Agricultural
transformationand
Ruraldevelopmentin
Egypt
Under Supervision of
Prof : Mohammad AbdelAzeem Teleb
Prepared by
Mohammad Gamal Helmy
Faculty of
Commerce
English progress

⊷ Problems before 1952
⊷ Before the 1952 coup that
installed Muhammad Naguib
as President, lessthan six
percent of Egypt's population
owned more than 65% of the
land in the country, and less
than 0.5% of Egyptiansowned
more than one-third of all
fertile land.
⊷ These major owners had
almost autocratic control over
the land theyowned and
charged highrents which
averaged 75% of the income
generated bythe rented land.
⊷ These highrents coupled
withthe high interest rates
charged by banks plunged
many small farmers and
peasants into debt.
⊷ These highrents coupled
withthe high interest rates
charged by banks plunged
many small farmers and
peasants into debt.
⊷ The combination of these
circumstances led historian
Anouar Abdel Malekto call
the pre-reformEgyptian
peasantry"an exploited
mass surrounded by
hunger, disease and
death".
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Introduction

Lawof landReform
⊷ Law number 178
⊷ Land owners were prohibited to
possess more than 200 feddans
of land. However, fathers with
more than 2 children were
allowed to own 300 feddans.
⊷ A limit on the rental rate for land
was set at seven times the land
tax value of the plot of land.
⊷ All land leases were given a
minimum duration of threeyears
.
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⊷ Modifications to land reform
⊷ The interest on the bonds the
government used to repay
owners of seized land was
lowered to 1.5%.
⊷ People who purchased land from
the government were given forty
years(in place of thirty) to
complete repayment.
⊷ The government surcharge to be
paid by purchasers was lowered
to 10%.
⊷ Results
⊷ However, it onlyresulted in the redistribution of about 15% of
Egypt's land undercultivation, and by the early 1980s, the effects of
land reformin Egypt drew to a halt as the population of Egypt
moved away from agriculture

1.
Relation
between
Agriculture and
Economy of
Egypt

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⊷ Nature of Egypt
⊷ Egypt is the third most populous countryin Africa, with 99.
2 million people (CAPMAS 2019) concentrated in aribbon
stretching 1,000 kmfromnorthto southalong the Nile
Valley.
⊷ An uprising in 2011was followed bypolitical instability, and
more recentlysome economicliberalization and pro-poor
initiatives
⊷ The present government, sworn-in in 2014, initiated aseries
of reforms to spur the economyEgypt’s economic growth
has been healthy, averaging 5.3 percent in FY2017/18, driven
by an expansion in the gas extractives, tourism,
manufacturing, construction and ICT sectors.
⊷ The present government, sworn-in in 2014, initiated aseries
of reforms to spur the economyEgypt’s economic growth
has been healthy, averaging 5.3 percent in FY2017/18, driven
by an expansion in the gas extractives, tourism,
manufacturing, construction and ICT sectors.

⊷ GDP and Labour
Force
⊷ Agriculture is a key
sectorin the Egyptian
economy, providing
livelihoods for 57 per
cent of the population
and directlyemploying
about 26 per cent of
the labour force.
Though its share of
gross domestic product
(GDP) has fallen to
about 11 percent,
farming is a vital source
of exports and foreign
exchange accounting
for 20 percent of
export revenue.
⊷ Yet the unemployment
rate reached 11.4 per
cent in 2018, while
youth unemployment
increased to 32.5 per
cent compared to 24.4
percent in 2010.
Poverty has fallen from
40.5 percent in 2004
to 28 percent in 2015,
before rising to 32.5
percentin 2019
(CAPMAS) and
remains a major
challenge, especiallyin
rural Upper Egypt,
where poverty rates are
more than 60 per cent.
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⊷ GDP from Agriculture in Egypt increased to 112071.20
EGP Million in the second quarter of 2022 from
110343.20 EGP Million in the first quarter of 2022.
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⊷ Egypt: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP)
across economic sectors from 2011 to 2021
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2.
Technology
Development
in Agriculture
of Egypt .

Firstthebenefitsfrom
Technology
⊷ Modern farms and agricultural operations workfar differently
than those a few decades ago, primarily because of
advancements in technology, including sensors, devices,
machines, and information technology. Today’s agriculture
routinelyuses sophisticated technologies suchas robots,
temperature and moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS
technology. These advanced devices and precision
agriclture and robotic systemallow businesses to be more
profitable, efficient, safer, and more environmentallyfriendly.
Importance of Agricultural Technology
⊷ Farmers no longerhave to apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides
uniformlyacross entire fields. Instead, theycan use the minimum
quantities required and target very specific areas, or even treat
individual plants differently. Benefits include:
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1. Highercrop productivity .
2. Decreased use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, whichin
turn keeps food prices down .
3. Reduced impact on natural ecosystems .
4. Less runoff of chemicals into rivers and groundwater.
5. Increased workersafety.
⊷ In addition, robotic technologiesenable more reliable
monitoring and management of natural resources, such
as air and water quality. It also gives producers greater
control overplant and animal production, processing,
distribution, and storage, whichresults in:
1. Greater efficienciesand lowerprices
2. Safer growing conditions and safer foods.
3. Reduced environmental and ecological impact
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⊷ Relationship between agriculture research and
development (internal and external) with
production values.
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⊷ First Case
⊷ In 2013, the Egyptian ministry of agriculture and
land reclamation (MALR) togetherwiththe World
Food Programme with funding fromthe adaptation
fund, initiated the building resilient food security
systems to benefit the southern Egypt Region.
⊷ Witha mobile app, available on Play Store, this
program equips farmers with weather
predictions forup to five days and issues irrigation,
fertilization,and otherclimate change adaptation
guidelines based on the crop type, location,and
cultivation date.
⊷ The project team goes around villages, introducing
theirapp and services to farmers.
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Technology Development in
Egypt

⊷ Sustainable Agriculture Investments and Livelihoods Project
⊷ This project is designed to enable smallholderfarmers to increase their
incomes and profitability, and diversify theirlivelihoods. The project
aims to strengthen smallholderinstitutions, improve agricultural
production and marketing, and build capacities foremployment and
enterprise development. It has four components:
1. Communityand livelihood development
2. Agricultural development and diversification
3. Rural financial services
4. Project management.
⊷ The project area covers sites the government has allocated for
settlement and rehabilitation overthe last15 to 20 years in Upper,
Middle, and Lower Egypt. Activities will target farmers and rural
workers engaged in casual labour – particularly young people – who
are poor, vulnerable and facing food and nutrition insecurity.
SecondCase
14

.
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3.
Egypt exports
in Agriculture
sector

⊷ Egypt’s exports of agricultural crops totalled
$123.52 million during the first eight months (8M)
of 2022, Akhbar El-Yomcited a report from the
Central Agencyfor Public Mobilization and
Statistics (CAPMAS).
⊷ In the January-August 2022 period, Egypt’s
exports of grapes stood at $29.57, followed by
exports of freshgreen beans and onions with
$11.77 million and $10.16 million, respectively.
⊷ The Arab world’s most populous nation exported
oranges and mangos at $6.35 million and $4.86
million, respectively. Moreover, exports of frozen
vegetables reached $3.85million, while exports of
lemon registered $1.82million.
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Egypt's major agricultural exports to theworld
are potatoes, cotton, and freshfruit, primarily citrus.
Most of Egypt'sexports are destined for theEU, Russia,
NorthAfrica and

Resourses
1. https://www.ifad.org/en/-/document/arab-republic-
of-egypt-country-strategic-opportunities-
programme-2019-2024.
2. https://www.nifa.usda.gov/topics/agriculture-
technology
3. https://qz.com/technology-is-changing-the-face-of-
farming-in-egypt-1849504460
4. https://sis.gov.eg/Story/172343/Egypt%E2%80%99
s-agricultural-exports-up-to-5-mln-tons-this-year-
%E2%80%93-Agriculture-Mininstry?lang=en-us
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