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Effect Of Design Parameters
Of an
Ornithopter
By LOURD ARUN RAJ
MRCET, HYD-BAD
Fig : hand made ornihopter while flying
1.FLAPPING WING MAV:
• Birds taught humans to fly.
• Leonardo da Vinci’s Studied the bird flight.
• Emerged from the dream of mastering the
flight of the natural fligher.
• Complexity of the insect flight
• Bird Flight- Ornithopter.
• Insect flight- Entomopter.
• Scientists concluded that ornithopter flight
is efficient than static wing flight
because wing alone produces lift as well
as thrust.
• 15 cm mark by DARPA
Wing Kinematics:
• Basic Terminology:
• Consists of 3 axes
1. Flapping axis.
2. Pitching axes
3. Lead lag
Forces generated by flapping wings:
Divide into two strokes:
• Down stroke
• Up stroke
• Induced flow is maximum near the tips.
• The Angle of attack is varying along the span.
• For flexibility, the angle of attack keeps varyin
with the stroke.
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter
2.Fluid dynamic modeling:
• Using BLADE ELEMENT ANALYSIS.
• Modeling reality on paper is very difficult.
Assumptions :
• Wings are made of flexible membrane attached
with spar at leading edge and wing form is ha
elliptical.
• Only flapping would be induced by the power
plant with equal up/down flapping angles.
• The front spar will act as pivot for passive
pitching movement, caused by the
aerodynamic/ inertial loads.
• The flow is assumed to remain
attached.
• Both flapping and pitching
movements are taken as sinusoidal
functions with certain amount of lag.
• Upstroke and down strokes have
equal time duration
Final Equations:
3.Parametric Study and Results
A MATLAB code has been written and th
Results are in graphical format.
•Span=40cm
•Root chord=10cm
•Mass= 12 gms
And other minor values are assumed.
•The graph starts from down stroke and
to up stroke.
•Time is converted dimensional numbers.
Inputs required to solve:
•Forward Speed
•Flapping Frequency
•Total Flapping Angle
•Incidence Angle of the Fuselage
•Maximum Pitch Angle
•Lag Between Pitching and Flapping
• Span wise strips and time steps.
Change of Lift, Thrust and drag in one cycle with time.
Effect of Forward speed:
•The forward speed is varied from 5m/s to 10m/s
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter
Effect of Flapping Frequency:
•The Flapping frequency is varied from 4Hz to 16Hz
With increment of 2 Hz
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter
Effect of flapping angle:
•Flapping angle is varied from 30deg to 90deg
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter
4.Conclusion:
•Lift of an ornithopter is most influenced by the
incidence angle and forward speed but least
affected by flapping frequency.
•Thrust of an ornithopter is most affected by
flapping frequency and forward speed but least
influenced by incidence angle.
•·The drag force increases with increase in forwa
speed, incidence angle, and flapping frequency.
•·The increase in total flapping angle increases a
the forces but the effect is marked on drag force.
Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter

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Effect of Design Parameters on Ornithopter

  • 1. Effect Of Design Parameters Of an Ornithopter By LOURD ARUN RAJ MRCET, HYD-BAD
  • 2. Fig : hand made ornihopter while flying
  • 3. 1.FLAPPING WING MAV: • Birds taught humans to fly. • Leonardo da Vinci’s Studied the bird flight. • Emerged from the dream of mastering the flight of the natural fligher. • Complexity of the insect flight • Bird Flight- Ornithopter. • Insect flight- Entomopter. • Scientists concluded that ornithopter flight is efficient than static wing flight because wing alone produces lift as well as thrust. • 15 cm mark by DARPA
  • 4. Wing Kinematics: • Basic Terminology: • Consists of 3 axes 1. Flapping axis. 2. Pitching axes 3. Lead lag
  • 5. Forces generated by flapping wings: Divide into two strokes: • Down stroke • Up stroke • Induced flow is maximum near the tips. • The Angle of attack is varying along the span. • For flexibility, the angle of attack keeps varyin with the stroke.
  • 8. 2.Fluid dynamic modeling: • Using BLADE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. • Modeling reality on paper is very difficult. Assumptions : • Wings are made of flexible membrane attached with spar at leading edge and wing form is ha elliptical. • Only flapping would be induced by the power plant with equal up/down flapping angles. • The front spar will act as pivot for passive pitching movement, caused by the aerodynamic/ inertial loads.
  • 9. • The flow is assumed to remain attached. • Both flapping and pitching movements are taken as sinusoidal functions with certain amount of lag. • Upstroke and down strokes have equal time duration
  • 11. 3.Parametric Study and Results A MATLAB code has been written and th Results are in graphical format. •Span=40cm •Root chord=10cm •Mass= 12 gms And other minor values are assumed. •The graph starts from down stroke and to up stroke. •Time is converted dimensional numbers.
  • 12. Inputs required to solve: •Forward Speed •Flapping Frequency •Total Flapping Angle •Incidence Angle of the Fuselage •Maximum Pitch Angle •Lag Between Pitching and Flapping • Span wise strips and time steps.
  • 13. Change of Lift, Thrust and drag in one cycle with time.
  • 14. Effect of Forward speed: •The forward speed is varied from 5m/s to 10m/s
  • 16. Effect of Flapping Frequency: •The Flapping frequency is varied from 4Hz to 16Hz With increment of 2 Hz
  • 18. Effect of flapping angle: •Flapping angle is varied from 30deg to 90deg
  • 20. 4.Conclusion: •Lift of an ornithopter is most influenced by the incidence angle and forward speed but least affected by flapping frequency. •Thrust of an ornithopter is most affected by flapping frequency and forward speed but least influenced by incidence angle. •·The drag force increases with increase in forwa speed, incidence angle, and flapping frequency. •·The increase in total flapping angle increases a the forces but the effect is marked on drag force.