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量子コンピューターとは?
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MichihikoSugawara
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量子コンピュータについて簡単に説明
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量子コンピューターとは?
1.
量子コンピューターとは?
2.
0〜7までの整数を2乗して 8で割った余りを求めなさい 0,1,4,1,0,1,4,1 【問題】 【答え】 0,1,4,9,16,25,36,49
3.
0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 【手順2】メモリ上のデータを読み込み順番に計算する 古典コンピューター(0/1のみ使用) 【手順1】2進数に変換 ⇒ メモリに書き込む 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 7 6 3 4 2 1 【メモリ】 3×8=24 bit
4.
0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 計算1 【手順2】メモリ上のデータを読み込み順番に計算する 古典コンピューター 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 計算2‥ 答 0 ‥計算8 答 0 1 4 1 0 1 4 【計算時間=ステップ数】 8 steps
5.
量子コンピューター 【メモリ】 qubit(キュービット)を使う! 0+1 0-1 0
1 0,1だけではなく0+1, 0-1も書き込み可能! 0+1 【手順1】2進数に変換 ⇒ qubitに書き込む 0+1 0+1 3 qubit に0+1を書き込む!
6.
【手順1】2進数に変換 ⇒ qubitに書き込む 0+1
0+1 0+1 × × 量子コンピューター 量子力学の世界ではこれは『掛け算状態』なので、 展開することができて『足し算状態』 000+001+010+011+100+101+110+111 と等しい(ことが保証されている) ⇒とりあえず、8状態を記憶できる 【メモリ】 3qubit
7.
000+001+010+011+100+101+110+111 【手順2】qubit上のデータに対して同時に計算する 並列計算! 000+001+100+001+000+001+100+001 答 0 1
4 1 0 1 4 1 【計算時間=ステップ数】 1step 量子コンピューター
8.
メモリ:10×1024 =10240 bit 計算時間:1×1024 =1024 steps メモリ:10
qubit 計算時間:1step 古典コンピューター メモリ:3×8=24 bit 計算時間:1×8=8steps 量子コンピューター メモリ:3qubit 計算時間:1step 量子コンピュータの方が 増え方が緩やか… 【問題】 0~7までの… 【問題】 0〜1024(=2 10 ) までの… 【問題】 0〜2 200 までの… 200× 2 200 =天文学的数字 bit 1× 2 200 =天文学的数字 steps メモリ:200 qubit 計算時間:1step 指数爆発!
9.
量子コンピューターの凄いところ 並 列 計 算 記 憶 容 量 【記憶容量=メモリ】 N qubit=2 N bit =2 N-40 GB=2 N-43 TB Nが数百で天文学的数字 【並列計算】 メモリ上のデータに対して 同時に計算を適用!
10.
(現状の)量子コンピューターの課題 【ソフトウェア面】 1. 「計算を実行する」部分の設計が困難 • 特定の問題についてはOK ➢
(大きな数の)素因数分解、BigData検索、など 2. 欲しい答えを読み出すのがむずかしい • (並列)計算結果を順番にチェックしていては日が暮れる…
11.
(現状の)量子コンピューターの課題 【ハードウェア面】 1. qubitにエラー訂正機能がない • ノイズなどで0⇒1、1⇒0、0+1⇒0-1などに変わってし まうと訂正できない 2.
実用的な量子コンピューターを「何」でつくれ ばよいのか試行錯誤中… • 超電導、イオン、シリコン、光(レーザー)、マヨラナ粒子?
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