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1. Depressionisaconditionthataffectsmorethan25%ofadolescents.Itisa
typeofdisorderwhichdisturbstheirfocusandmood,causingalossof
pleasureandinterestindoingactivitiesthattheyaresupposedtoenjoy,
makingthem quiteirritable.Differentthingsarethoughtasrelatedwiththe
feelingofdepressionamongadolescents.Amongthoseexamplesareafailure
toidentifyasanindividual,insecurerelationshipsandattachments,negative
representations,etc.(Milke&Lawner,2003;Olsen,Northen,Arphel,&Knorr,
2001).2001).Inthisthesis,therolethatattachmentplaysamongadolescents
experiencingdepressionwillbeinvestigated.Itisbeinghypothesizedthat
adolescentswhoareattachedinsecurely,eitheravoidantorambivalent,has
thetendencytodisplayahigherlevelofsymptomsthataredepressionrelated,
aswellasbehaviorscomparedtoadolescentsthatareattachedsecurely.
InaresearcharticlepresentedbySeltzer(1998),twoquestionssurfaced
duringthestudy.Thesequestionswereselectedtoserveasaguide.First,
wouldthoseintheagegroupof18to21correspondinqualityandfrequency
todifferentattachmentpatternsthatarebeingreportedbyotherprofessional
researchers?Second,would characteristics and personalities ofsecure
adolescentattachmentsberelatedwithpersonalitycharacteristicsofchild
andinfantstudies?Thefocusoftheinvestigationwasonthelatefemale
adolescentadolescentpatterns,particularlymaternal,withtheuseofasemi-structured
interview.Ithasbeenhypothesizedthatfemaleswhoaresecurelyattached
willoftenhaveastrongpositiveidentification,especiallytowardstheirmother,
lowerscoresondepressionandhigherratingsofself-esteem.
TheRelationshipBetweenAttachmentand
AdolescentDepression
LiteratureReview

2. Thesampleoriginallyconsistedof1001random studentsofpsychologyata
college.However,afterperformingsomeproceduresinscreening,aswellas
theimportancetohaveequalnumbersacrossallcategoriesofattachment.As
aresult,thenumberwasreducedto28inthestudy.
TheTheresultsusedinthisstudysupportedthemainhypothesisthatrelative
percentagesofattachmentsinvolved,includingavoidant,ambivalentand
secure,would correspond to the reported data by the infantstudies
(Stephenson,2003).Theresultsalso showed thattherewasa relative
differenceinpersonalitycharacteristicsinbetweentheambivalentandsecure
groups.Femalesthatareambivalentlyattachedweremoredepressed,and
have been reported to have lowerrates ofself-esteem compared to
adolescentsadolescentswhoaresecurelyattached(Faulkner,2002).Ontheotherhand,the
avoidantattachmentgroupwasalsointhemiddleofbothambivalentand
securegroupsinrelationtoself-esteemanddepression,thoughtheywerenot
significantlydifferentfromeitherofthegroups.Ithasalsobeenreportedthat
femaleadolescentswhoaresecurelyattachedhavearelativelymorepositive
andmaternalidentificationcomparedtothosewhoareambivalentlyattached,
andavoidantfemaleadolescentswhoarecategorizedinthemiddle(Salazar,
2010).2010).
Alloftheseresultsarecombinedtogethertogiveconfirmationtothe
hypothesisthatpersonalityandcharacteristicssuchasinterpersonalskills,
positiveaffect,andself-esteem correlatestochildandinfantpersonality
characteristics ofthose undersecure attachments (Singh,1999).One
limitationtothisstudy,however,isthattheresultsarenotlongitudinal.This
meansthatitrestsonthecurrentsituationratherthanatthestartof
childhood,followingthelivesofthefemalesastheyweredeveloping.Another
studystudylimitationisthatthesampleonlyconsistedofallfemaleparticipants.
Thesecorrelationsmaybesignificantlydifferentifboyswereinvolved(Peters,
2007).

3. Next,thetopiconattachmentrelatedtoadolescentdepressionisalso
addresseddependingonsocialnetworks.InastudybyOwneretal.(2001),two
questionssurfaced.First,doadolescentssufferingfromdepressionhavemore
limitedorinsufficientsocialnetwork?Second,dotheyviewemotionalstatus
oftheirfamilyasnegative?Thegoalofthisstudyistofurtherinvestigateon
the socialnetworks involving depressed adolescents,with and without
conductdisorder,comparingtheresultswithsocialnetworksofthecontrol
grgroup.
Theresultsshowthatanadolescentdealingwithmajordepressiondoesnot
significantlydifferfrom thecontrols.Therearenodeficienciesinattachment,
socialinteractionsaswellasfamilyclimate.Thisfindingisnotexplained
easilyotherthantheindividualswhoarelessaffectedbydepressivethinking.
Also,adolescentswhoaredealingwithdysthymia,ordoubledepressionfeel
thattheirmaincaregiverisavailable,thoughinadequateattimes(Matthews,
2001).Theseresultsgiveconfirmationtothehypothesisthatadolescentswho
araredepressedusuallyhavealimited,insufficientsocialnetwork,andthatthey
usuallyview theconditionsoftheirfamilyasnegative.Parentshadno
involvementinthesestudies.Anotherobviouslimitationisthatthecontrols
wereselectedfrom theentiregroupafterscreeningashavingascoreunder
moderatedepression.Thecontrolsmayalsonotbecompletelyfreefrom
depression.
References
Faulker,T.(2002).Attachmenttheoryintheframeworkofunderstandingseverepsychopathologyinadolescents.Afollow-upstudy.Journalof
ClinicalPsychology,34(2),155,163.
Matthews,H.A.(2001).Depressionpredictorsamongfemaleadolescents.AdolescenceToday,38,209-234.
Milke,A.E.,&Lawner,Y.T.(2003).Self-reportedstyleofattachment,depressionandanxietysymptomsamongyoungadolescents.Individualand
PersonalityDifferences,30(2),809-810.
Olsen,H.,Northern,P.,Arphel,H.A,&.Knorr,E.R.(2001).Adolescentdepression:Familyclimateandsocialnetwork–acontrolstudy.Journalof
PsychiatryPsychologyandAlliedDisciplines,40(2),344-356.
OwneOwner,H.,Peters,Q.,Potter,A.,Poppins,H.,&Granger,A.(2001).Primaryattachmentamongfemaleadolescents:Connectionwithself-esteem,
depressionandmaternalidentification.BiologicalandInterpersonalProcessesinPsychiatry,52,21-22.
Peters,Z.(2007).Depressionamongadolescents–theself-centereddepression.ThePsychologyJournal,34(3)-67-69.
Salazar,T.(2010).Thecorrelationbetweendepressionandexternalfactorsamongadolescents,ClinicalPsychology,34,(2),45-47.
Seltzer,O.P.(1998).Theimpactofself-esteem,acceptanceanddepressionamongadolescents.Psychiatry:BiologicalProcedures,34(2),78-79.
Singh,Singh,Y.T.(1999).Predictorsofearlydepression.Adolescence,56(1),314-324.
Stephenson,W.E.(2003).Reportonattachmentquality,self-reportedattachmentstyle,andsymptomsofdepressionandanxietyonyounger
adolescentsinthemoderngeneration.IndividualandPersonalityPsychologyJournal,5(2),677-688.