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Oslo City Hall: June 14th 2012



Reimagining urban growth in the desire lines 
     g    g       g
     of community‐led development




               Dr Helen J
               D H l    Jarvis
                            i
            Reader in Social Geography
Outline of talk
      Outline of talk
How do we understand growth? 
                     g
• Key concepts
  –   Infrastructures of daily life
                             y
  –   Sustainable degrowth
  –   Efficiencies of sharing
  –   Participation and co‐creation
• Metaphors
      p
  – Desire lines
  – Urban imaginations
       • Expressions/ examples
• Concluding remarks
My approach
                   My approach
• Interdependent spheres of restructuring
  (housing, employment, gender relations); 
  everyday dilemmas of work/life balance
• Time‐space coordination (not only who does 
  what, where, when, but non‐instrumental (e.g. 
  as mutuality, stewardship)
• Recent shift from absence of ‘balance’ to 
  motivations and intentions of excluded 
  residents to seek a ‘better future’ via ‘utopian 
  method of thinking’‐ a journey of 
      h d f hi ki ’ j               f
  experimentation and yearning.
( Soft ) Infrastructures of Daily Life
 (‘Soft’) Infrastructures of Daily Life
• I i i f
  Inspiration for an integrated approach; originally a Nordic 
                      i        d           h i i ll N di
  feminist housing and urban design project ‘New Everyday Life’ 
  (Gullestad 1991).
• The vision of a more harmonious, creative and just society in 
  which children’s and women’s needs and the social 
  reproduction of all people and natures are valued as central 
  reproduction of all people and natures are valued as central
  motives for action (and policy).  
• Crucially, the infrastructure of daily life is the social fabric that 
  lubricates collective responsibility and local networks of 
  lubricates collective responsibility and local networks of
  reciprocity and exchange (diverse economies).
• Progressive planning ‘manifestoes’ including EuroFEM (Booth 
  and Gilroy 1999).
     d Gil    1999)
• Developments in participatory and collaborative planning 
  (
  (Horrelli et al. 1998; Healey 1997; Jarvis 2009). 
                        ;     y      ;               )
How do we understand urban growth?
          Two extremes
• (i)
  (i) Orthodox ‘celebration’ (growth machine)
         h d ‘ l b i ’(            h    hi )
  – Measured in terms of jobs and investment, global 
    competitiveness and a culture and quality of life 
    that attracts and retains skilled workers.
  – Coincides with hyper‐modern time‐space 
    coordination and labour‐saving technologies that 
    tend to stretch‐out and time‐shift multiple 
    t d t t t h t d ti               hift   lti l
    commitments more energy intensively
  – N t li
    Naturalises marketised h
                    k ti d household livelihood and 
                                    h ld li lih d d
    ‘runaway’ consumption (Amin and Thrift 2005)
Opposing the ‘celebration’ of growth: 
       sustainable de‐growth
• (ii)
  (ii) negative, unintended consequences
            i      i    d d
  – Goal of sufficiency; standards of living can be 
    maintained and improved through greater resource 
        i t i d di             d th       h     t
    efficiency. 
  – An ‘ethic of care’ ‐ for social justice (addressing
    An  ethic of care for social justice (addressing 
    inequality within society and between generations) 
    and ecological sustainability. 
               g                  y
  – Distinguish between unplanned de‐growth (recession) 
    and a voluntary, smooth and equitable transition to a 
    regime of lower production and consumption.
Efficiencies of sharing
           Efficiencies of sharing
• G
  Growth vs D
      th De‐growth binary too simple – more 
                     th bi   t     i l
  complex picture of competing interests
   – e.g. Norway, practical, home‐centred idea of egalitarian
     e.g. Norway, practical, home centred idea of egalitarian 
     individualism combined with very high rate of one‐person 
     households.
• Assumed ‘economy of scale’ in ‘smart growth’ urban
  Assumed ‘economy of scale’ in ‘smart‐growth’ urban 
  re‐development (energy savings) undermined by 
  consumption/debt cultures of privacy and property.
          p     /                  p     y     p p y
• Sharing is socially and spatially constructed and 
  influenced to a considerable  extent by 
  presence/absence of ownership; suggests that 
            / b         f        hi         t th t
  ‘unplanned’ autonomous public spaces (the street) 
  help incubate vitality and resilience – via sharing.
      p                y                            g
Urban imaginations
• Addressing the loss of a sense of collective 
  responsibility and shared endeavour
     p         y
• Consider the landscape of social interaction and 
  collaboration – civil society, ‘soft’ infrastructure.
• R lib i
  Recalibration evident in local efforts to establish 
                   id     i l l ff                bli h
  and promote distinctiveness of place, e.g. slow 
  food, cittaslow (slow cities), post‐material social 
                  (            ) p
  movements of simple living (focus on ‘being and 
  doing’ rather than ‘possessing’). 
   – The Economics of Happiness, documentary by Helena
     The Economics of Happiness, documentary by Helena 
     Norberg‐Hodge for ISEC.
   – Illich (1973: 12) ‘conviviality’  the opposite of global, 
                p           y                           y
     industrial productivity. The ‘tools’ of conviviality facilitate 
     ‘autonomous and creative engagement among persons 
     and between people and their environment’. 
How might we re‐imagine an alternative pattern 
           of growth?  Desire lines.... 
Used as a metaphor for the hazards of 
                p
speculative development; unmet 
desire to create homes that are nodes 
in a community fabric.
in a community fabric
Participation and co‐creation
           Participation and co creation
• Distinction to be made
  Distinction to be made 
  between planning for 
  people, whether designed 
  people whether designed
  by experts or in 
  consultation with end‐user, 
  consultation with end user
  and planning with people; 
  genuinely participatory, 
  genuinely participatory
• co‐creative, joint‐venture 
  or community‐led
              i l d
•   The Great North Build
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_d
    etailpage&v=QudbFaYulf8
Almere O
Al     Oosterwold, The 
               ld Th
Netherlands
a New Town entirely built on reclaimed 
land where sites are provided for the 
construction of individually designed 
homes
Other community‐led innovations
  Other community led innovations
• Ithaca Eco‐village    Hockerton Earth Sheltered
  (cohousing) USA       Housing Project, UK




                        low‐impact eco‐villages; 
                        Innovations in shared housing (older 
                        I      ti   i h d h i ( ld
                        home‐owners sharing with younger 
                        tenant carers);
                        Senior and inter‐generational 
                        Senior and inter generational
                        cohousing;
                        New forms of mutual home ownership.
Norddysson   Mælkebøtten      Midtdyssen
                                                 Bjøreekloen




                         Neighbouring
                         gentrification
                                                       Den Bla
                                                       Karamel

                                                      Nordområdet
                 Psyak      Mælkevejen


Loppebygningen
                                                                                 Løvehuset

                                                                                 Fabriksområdet


                                                                                 Syddyssen



Prærien                            Fredens Ark
    Tinghuset
Concluding remarks
           Concluding remarks
• from whose perspective are ‘growth’, 
                p p             g       ,
  ‘competitiveness’ and ‘liveability’ understood?
• Strong economies can be hostile environments
  Strong economies can be hostile environments 
  for those in poor health, those caring for 
  dependents, or managing on a low income.
  dependents, or managing on a low income.
• Inequalities between households; a web of 
  resources and multiple economies; Bourdieu s
  resources and multiple economies; Bourdieu’s
  ‘logic of the situation’.
• compelling arguments for engaging in a more
  compelling arguments for engaging in a more 
  imaginative review of how people might live and 
  work differently in the future.
  work differently in the future

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Helen Jarvis: Reimagining Urban Growth in the Desire Lines of Community-led Development. 14.06.2012

  • 1. Oslo City Hall: June 14th 2012 Reimagining urban growth in the desire lines  g g g of community‐led development Dr Helen J D H l Jarvis i Reader in Social Geography
  • 2. Outline of talk Outline of talk How do we understand growth?  g • Key concepts – Infrastructures of daily life y – Sustainable degrowth – Efficiencies of sharing – Participation and co‐creation • Metaphors p – Desire lines – Urban imaginations • Expressions/ examples • Concluding remarks
  • 3. My approach My approach • Interdependent spheres of restructuring (housing, employment, gender relations);  everyday dilemmas of work/life balance • Time‐space coordination (not only who does  what, where, when, but non‐instrumental (e.g.  as mutuality, stewardship) • Recent shift from absence of ‘balance’ to  motivations and intentions of excluded  residents to seek a ‘better future’ via ‘utopian  method of thinking’‐ a journey of  h d f hi ki ’ j f experimentation and yearning.
  • 4. ( Soft ) Infrastructures of Daily Life (‘Soft’) Infrastructures of Daily Life • I i i f Inspiration for an integrated approach; originally a Nordic  i d h i i ll N di feminist housing and urban design project ‘New Everyday Life’  (Gullestad 1991). • The vision of a more harmonious, creative and just society in  which children’s and women’s needs and the social  reproduction of all people and natures are valued as central  reproduction of all people and natures are valued as central motives for action (and policy).   • Crucially, the infrastructure of daily life is the social fabric that  lubricates collective responsibility and local networks of  lubricates collective responsibility and local networks of reciprocity and exchange (diverse economies). • Progressive planning ‘manifestoes’ including EuroFEM (Booth  and Gilroy 1999). d Gil 1999) • Developments in participatory and collaborative planning  ( (Horrelli et al. 1998; Healey 1997; Jarvis 2009).  ; y ; )
  • 5. How do we understand urban growth? Two extremes • (i) (i) Orthodox ‘celebration’ (growth machine) h d ‘ l b i ’( h hi ) – Measured in terms of jobs and investment, global  competitiveness and a culture and quality of life  that attracts and retains skilled workers. – Coincides with hyper‐modern time‐space  coordination and labour‐saving technologies that  tend to stretch‐out and time‐shift multiple  t d t t t h t d ti hift lti l commitments more energy intensively – N t li Naturalises marketised h k ti d household livelihood and  h ld li lih d d ‘runaway’ consumption (Amin and Thrift 2005)
  • 6. Opposing the ‘celebration’ of growth:  sustainable de‐growth • (ii) (ii) negative, unintended consequences i i d d – Goal of sufficiency; standards of living can be  maintained and improved through greater resource  i t i d di d th h t efficiency.  – An ‘ethic of care’ ‐ for social justice (addressing An  ethic of care for social justice (addressing  inequality within society and between generations)  and ecological sustainability.  g y – Distinguish between unplanned de‐growth (recession)  and a voluntary, smooth and equitable transition to a  regime of lower production and consumption.
  • 7. Efficiencies of sharing Efficiencies of sharing • G Growth vs D th De‐growth binary too simple – more  th bi t i l complex picture of competing interests – e.g. Norway, practical, home‐centred idea of egalitarian e.g. Norway, practical, home centred idea of egalitarian  individualism combined with very high rate of one‐person  households. • Assumed ‘economy of scale’ in ‘smart growth’ urban Assumed ‘economy of scale’ in ‘smart‐growth’ urban  re‐development (energy savings) undermined by  consumption/debt cultures of privacy and property. p / p y p p y • Sharing is socially and spatially constructed and  influenced to a considerable  extent by  presence/absence of ownership; suggests that  / b f hi t th t ‘unplanned’ autonomous public spaces (the street)  help incubate vitality and resilience – via sharing. p y g
  • 8. Urban imaginations • Addressing the loss of a sense of collective  responsibility and shared endeavour p y • Consider the landscape of social interaction and  collaboration – civil society, ‘soft’ infrastructure. • R lib i Recalibration evident in local efforts to establish  id i l l ff bli h and promote distinctiveness of place, e.g. slow  food, cittaslow (slow cities), post‐material social  ( ) p movements of simple living (focus on ‘being and  doing’ rather than ‘possessing’).  – The Economics of Happiness, documentary by Helena The Economics of Happiness, documentary by Helena  Norberg‐Hodge for ISEC. – Illich (1973: 12) ‘conviviality’  the opposite of global,  p y y industrial productivity. The ‘tools’ of conviviality facilitate  ‘autonomous and creative engagement among persons  and between people and their environment’. 
  • 9. How might we re‐imagine an alternative pattern  of growth?  Desire lines....  Used as a metaphor for the hazards of  p speculative development; unmet  desire to create homes that are nodes  in a community fabric. in a community fabric
  • 10. Participation and co‐creation Participation and co creation • Distinction to be made Distinction to be made  between planning for  people, whether designed  people whether designed by experts or in  consultation with end‐user,  consultation with end user and planning with people;  genuinely participatory,  genuinely participatory • co‐creative, joint‐venture  or community‐led i l d • The Great North Build • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_d etailpage&v=QudbFaYulf8
  • 11. Almere O Al Oosterwold, The  ld Th Netherlands a New Town entirely built on reclaimed  land where sites are provided for the  construction of individually designed  homes
  • 12. Other community‐led innovations Other community led innovations • Ithaca Eco‐village  Hockerton Earth Sheltered (cohousing) USA Housing Project, UK low‐impact eco‐villages;  Innovations in shared housing (older  I ti i h d h i ( ld home‐owners sharing with younger  tenant carers); Senior and inter‐generational  Senior and inter generational cohousing; New forms of mutual home ownership.
  • 13. Norddysson Mælkebøtten Midtdyssen Bjøreekloen Neighbouring gentrification Den Bla Karamel Nordområdet Psyak Mælkevejen Loppebygningen Løvehuset Fabriksområdet Syddyssen Prærien Fredens Ark Tinghuset
  • 14. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks • from whose perspective are ‘growth’,  p p g , ‘competitiveness’ and ‘liveability’ understood? • Strong economies can be hostile environments Strong economies can be hostile environments  for those in poor health, those caring for  dependents, or managing on a low income. dependents, or managing on a low income. • Inequalities between households; a web of  resources and multiple economies; Bourdieu s resources and multiple economies; Bourdieu’s ‘logic of the situation’. • compelling arguments for engaging in a more compelling arguments for engaging in a more  imaginative review of how people might live and  work differently in the future. work differently in the future