MJBiz Con: Leading Issues in Hemp Science
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As a previously banned crop, there is now a race to relearn hemp farming. Attendees will learn about the plant itself along with research on different processing steps and the effects that those steps have on product makeup, particularly THC concentration.
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MJBiz Con: Leading Issues in Hemp Science
- 1. Leading Issues in Hemp Science Dr. Markus Roggen Founder & CEO Complex Biotech Discovery Ventures, Ltd.
- 2. Abstract • Hemp vs. Cannabis: Genetics vs. Regulations vs. Economics • Hemp Processing: • The hemp plant • Extraction • Decarboxylation • Distillation • Chromatography • Crystallization
- 3. Hemp vs. Cannabis: Genetics • Genetic difference between hemp and drug type cannabis • Hemp and cannabis are not different species, as they can interbreed • No indication about 0.3% THCA level, yet! • No genetic base for legal limit of 0.3% THCA • (No genetic difference between Sativa and Indica) Dr. Kevin McKernan
- 4. Hemp vs. Cannabis: Regulations • FDA enforces: • Medical claims • THC levels • Levels are arbitrary: • USA: 0.3% • South Carolina: 0.5% • Switzerland: 1% • Sale of >0.3% is illegal, but B2B still happens Allison Justice, PhD & Chris Cortina
- 5. Hemp vs. Cannabis: Economics • Consumer price, CBD: ~$100/g • B2B price, CBD: as low as $3/g • Massive overproduction of CBD hemp • Bottleneck in remediation Allison Justice, PhD & Chris Cortina
- 6. Hemp Plant • 24 compound categories • >700 known compounds • >100 cannabinoids • > 400 terpenes Hemp Flower CBDA THCA Other Cannabinoids Terpenes Others
- 8. Extraction: Solubility Hydrocarbon SFE EtOH H2O Terpenes Neutral Canna- binoids Acid Canna- binoids polarnon-polar
- 9. Extraction: Solvents • Supercritical CO2 Hemp Flower Hemp Extract >0.3% THC
- 10. Extraction: Solvents • Supercritical CO2 • Alcohols: EtOH, iPrOH Hemp Flower Hemp Extract >0.3% THC
- 11. Extraction: Solvents • Supercritical CO2 • Alcohols: EtOH, iPrOH • Hydrocarbons: butane, propane Hemp Flower Hemp Extract >0.3% THC
- 12. Extraction: CO2 Precision • Neutral cannabinoids are more soluble than acid form • THC > THCA • CBD more soluble than THC
- 13. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation • Converting acid cannabinoid into neutral form • CBDA reacts slower than THCA
- 14. dc Extract Post-Processing: Decarboxylation • Converting acid cannabinoid into neutral form • CBDA reacts slower than THCA Crude Extract CBDA THCA CBDA CBDTHC
- 15. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation 1T-S1 1C-S1 BotView THCA CDBA TopView Work with UBC
- 16. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation kJ/mol 0 50 100 150 200 0 2 4 61T 1C 1C-S1(MeOH) 1C-TS2(MeOH) 1T-TS2(MeOH) Work with UBC
- 17. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation • Rate determining step is the intermolecular protonation • Rate difference is due to steric rather than electronic effects 1C-TS2(MeOH) Work with UBC
- 18. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation • In-process analytics • Infrared spectroscopy is a useful tool for reaction monitoring. BG62-64 T0 Name Sample 023 By Administrator Date Thursday, July 12 2018 Description 1750 8001600 1400 1200 1000 0.23 -0.01 -0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 cm-1 A _ Start THCA 20.87 % End THCA 1.56 % Work with PerkinElmer
- 19. Post-Processing: Decarboxylation • Monitoring THCA in-process 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 THCA(%) Elapsed Time (Minutes) Work with PerkinElmer
- 20. Post-Processing: Distillation • Boiling Points: • THC: approx. 425°C @ 1 atm • CBD: approx. 380°C @ 1 atm • Terpenes: ~ 105 – 250°C @ 1 atm • Ethanol: 78°C @ 1 atm • Preventing Degradation & Improving Separation: • Stable vacuum • Short heating time
- 21. Post-Processing: Distillation • Short Path Extract Distillate >0.3% THC Degradation
- 22. Post-Processing: Distillation • Short Path • Wiped Film Extract Distillate >0.3% THC
- 23. Post-Processing: Distillation • Short Path • Wiped Film • Industrial
- 24. Post-Processing: Chromatography Industry Standpoint: • For enriched or pure CBD • Remediates high THC levels • Remediates impurities • For ‘full spectrum – THC-free’ oil
- 25. Post-Processing: Chromatography • Separation of mixtures • Mobile and stationary phase • Compounds are separated due to different partition coefficients
- 26. Post-Processing: Chromatography • Semi-Prep Distillate Chromato. <0.3% THC
- 27. Post-Processing: Chromatography • Semi-Prep • Preparatory Distillate Chromato. <0.3% THC
- 28. Post-Processing: Chromatography • Semi-Prep • Preparatory • CPC Extract Chromato. <0.3% THC
- 29. Post-Processing: Chromatography • Semi-Prep >3kg/month • Preparatory ~3,000kg/month • CPC 500kg/month
- 30. Post-Processing: Crystallization Industry Standpoint: • For pure CBD (isolate) • Remediates high THC levels • Remediates impurities • Recrystallized from petroleum ether or pentane (commonly) • But… Crystal
- 31. Post-Processing: Crystallization • The process of solidifying atoms or molecules into highly organized structures
- 34. Post-Processing: Crystallization 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 Concentration(g/mL) Temperature (C) Meta stable zone width for CBD in petroleum ether Sol. T (pure) MSZT (pure)
- 35. 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 Concentration(g/mL) Temperature (C) Meta stable zone width for CBD in petroleum ether Sol. T (pure) MSZT (pure) Sol. T (curde) MSZT (crude) Post-Processing: Crystallization
- 37. Thank You! Dr. Markus Roggen Founder & CEO Complex Biotech Discovery Ventures, Ltd. markus@cbdvl.com cbdvl.com