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Research Collaboration_ a Chain Reaction - PaperHive Magazine
1. 22/7/2016 Research Collaboration: a Chain Reaction PaperHive Magazine
https://magazine.paperhive.org/researchcollaborations/ 1/6
Research Collaboration: a Chain
Reaction
TOPICS: Aristotelian Method Babylonians Collaboration
Galileo Galilei Mathematics: The Loss Of Certainty
Morris Kline Research Scienti c Method
Thales Of Miletus
Universum - C. Flammarion, Holzschnitt, Paris 1988
POSTED BY: MANUEL BLÁUAB MAY 7, 2016
Collaboration in research has been an essential element
in developing new technologies throughout the
entire human history. Passing on knowledge from
generation to generation, each of which learning
and improving it, is a never ending chain reaction of
collaboration.
In the 17th
century, John Donne, (one of the rst
metaphysical poets), published Devotions Upon Emergent
Occasions, containing one of the most famous passages in
English literature: “No man is an island entire of itself;
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Molly Wallace is an Associate
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every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main
[…]”.
Around the same century, Italian visionary Galileo
Galilei fashioned its own scienti c method and,
according to Morris Kline in Mathematics: The Loss of
Certainty, laid the groundwork for modern science by
abandoning the Aristotelian method of seeking a physical
and not mathematical explanation and proof of events.
Modern science received an important push by Galileo’s
work. While his breakthroughs were indeed the result of
his genius, they were also supported by the work of other
philosophers, mathematicians, and even alchemists from
the past.
The Chain Reaction of Research | Before and After Aristotle
Methods of understanding nature before and after
Aristoteles were different (400BC). The Edwin Smith
Papyrus, for example, is the oldest medical document
known. It describes several types of traumas and tumors
and it is believed to be a copy from a previous
document possibly written by Imhotep, during the the
Old Kingdom era in Egypt, 3000–2500 BC.
The Edwin Smith Papyrus explains in detail every known
wound and trauma. Every aspect is
described and analysed with precisio. In addition, a
thorough guidance for the identi cation and
treatments of wounds is offered. Thanks to the New York
Historical Society, the Brooklyn Museum and the
translation of James Henry Breasted, we have a better
understanding of the Ancient Egypt medical care
methods.
The oldest evidence of developments in mathematics
comes from around 20,000 years ago on the riversides of
the Nile River. It is a bone, the Ishango Bone, with a series
of marks carved alongside resembling what can be
interpreted as calculations with numbers or some sort of
a lunar calendar.
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Collaboration: a Chain Reaction
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3. 22/7/2016 Research Collaboration: a Chain Reaction PaperHive Magazine
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The evidence supported by the Plimpton 322, a clay tablet
with 15 rows and 4 columns in cuneiform script,
reveals that Babylonians knew about the Pythagorean
triple almost a thousand years before the Greek. Studies
suggest that the table is from 1800 BC and belonged to an
ancient Babylonian mathematician.
The Ancient Greeks improved mathematics up to a point
that some of their theorems are still in use today. The
Pythagorean triple has been in use for more than 2500
years now: by builders, sailors, ballistic experts, and even
crime investigators.
But it was Aristotle, (384–322 BC) who created Formal
Logic and thus the rst to use a structured scienti c
method described in his studies in logic, Analytica Priora.
This method remained unsurpassed until 19th
century. Modern science is based upon two concepts
introduced in the Aristotelian
Method: observation and measurement. Induction
is than used to obtain knowledge.
Aristotle’s work set the beginning of a new era
for science in Greece that continued in the Roman Empire.
Though, after the fall of Rome in the 5th
century many
documents were either lost, or stored in monasteries
away from society.
It was the Muslim scholars who translated Aristotle’s
works in Arabic after their expansion between 7 – 8th
century throughout North Africa and Europe. Because the
Q’uran encourages the accumulation of knowledge,
Muslims created the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in the
begining of 9th
century and stored there as many Ancient
Greek works in mathematics and astronomy as be
possible. Mathematician, Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi
(780-850 A.D.) adapted and popularized the Decimal
Positional Number System.
In 11th
century almost every available document from the
Greeks was already translated and preserved in Arabic.
Europeans started to open the frontiers with their
neighbors, the beginning of the end of the Dark Ages. The
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legacy of Ptolemy, Aristotle and Euclid was soon to
return to Europe thanks to Gerard of Cremona (1114–
1187 A.D.), the Italian translator who found several
documents by Greek thinkers in Toledo, Spain and
translated them into Latin.
Probably less than a century later, Roger Bacon, (1220-
1290 A.D.), studied Aristotle in Latin and became one of
the nest lecturers of his doctrine in Oxford University.
Subsequently, Aristotle’s ideas spread and lead to an
outburst of new possibilities in science, art and politics.
The Renaissance didn’t start in the 14th
century but
long before.
What we call Modern Science is the speci c result of direct
and indirect collaboration among researchers and
thinkers throughout centuries. Without Aristotle the
work of Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Albert
Einstein and Stephen Hawking may have never existed.
Just as in the Butter y Effect Theory any movement, no
matter how little it is, might alter the rest of the world
in an irreversible manner.
No man is an island entire of itself; every man
is a piece of the continent, a part of the main;
if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe
is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as
well as any manner of thy friends or of thine
own were; any man’s death diminishes me,
because I am involved in mankind.
And therefore never send to know for whom
the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.
John Donne – Meditation 17 Devotions upon Emergent
Occasions
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![22/7/2016 Research Collaboration: a Chain Reaction PaperHive Magazine
https://magazine.paperhive.org/researchcollaborations/ 2/6
every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main
[…]”.
Around the same century, Italian visionary Galileo
Galilei fashioned its own scienti c method and,
according to Morris Kline in Mathematics: The Loss of
Certainty, laid the groundwork for modern science by
abandoning the Aristotelian method of seeking a physical
and not mathematical explanation and proof of events.
Modern science received an important push by Galileo’s
work. While his breakthroughs were indeed the result of
his genius, they were also supported by the work of other
philosophers, mathematicians, and even alchemists from
the past.
The Chain Reaction of Research | Before and After Aristotle
Methods of understanding nature before and after
Aristoteles were different (400BC). The Edwin Smith
Papyrus, for example, is the oldest medical document
known. It describes several types of traumas and tumors
and it is believed to be a copy from a previous
document possibly written by Imhotep, during the the
Old Kingdom era in Egypt, 3000–2500 BC.
The Edwin Smith Papyrus explains in detail every known
wound and trauma. Every aspect is
described and analysed with precisio. In addition, a
thorough guidance for the identi cation and
treatments of wounds is offered. Thanks to the New York
Historical Society, the Brooklyn Museum and the
translation of James Henry Breasted, we have a better
understanding of the Ancient Egypt medical care
methods.
The oldest evidence of developments in mathematics
comes from around 20,000 years ago on the riversides of
the Nile River. It is a bone, the Ishango Bone, with a series
of marks carved alongside resembling what can be
interpreted as calculations with numbers or some sort of
a lunar calendar.
Share this:
READ MORE
ALSO ON PAPERHIVE MAGAZINE
MAY 15,
2016
PaperHive
Conversations: Maryna Viazovska
MAY 11,
2016
PaperHive
Conversations: Professor James
Tully
MAY 9, 2016
Comunes:
Sharing
Economy
And Free Culture
MAY 7, 2016
Research
Collaboration: a Chain Reaction
MAY 3, 2016
PaperHive
Conversations: Ines Hasselberg
1
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