1.
1

2.
2

3.
Main Objective Of Radiation
Protection
1. Prevent the deterministic effects by
keeping doses below the relevant
threshold.
2. Reduce the probability of stochastic
effects as much as is reasonably
achievable.
3

4.
1. Justification of Practice
“Any practice involving exposure should be
justifiable, i.e. it produces more benefit to
the exposed individual or society than
harm”.
4

5.
2. Optimization of protection
and safety
“The magnitude of individual doses and the
number of people exposed, except for
therapeutic medical exposure, shall be kept
as low as reasonably achievable, taking
into account the economic and social
factors”.
5

6.
3. Individual dose limits
“The exposure of individuals will be
subjected to dose limits to ensure that no
individual is exposed to radiation risks
that are judged to be unacceptable”.
6

7.
Waste Disposal
7

8.
1. Proper method of disposing
radioactive waste
• Waste disposal must be careful , efficient and
effective
• Extreme care should be exercised in the
disposal of industrial wastes contained with
radionuclide’s.
Incinerated
Buried
Radioactive waste
8

9.
Other Methods of Waste
disposal
i. Geological disposal
ii. Dump to sanitary sewer
iii. Transmutation
iv. Deep boreholes
v. Space disposal
9

10.
2. Space disposal
• Best possible solution
• Space disposal is attractive
• Could easily result in disaster
• if for instance,
– occur the failure
– of the launch vehicle.
10

11.
2. Proper labeling
• To be labeled
– Necessary precautions advised on the content of
the label.
• Radiation can enter the body by a mere
touch of radioactive material.
• Containers with such elements
–well labeled in order for one to use
protective gear when handling them.
11

12.
12

13.
3. Banning of Nuclear Tests
• Tests though done in the deserts
• Nuclear devices should be
exploded under ground
• End up escaping from one
ecosystem to another
– eventually affecting the lives of
many people.
13

14.
4. Alternative Energy Sources
• The use of radioactivity to generate energy in
nuclear power plants
• Fossils fuels such as
– Oil
– Gas
– Uranium
– finite and Non-Renewable Resources on the
earth
• Renewable sources like Solar, hydroelectric
and wind power. 14

15.
5. Reusing
• Reusing old nuclear fuel
– one of the ways to decrease the level of radioactive
pollution.
15

16.
Other Preventive Measures
• Nuclear mines
• Nuclear medicines and radiation
therapy
• Use of high chimney and ventilations
• Regular monitoring
• Quantitative analysis through
frequent sampling in the risk area.
16

17.
17

18.
Pakistan Nuclear Power Plants
18