1.
RAMAN SPECTRA OF SUGARS
• The spectra of glucose and fructose differentiated clearly whereas the spectra of
sucrose and maltose were quite difficult to identify.
• Disaccharide structures having glucose and fructose were generating bands
approximately the same wavenumber, with slight shifts due to conformational
changes.
• Sugars were mixed in a model solution as per the amounts found in honey.
• The bands were overlapping each other, due to which the band dimensions for
quantification can be calculated.

2.
SUCROSE SPECTRUM
• The bands present in the spectrum of fructose at 314 and 357 cm^-1, originated from
the (C–C–C) ring vibration in the pyranoid and furanoid forms of the fructose ring.
• The 347 cm1 band can be attributed to an endocyclic (C–C–O) ring mode of the
glucose ring.
• The (C–C–O) ring vibration in the pyranoid ring of fructose originates in the band
present at 419 cm^-1 and dominates the spectral range of 300–500 cm^-1.
• The band at 544 cm^-1 was assumed to be originated from the a-glycosidic bond of C1
on the glucosyl subunit which is also present in the maltose spectrum.
• At the fructose spectrum, the two bands at 744 and 800 cm^-1 might have arisen
mainly from the (C–C) vibration of fructopyranose and fructofuranose, respectively.
• The band at 1028 cm^-1 in both the maltose and the sucrose spectra has been
assigned to the (C–O) vibration of the glucose ring.

3.
MALTOSE SPECTRUM
• The 341 cm^-1 band could be assigned to an endocyclic (C–C–O) ring mode.
• The (C2–C1–O1) bending vibration of D-glucose was at 434 cm^-1.
• The band at 544 cm^-1 was assumed to be originated from the alpha-glycosidic bond
of C1 on the glucosyl subunit, which also presented in the sucrose spectrum.
• The bands at 776 and 790 cm^-1 in the glucose spectrum of the aqueous solutions
that were assigned to the (C–C) and (C1–H1) vibrations of a-glucose were widened and
weakened in the maltose spectrum as the bands were seen at 842 and 855 cm^-1.
• The band at 1028 cm^-1 in the spectrum of maltose and sucrose has been assigned to
the (C–O) vibration of the glucose ring.

4.
RESULTS (HONEY SPECTRUM)
• On the spectrum of honey the main bands at 314, 341, 415, 530, 617, 744, 776, 790, 838
cm^-1, and 856, 911, 933, 1028, and 1106 cm^-1 were found to be in correlation with sugars.
• The band at 314 cm^-1, arising from fructose, originated from the (C–C–C) ring vibration in
the pyranoid, has overlapped with the band of glucose at 317 cm^-1, causing a broadening.
• The strongest band at 530 and 616 cm^-1 has been assigned to the fructose spectrum, as it
has the highest content.
• The band at 1028 cm^-1 is thought to be originated from the (C–O) vibration of the glucose
ring seen in glucose, maltose, and sucrose spectra.
• The bands 415 and 437 cm^-1 on the glucose spectrum and 419 cm^-1 on the fructose
spectrum have overlapped.
• The shortening of the band centered at 1106 cm^-1 is due to the (C–O–C) angle bending
model of glucose.