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DEMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
Lecture Notes On
Principle Of Animal Nutrition (AnSc 222)
(Contact/week Hr.: 3)
To: Animal Science, 2nd Year, 2nd semester
Instructor By:
Melkamu Tilahun (Msc, Animal Nutrition)
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL NUTRITION
• CONTENT OF THE CHAPTER
1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS NUTRITION
1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
1.3. ANIMAL AND ITS FEED
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The word “animal” is derived from the Latin word animalis,
• Meaning “having breath and “living being”
• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and motile organisms
• Of the kingdom Animalia
• Based on the types of feed they consume, animals are classified as:
Carnivores: whose diets consist mainly of non-plant materials;
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
Herbivores : whose diets are composed primarily of plant materials, herbal feeders
Omnivores : whose diets include both plant and animal materials, Omni feeder
• Feed: it is an edible material that contains nutrients,
Nourishing animals either for maintenance or production
• Feedstuff: is any material used for feed
• Feed Ingredient: is interchangeable term of feedstuff
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrient: is defined as a substance in a feedstuff
Needed for maintenance, production and health of animals
• Nutrition is the process by which living matter acquires,
Substances called nutrients for growth, reproduction, repair and energy
• Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of
Nutrients and other substances in animal’s body
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, nutrition includes:
Food intake
Digestion,
Absorption,
Assimilation,
Biosynthesis (Anabolism)
Catabolism of nutrients (vs Anabolism)
 Excretion of metabolites 6

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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutritional science is a cluster of scientific disciplines related to
Biology
Biochemistry
Immunology
Molecular biology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Toxicology
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, Animal Nutrition is essentially every biological science
Applied to nutrient utilization and nutritional problems in animal
• There are two reasonably distinct areas of Animal Nutrition studies:-
Principle Of Animal Nutrition; the basic biochemistry and physiology
Of the discipline (Animal Nutrition)
Applied Animal Nutrition; the application of these concepts
To the design of feeding systems
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The General subject matter of Animal Nutrition
Is the phenomenal studies to:-
The chemical structure of the different nutrients
Understand how animal system actually functions,
How the animal transforms feed into body tissues and activities
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Therefore, nutrition involves the following process
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients
Nutrients Transportation to all body cells
The removal of unusable elements & waste products of metabolism
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1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrition is also concerned with:-
The nature of the feed and its nutrients,
Requirement of animals of different regions and purposes for nutrients
Transformation of feed elements to animal products
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR MAINTENANCE
An animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant,
When it does not give rise to any production purpose
The animal is then in a state of negative energy balance
Animal experiences neither net gain nor net loss of that nutrient
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR GROWTH
It is normal process before, and after birth
Until the animal reaches its full mature size
During the foetal period and from birth to puberty,
The rate of growth accelerates;
After puberty, it decelerates and reach a very low value
As the mature weight is approached
An animal’s growth pattern of an animal determines nutrition requirements
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
By altering its nutrition, an animal’s growth can be modified
When feeding animals for meat production,
The farmer is often aiming to produce carcass
For weight and its composition
Also used for other purposes,
Such as reproduction or milk production
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR PRODUCTION
The amount of feed offered to any animal`s
Growth, milk production, reproduction, work purpose,
Over and above maintenance is known as nutrient for production purpose
For Wool production: sheep needs more protein for wool growth
The lack of protein in sheep ration
Makes the wool rough and coarse quality
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
For milk production: The composition and quality of milk
Varies with breed and species of animals
All nutrients of milk come from blood,
Which should be replaced by feed ingredients
Therefore cow needs additional nutrients for milk production of energy
3 kg of milk, additional 1 kg concentrate is needed to be given to the cow
For every 1 kg of milk of 4% fat, a cow requires 45g DCP and 316g TDN
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR EGG AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN POULTRY: Egg contains
67% water,
13% protein,
9% fat and 11% minerals
All these nutrients are supplied by blood for egg formation
Egg is more nutritive, therefore,
All essential minerals, vitamins and amino acids
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1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR FATTENING PURPOSES: pigs, goats and sheep and calve for beef
Raised for meat production
The maximum fat in body is stored from carbohydrates,fat and protein
Animal’s nutrient requirement varies with stage of fattening whether
But on average animal needs 1.5 to 2 kg additional carbohydrates
Per each days of production
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Feed stuff is a compact of different composition, categorized largely into
Dry Matter and water
Dry matter consists of organic and inorganic compound
Organic compound includes all carbon containing molecule
Carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and lipid and
Inorganic (ash) contain all molecules which lack carbohydrate (Mineral)
• Foods consist of plant- and animal-source materials
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• All animal are heterotrophic
Requiring both inorganic and organic form of nutrients
To renew old tissue and build new tissue (compare with autotroph)
• The major precursors for the formation of biomolecules are
Water, carbon dioxide, and three inorganic nitrogen compounds
→Ammonium(NH4+)
→Nitrate (NO3-)
→Nitrogen (N2)
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The aim of animal production is to transform humanly inedible products
To highly desirable and nutritious human food
• Thus, to produce optimally, Animals need to be supplied with
Necessary nutrients in APPROPRIATE PROPORTIONS and QUANTITY
• Nutrition contributes to wellness and productivity of animals
• Many common health problems can be
Prevented or alleviated with good nutrition
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Poor nutrition results in poor production output, and
Higher feed costs, because of over feeding
• The primary source of organic material is totally of the various feeds,
Those feeds used in livestock feeding are broadly classified as:
Roughages
Concentrates
Feed supplements and Feed additives
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• ROUGHAGES
Feedstuffs containing >18% crude fiber and < 60% Total Digestible Nutrients
More bulky and low digestibility, compared to concentrates
Classified into two major groups
Green / succulent roughages – About 60-90 % moisture content
→silage, green fodders ( legumes and grass)
Dry roughages – About 10-15 % moisture content
→straws, and hay
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• CONCENTRATES
Contain <18 % crude fiber and <60% TDN
Less bulkiness with higher digestibility
Concentrated source of nutrients
They have higher nutritive value than roughages
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The concentrates are classified as:
Energy Rich Concentrates –
Protein Rich Concentrates –
Plant origin
Contain <47% crude protein
Animal origin
Contain >47% crude protein
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The Dry Matter of feed is divided into
Organic material:
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Vitamin
II. Inorganic material:
Minerals
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The main component of DM of pasture grass is carbohydrate,
And this is true of all plants and many seeds
• Carbohydrate content of the animal body is very low
• Oilseeds are exceptional in containing
Large amounts of protein and lipid material
• The lipid content of the animal body is variable,
Older animal contain greater proportion of lipid than young animal
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• In plants, most of the protein is present as enzymes,
Concentration is high in young growing plant
As plant goes to maturity, concentration is decreased
• Animal body consists mainly of protein
Carrying genetic information of living cell
• Vitamins are present in plants and animals in minute amounts,
And many of them are important as components of enzyme systems
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1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Inorganic matter contains all those elements in plants and animals
Other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Calcium and phosphorus are the major inorganic components of animals,
• Whereas potassium and silicon
Are the main inorganic elements in plants
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• END
• OF
• THE
• CHAPTER
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