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Verbeteren en Herbestemmen
Platform bouwmaterialen & innovatie
Zelfherstel van
verouderende
materialen en constructies
Klaas van Breugel, Erik Schlangen, Henk Jonkers
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences / Materials & Environment
30
oktober
2014

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Ageing: “The inconvenient truth”
Time
Performance
• Cracking
• Time dependent behaviour
• Penetration of aggressive substances

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Why bothering about Ageing?
 As never before, modern societies rely on technology
 All technological artefacts are subject to ageing
 Infrastructure makes out 50% of the country’s national wealth
 Reliable infrastructure is crucial for a country’s mobility and economy
 Ageing causes loss of performance
• Loss of performance implies risk
• Loss of performance affects the service life of our assets
• Loss of performance implies larger ecological footprint

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Architecture: The city planner
Basic Building Blocks: Skyscrapers etc.
New York, USA
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Ageing cities

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Hong Kong's Ageing Towers (German Michael 5
Wolf)
Ageing building
stock

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6 Chemiepark Delfzijl – photo Gouwenaar
Ageing plants

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Increasing scale of chemical plants
Rotterdam (NL), 5 refineries – Storage of hazardous chemicals
Ageing plants

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November 7, 2014 8
Donghai Bridge, Shanghai, 2005, 32.5 km
Ageing
infrastructure

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Ageing bridges
November 7, 2014 9
Fremont Av. S. north of Lake Street in Minneapolis. gstubbe@startribune.com

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Collapse of Interstate 35W bridge, Minneap1o0lis, 2011
Ageing
substructure

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Value of infrastructure – Global Perspective
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 Global Gross National Wealth (GNW) € 180 trillion
 Global Infrastructure (50% of GNW) € 90 trillion
• Houses € 50 trillion
• Civil Infrastructure € 40 trillion
- Roads, Rail, Ports, Airports € 20 trillion
million = 106; billion = 109; trillion = 1012

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Key figures – Global and per capita
€ * 1012 k€/cap Comment
Global Gross National Wealth
(GNW)
180.7 25.1 Australia: k€ 213 /cap
China: k€ 12/cap
Global Fixed Assets
(50% of GNW)
90.4 12.5
Global civil infrastructure 40.0 5.5 Rich countries: k€ 23/cap
Poor countries: k€ 0.14/cap
Global civil infrastructure for
mobility
20.0 2.8
Global Gross Domestic
Product
(GDP)
53.4 7.4 10 rich countries: k€ 53.8 /cap
10 poor countries: k€ 0.3 /cap
Needed global investment in
infrastructure per year to
enable economic growth
2.3 0.3 Note: the amount of k€ 0.3/cap
per year is about the GDP/cap in
the 10 poorest countries!
World population: 7,2 billion

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Ageing of our assets
McKinsey Global Institute (2013)
“The world needs to spent $ 57 trillion (1012) on infrastructure in the
next 18 years simply to keep up with projected growth”
For The Netherlands this would mean: $ 7.4 109 per year
“Small” underground infrastructure in The Netherlands:
Piping (sewage, drinking water), electricity, etc: $ 150 109 (vervangingswaarde)
Renewal every 50 years: $ 3 109 per year.
Actually spent in NL: $ 1.4 109 per year.

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The urgency of the ageing issue
Intensive repair and
new built of structures
1950 1970 1990 2010 1030 2050
100
Intensive
building
activities
Service life: 50 – 80 years
year

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Characteristics of the ageing curve
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Point determined by
•Initial quality
•Actions/Loads
•Maintenance
time
Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system
Period of ‘rest’?

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What is Ageing?
• Change of performance with elapse of time, but ……
• Time ‘as such’ is not a “mechanism of change”
 At atomic scale there is motion all the time
 Gradients are driving forces of change
 External energy required to bring basic
building blocks to together in a material or
system is potentially available to let the
material or system age (entropy)

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Chemical plants
Plant incidents: ≈ 50% due to ageing
Mars study, in Horrocks et al. 2010

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Balloon model
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Nuclear Power Plants - Lessons
learned
 Existing Nuclear Power Plants 20-30 years old
 New ageing phenomena are emerging as a
result of more severe service conditions
associated with increased plant performance
(“technology-risk paradox”)
IAEA, Report No. 62, 2009

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Coping with ageing – Materials
level
 Preventive approach
• Avoid heterogeneity and stress concentrations
 Reactive approach
• Promote self-healing
• Autonomous self-healing
• Autogenous self-healing
 Adaptive approach
• Ageing unavoidable
• Controlled ageing
BioBeton
Self-Healing
asphalt

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Bacteria: ‘Concrete-compatible’
Endospore
Alkali-resistant spore-forming
bacteria:
1. > 50 years viable
2. Concrete compatible
Endolithic communities Soda-lake communities
Wadi Natrun, Playa, rock Egypt pH ~ 10
H. Jonkers

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Two-component self-healing agent:
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1. Bacteria (catalyst)
2. Mineral precursor compound (chemical / 'food')
Reservoir for healing agents (bacteria + chemicals)
Bacteria food
H. Jonkers

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November 7, 2014 22
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'Bio-minerals‘, precipitated in cracks
Thijssen
Microlab
CaCO3

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Procedure permeability testing
Glue in ring
To permeability setup
Automated permeability determination
H. Jonkers

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Bio-based self-healing of cracks in
concrete
Control concrete before healing Control concrete after healing
Bio-concrete before healing Bio-concrete before healing
H. Jonkers

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“Paviljoen Galder”, Breda
Jonkers, Wiktor

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ZOAB: zeer open asfalt beton
(very porous asphalt concrete)
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Ravelling

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Ravelling

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Conductive fibre
Induction
heating
Melted
bitumen
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Induction heating approach
+
Zoom heating
Induction
conductive fibers bitumen
aggregates microcack
Opening of
microcracks
Crack closed
Post-Doc: Dr. Alvaro Garcia, PhD-student: Dr. Quantao Liu

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Healing the test track

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Procedure: 50,000 cycles loading – (heating to 85 ºC and) rest 18 hours-repeat
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Multiple times healing
– final fatigue test
2.5E+03
2.0E+03
1.5E+03
1.0E+03
5.0E+02
Without rest periods
With rest periods
With rest periods and induction heating
0.0E+00 5.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 2.5E+05 3.0E+05
Fatigue loading cycles
Flexual stiffness [MPa]
With 4 times heating, modified fatigue life is 3 times of the original fatigue life

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Annual savings for Dutch society -
M€/year

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Required investment for generating savings
Global fixed capital goods
50% of Global National Wealth
€ 90 1012
€ 1.8 1012
Annual replacement cost
of assets based on mean
lifetime of 50 years
Annual savings if service
life is increased by 10%:
€ 240 109 /year
Required research investment
20% of generated savings:
€ 48 109 /year
Investment in fundamental
materials research:
€ 24 109 /year
10% of materials research
to be spent on ageing:
€ 2.4 109 /year
Value of fixed assets (global)
For Netherlands:
€ 33 106 /year

34.
The Delft answer to ageing
Mechanical, Maritime and
Materials Engineering
34
Südholter
Applied sciences
Vlugt
Sluijs
Civil Engineering and
Geosciences
Spitas
Industrial Design
Van Loosdrecht
Applied sciences
Jongbloed
Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and
Computers Sciences

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In summary …
 Infrastructure is the physical “hardware” of our society
 Ageing is, globally, a “trillion dollars issue”
 Ageing requires a multidisciplinary approach:
 Technology
 Engineering
 Science
 Investing in a Multidisciplinary Master Plan on ageing is needed:
 It is ecologically a must
 It is economically justified
 Our infrastructure is a “product of the mind”
 Caring for our infrastructure is a matter of responsible stewardship!
Thank
you!

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Civil
Engineering
Applied
Mathematics
Materials
Science
at the
TU Delft
Aerospace
Engineering
Applied
Sciences
Architecture
Mechanical
Inter Engineering
Faculty
Reactor
Industrial
Design
Delft Centre for Materials
The Delft answer to ageing