabIlIty, flexIbIlIty, solIdarIty supported analysIs cooperatIon wIth other government levels and stakeholders 20

Upper valley of the Cauca
River 4,5 million Rural and urban +1,000 to +1,200 m Approx. EUR 2.5 million Inundation in the Cauca Valley has caused major socio- economic damage. As the valley is an important agricultural region representing the heart of Colombia’s sugarcane industry, flooding also affects Colombia’s national economy. The challenge is to limit the risk of flooding from the river and tackle the problem of insufficient drainage while paying sufficient attention to river ecology recovery. This requires balancing the interests of a large number of stakeholders. Due to the flat nature of the Cauca Valley, the area suffers from fre- quent flooding, the last of which occurred in 2011. The ministry, the local councils and the farmers own- ing land adjacent to the river are all responsible for flood safety, which makes the process of reaching agreements far from easy. The economic interests of the sugarcane farmers are great. To strike the right balance between the desired level of safety and a healthy river ecosystem it is vital that all stakeholders participate in the development and implemen- tation of a flood risk management plan. The Regional Autonomous Corpora- tion of the Cauca Valley (CVC) plays a central role in this initiative. With support from a Dutch consortium, CVC experts analyse present water safety levels and assess the effects of potential measures. They draw up a master plan using the experience from the Dutch Room for the River Programme. This includes an active participation of stakeholders and an integrated approach. Dutch experience has shown that stakeholders need to be involved in an active and timely manner. It is important to provide the right level of detail during the develop- ment process, moving from general concepts to concrete actions. Ulti- mately, the individual landowners and local councils are responsible for the implementation of structural or physical measures. The CVC can assist in the implementation of non- structural measures such as subsidy programmes, training programmes, regulation and enforcement. The project also includes searching for funding from external sources, such as the World Bank or the Inter- American Development Bank. COLOMBIA BALANCING INTERESTS AROUND THE CAUCA RIVER Integrated approach cooperatIon wIth other government levels and stakeholders fInance and ImplementatIon supported analysIs 21

North East region USA NYC
9.5 million, New Jersey 8.8 million Urban 2.5 metres (lowest point NYC) USD 930 million Hurricane Sandy painfully clarified the implications of climate change for the north-eastern region of the United States, exposing the vulnerabilities of the area. Since then the affected region has not just been rebuilt, but solutions are being sought that are in line with the natural and socio-economic characteristics of the region. Not a plan, but a culture change. In the autumn of 2012, 650,000 homes and hundreds of thousands of companies in the largest metropolis of the nation were damaged or destroyed. In response, President Obama appointed the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force in order to deliver aid, help and respond effectively and coordinate the rebuilding of the New York – New Jersey region. To become more resilient to climate change the Sandy Task Force, together with philanthropy, set up an ambitious project: Rebuild By Design (RBD). After Hurricane Sandy revealed alarming infrastructural, environmental and social vulnerabilities, RBD assembled 10 teams (out of 148) of architects, engineers, planners and environmental scientists to undertake a regional research-intensive design process, identifying environmental concerns and developing strategies that will have a significant impact on the region and its communities. RBD is positioned not just to rebuild after the storm, but also to design a more sustainable and resilient region over the long term. The designs combine innovation and regional strategy with location- specific, customised solutions. Each design team is made up of a coalition of local stakeholders including government officials, entrepreneurs, residents, researchers, NGOs and other organisations. This level of cooperation is unprecedented and has a strong Dutch flavour. The same is true for the innovative designs – with members in six out of 10 teams, the Dutch are well represented here, too. The winning Rebuild by Design projects were announced in June 2014. The city of New York and the states of New York and New Jersey are responsible for implementation of the projects. An initial billion dollars of federal funding has been received for the realisation of the six projects. www.rebuildbydesign.org Integrated approach InnovatIon fInance and ImplementatIon supported analysIs NEW YORK (USA) REBUILD BY DESIGN AFTER HURRICANE SANDY 16

© New Jersey Governor’s Office/Tim
Larsen Hurricane Sandy, October 29, 2012

Launch June 20 2013 Select
10 Teams August 8 2013 Present Research and opportunities October 28 2013 Present final designs April 3 2014 Research DesignCompete Implement Select 6 winners June 2 2014

10 TEAMS
1 REGION

“…building on the successful model
set forth by HUD’s Rebuild by Design competition.” REPLICATE NATIONALLY

Sandy, NY USA: post disaster
clean up the mess >> pre-disaster, prepare, be ready, resilient!

“…building on the successful model
set forth by HUD’s Rebuild by Design competition.” REPLICATE INTERNATIONALLY

REPLICATE REGIONALLY

Climate change adaptation benefits InThe
San Francisco Bayareaare maintained several monitoring networks bydifferent organizations, e.g.waterqualityin some Nature reserves bythe U.S. Natural Park services,waterqualityand sediment of the Bay Area by SFEI, water levels of the Bat area by the Army Corps of Engineers, groundwater levels at random locations bythe USGS and many more. Monitoring efforts could be improved after a discussion about needed monitoring objectives, followed by evaluating the existing networks. It’s clearthat monitoring need to be improved in this time of Climate Change and Sea Level. Therefore all organizations should worktogether and design one ‘water and subsurface’ network, strengthen each otherandinagreementwiththeobjectives.Inthefollowingtableallmonitoringtopicsaresummarized. Of course, an optimized integral monitoring can be partly based on existing sites. Eutrophication of the Bay Area example: To understand this process Bay water need to be sampled at different locations and depths (condition monitoring). To understand this condition several other impacts need to be monitored at the same time: the amount and quality of waste water discharge into the Bay, the amount and quality of stream discharges, the influence of Sacramento River, the temperature of the Bay, and the interaction with Bay dredge. Towards one integrated and public accessible monitoring network for all water and subsurface data Rain, evaporation, groundwater recharge • E.g. Lysimeter network (monitoring groundwater recharge) Groundwater • Design Bay area wide groundwater network for: – Groundwater levels and hydraulic heads – Groundwater quality – Fresh-salt gradients Rivers, streams • Design Bay area wide network: – Discharge quantities in time – Quality – Aquatic ecology Storm drainage pipes at Bay shoreline • Map and categorize outlets: – Monitor quantity and quality of selection Urban flooding (including transport lines) • Where, how much and when (camera’s) Bay water • Optimize level, quality, salinity, temperature, water depth and sediments monitoring sites if needed. Making use of Bay model • Monitor ecological and morphological state of marshes and mudflats Waste water treatment plants • Map locations WWTP’s and pipe outlets. Monitor: – Discharge , quality and temperature Groundwater pumping • Map all locations and categorize: drinking water, industrial, irrigation, infrastructure (BART tunnels, basements, parking garages) – Determine discharge quantity. quality and outlet Subsidence • Using Lidar or satellite images and extensometers All data in one web based database. Clear visualizations of the meaning of monitoring results. Agreements about consequences of monitoring results.

transformative bankable CATALYTIC replicable &
scalable

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The great diversity of water
issues in Asia’s coastal regions means that challenges are also opportunities extreme wet bulb temperatures water pollution landslides drought stress salination typhoons salt intrusion sea floods sea level rise land subsidence river floods EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS LONG TERM EFFECTS water extraction compression water level rise water logging siltation increased salinity canalization embankement evaporation extreme wet bulb temperatures water pollution landslides drought stress salination typhoons salt intrusion sea floods sea level rise land subsidence river floods EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS LONG TERM EFFECTS water extraction compression water level rise water logging siltation increased salinity canalization embankement evaporation Extreme weather events Long term effects River Floods Sea Floods Typhoons Landslides Drought Stress Salination Salt Intrusion Sea Level Rise Land Subsidence Extreme Wet Bulb Temperatures Water Pollution River Basins Urbanizing Inland River Basins Urbanized Deltas Sinking Land RIVER BASINS URBANIZING INLAND RIVER BASINS SINKING LANDS URBANIZED DELTAS EXTREME WET BULB TEMPERATURES WATER POLLUTION LANDSLIDES DROUGHT STRESS SALINIZATION TYPHOONS SALT WATER INTRUSION SEA FLOODS SEA LEVEL RISE LAND SUBSIDENCE RIVER FLOODS EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS LONG TERM EFFECTS LANDSCAPES OF PROBLEMS

WATERAS LEVERAGE Water as Leverage
Rethinking the approach for urban climate resilience The World Economic Forum ranked water crises number one in its 2015 assessment of global risks. Traditional project management cannot keep pace with the impact of climate change on global water supplies. A new approach is needed. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH Confidence is very high that the window of opportunity – the period when significant change can be made, for limiting climate change within tolerable boundaries – is rapidly narrowing.” International Organisations STAKEHOLDER Government NGO Civil Society Finance Private Sector Climate related challenge Research & analysis of problem Feasibility study of solutions Project development Financing Multiple stakeholders involved at different times Long project preparation timescales with narrow focus on short term solutions Difficult to respond to change once project is underway Solution only available at the end of the project Implementation Inadequate solution User IPCC report August 2019

THE WATER AS LEVERAGE APPROACH
All stakeholders involved from day one Responsive to changing environment Scalable and replicable in multiple environments Risk of failure reduced ALL STAKE HOLDERS ENGAGED FINANCE I N TEGRATEDAPPROACH RESEARCH & DEVE LO PM ENT IM PL EM ENTATION FUTURE-PROOF SOLUTION CLIMATE RELATED CHALLENGE PR O B LEM DEFINITION SOLUTIONDEVELOPM EN T Water as Leverage is an initiative of the Government of the Netherlands Water as Leverage ©2019 www.waterasleverage.org People Combine the world’s best expertise with local talent. R&D Catalyze innovative processes to understand vulnerabilities to future risks and uncertainties. Integration Co-ordinate closely with local communities and governments in an agile working environment. Process Ensure Government and com- munity stakeholders work closely with experts from day one. Finance Source innovative project funding through public private partnerships, blended and private finance initiatives.

ADAPTIVE BUILDINGS FORESTRY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
BIOSWALES NEW TANKS HISTORIC TANKS RENATURALIZED RIVER + CANAL MYLAPORE CHITRA NAGAR MAMBALAM KOYAMBEDU SOLID WASTE RECYCLING FLOOD PREVENTION DROUGHT PREVENTION SANITATION IMPROVED URBAN ENVIRONMENT NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS TARGETS MEASURES PROJECTS CITY OF 1000 TANKS © 2019 OOZE and Team

NATURE & BIODIVERSITY 4a 6.6
12.8 15.1 15.5 IMPROVED URBAN ENVIRONMENT 8.9 11.1 11.7 12.b11.6 SANITATION 1.5 3.3 6.2 6.3 11.6 12.4 12.5 14.1 HERITAGE&PARTICIPATION 11.3 11.4 SUSTAINABLE LOCAL BUSINESSES 6.3 8.3 12.5 14.1 IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY 6.1 6.4 6.61.4 5.4 6b IMPROVED HEALTH 3.3 3.9 1.5 2.1 2c 11.5 FLOOD RESILIENCE 13.1 REDUCED CARBON EMISSIONS 13.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS KOYAMBEDU CHITRA NAGAR MYLAPORE MAMBALAM © 2019 OOZE and Team $221M FOUR FLAGSHIP PROJECTS $10M CHITRA NAGAR DISASTER-RESILIENT HOUSING PROGRAMME $40M KOYAMBEDU GREEN INDUSTRIES PROGRAMME $155M MAMBALAM SMART WATERWAYS PROGRAMME $16M MYLAPORE HERITAGE PROGRAMME © 2019 OOZE and Team

REPLICABILITY CITY OF 1,000 TANKS
14 million beneficiaries 3,630 MLD JAL SHAKTI ABHIYAN CHENNAI SCHOOL PROGRAMME 415 schools 250,000 students SCHOOL PILOT for 1,000 students 72,000 litres/day Feasibility Study Detailed Project Report Water Detention Water conveyance + Recharge Greywater Treatment Eco-literacy Centre Public Events Knowledge Building + Training Inclusive engagement Social Media Campaign MYLAPORE FLAGSHIP PROJECT 70,000 beneficiaries 4 MLD JAL SHAKTI ABHIYAN INDIA SCHOOL PROGRAMME 1.5 million schools 260 million students Scale and replicate across India ADAPTIVE BUILDINGS FORESTRY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND BIOSWALES NEW TANKS HISTORIC TANKS RENATURALIZED RIVER + CANAL MYLAPORE CHITRA NAGAR MAMBALAM KOYAMBEDU SOLID WASTE RECYCLING FLOOD PREVENTION DROUGHT PREVENTION SANITATION IMPROVED URBAN ENVIRONMENT NATURE BASED SOLUTIONS TARGETS MEASURES PROJECTS CITY OF 1000 TANKS © 2019 OOZE and Team

act now organize & prioritize
step up, scale up & replicate put your money where your heart is

NO SILVER BULLET - NOT
EASY © Cynthia van Elk | Water As Leverage

Have Rising orld Is ng
w York Times n these we are ure that xt storm region r and pared an TOO BIG to Ignore. The Biggest Challenge Ever TOO BIG to Simplify. Embrace Complexity TOO BIG for Our Systems. Create a Free Place TOO BIG to Go Alone. Be Radically Inclusive TOO BIG for Fragmentation. The Power of Design Act Now

© Cynthia van Elk |
Water As Leverage

BLUE MARBLE Dec 7 1972,
Apollo 17