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White Paper
Ben Wilson, MBA, MPH
                                      The Value of
                                      Healthcare IT (HIT)
Director of Healthcare IT
Digital Health Group
Intel Corporation


Jim Athanasiou
                                      A Practical Approach to Discussing
Senior Strategic Finance Specialist
Digital Health Group                  and Measuring the Benefits
                                      of HIT Investments
Intel Corporation


August 2007
White Paper   The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	             and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                  Executive Summary
                                  The	Intel®	Healthcare	IT	(HIT)	Value	Model	provides	an	industry-tested	approach	
                                  to	discussing	and	measuring	the	benefits	of	HIT	investments,	with	a	focus	on	
                                  quantifiable	benefits	that	produce	a	financial	impact.	The	Value	Model	offers	an	
                                  intuitive	strategic	framework	and	reusable	calculations	to	identify	measurable	
                                  changes	in	healthcare	business	metrics	that	we	call	value	dials.	Value	dials	include	
                                  quality	of	care,	clinician	satisfaction,	clinician	productivity,	revenue	enhancement,	
                                  cost	optimization,	patient	access	and	more.	Use	of	the	HIT	Value	Model	can	help	
                                  healthcare institutions:

                                  	 •	 Make	more	data-driven	investment	decisions
                                  	 •	 Manage	HIT-enabled	change	more	effectively
                                  	 •	 Evaluate	the	impact	of	HIT-based	initiatives
                                    • Build support for HIT adoption

                                  Organizations	that	have	used	the	model	have	identified	significant	financial	benefits	
                                  from	their	HIT	investments.	Banner	Health,	one	of	the	largest	U.S.	nonprofit	healthcare	
                                  systems,	found	that	its	comprehensive,	HIT-enabled	care	transformation	initiative	
                                  delivered	an	annual	bottom-line	impact	of	USD1.6	million	adjusted	for	case	mix.1

                                  Intel	offers	program	resources	to	assist	healthcare	organizations	in	applying	the	
                                  HIT	Value	Model	as	part	of	its	mission	to	remove	roadblocks	to	the	effective	use	
                                  of	healthcare	information	technology.	Contact	your	Intel	representative	to	learn	
                                  more	and	see	a	demonstration.




                                  1
                                    Pre-tax	cash	flow	or	Earnings	Before	Interest,	Taxes,	Depreciation	and	Amortization	(EBITDA)	
                                 		Savings	did	not	consider	infrastructure	costs.
White Paper   The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	             and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                  Introduction
                                  Information Technology for an Information-Based Enterprise
                                  From	patient	records	to	clinical	reference	materials,	healthcare	runs	on	information.	
                                  But	while	HIT	adoption	rates	are	rising,	healthcare	continues	to	lag	other	information-
                                  intensive	industries	in	using	IT	to	achieve	strategic	business	objectives.

                                  There	are	many	reasons	for	this,	including	                clear	answers	to	this	question	can	lead	to	
                                  cultural	resistance,	competing	priorities	and	a	           delays	or	avoidance	of	HIT	investments.	Faced	
                                  perception	that	IT	deployment	is	fraught	with	             with	a	choice	of	funding	revenue-generating	
                                  difficulties.	Adding	to	the	mix	is	a	lack	of	clear	        medical	equipment	or	an	HIT	initiative	whose	
                                  information	on	the	costs	and	benefits	of	HIT.	             impacts	seem	uncertain	and	whose	deployment	
                                  Do	HIT	investments	improve	the	delivery	of	high-           often	involves	hard	work	and	culture	change,	many	
                                  quality,	cost-efficient	healthcare	services	               understandably	invest	in	the	former.	Yet,	given	
                                  and	deliver	financial	benefits	to	hospitals	               rising	demands	on	healthcare	systems	around	
                                  and	physicians?	                                           the	world	and	competitive	pressures	on	many	
                                                                                             U.S.	hospitals,	healthcare	urgently	needs	the	
                                  For	decision	makers	who	still	view	IT	as	a	cost	
                                                                                             improvements	HIT	can	enable.	
                                  center	rather	than	a	value	generator,	the	lack	of	

Percent of Revenues Spent
on IT by Industry                                                 0%        2%          4%         6%          8%          10%          12%

                                             Financial Services
                                                    Insurance
                                            Consumer Services
                                              Wholesale Trade
                                             Business Services
                                                      Utilities
                                      North American Overall
                                           Primary Production
                                                        Retail
                                                    High Tech
                                             Intermediate Mfg
                                           Finished Goods Mfg
                                      Chemicals and Petroleum
                                                     Hospitals
                                                    Physicians



                                                                                                           Sources:	Lewin	Group,	Forrester	Research
White Paper    The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	              and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                   An Industry-Proven Approach to
                                   Discussing IT Value
Healthcare IT investments          Intel’s	Digital	Health	Group	is	collaborating	with	healthcare	leaders	worldwide	to	
should address core                remove	roadblocks	to	successful	adoption	of	healthcare	IT.	As	part	of	that	commitment,	
objectives focused on              we’re	sharing	a	free	model,	simple	yet	powerful,	for	discussing	and	measuring	the	value	
improving the delivery
                                   of	HIT	investments.	
of high-quality, efficient
healthcare services.               The	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	is	based	on	an	approach	developed	at	Intel	IT	Innovation	Centers	and	
                                   employed	at	Intel	for	more	than	five	years.2	Originally	used	to	analyze	Intel’s	own	IT	investment	
                                   strategies,	the	approach	has	been	refined	with	companies	and	organizations	from	finance,	manufacturing	
                                   and	other	industries,	which	have	used	it	to	plan	IT	investments	and	evaluate	the	benefits	of	IT-
                                   enabled	transformation	initiatives.		

                                   Most	recently,	clinicians,	IT	staff	and	financial	analysts	from	the	Digital	Health	Group	have	worked	
                                   with	global	healthcare	leaders	to	adapt	the	model	for	use	by	organizations	such	as	hospitals,	physician	
                                   networks,	government	agencies	and	ministries	of	health.	The	model	has	been	refined	and	tested	
                                   through	collaborations	with	healthcare	chief	financial	officers	(CFOs),	chief	information	officers	(CIOs),	
                                   chief	medical	officers	(CMOs)	and	other	healthcare	decision	makers.	

                                   This	paper	offers	an	overview	of	the	Intel	HIT	Value	Model.	A	set	of	free	resources	based	on	the	
                                   model,	along	with	advisory	services,	are	available	to	organizations	that	want	to	conduct	a	customized	
                                   analysis.	By	offering	a	practical,	reusable	framework	to	foster	discussion	and	measurement	of	the	value	
                                   of	IT	investments,	we	hope	to	enable	hospitals,	physician	practices,	and	healthcare	systems	
                                   to	accelerate	the	successful	adoption	of	HIT-enabled	change	initiatives.	




                                   2
                                     For	more	about	the	Intel	IT	Innovation	and	Research	Centers,	see	http://www.intel.com/technology/techresearch/itresearch/.	
                                   		For	further	discussion	of	the	business	value	of	IT,	see	the	white	paper	Measuring IT Success at the Bottom Line at
                                     http://www.intel.com/it/pdf/measuring-it-success-at-the-bottom-line.pdf	and	David	Sward’s Measuring the Business
                                    Value of Information Technology (Intel	Press,	2006,	http://www.intel.com/intelpress/sum_bvm.htm).
White Paper   The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	             and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                  Delivering Strategic Value
The Value Model helps             The	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	starts	from	Intel’s	core	belief	that	all	IT	investments	are	
organizations answer              business	investments	that	should	support	strategic	priorities	and	deliver	a	sustainable	
two questions: What core          advantage	to	the	company	or	organization.	IT	should	be	seen	from	the	perspective	of	
organizational objectives
                                  value	rather	than	as	a	cost	center,	and	IT	investments	should	be	evaluated	in	terms	of	
do we want to achieve, and
                                  how	well	they	help	the	company,	agency	or	other	organization	meet	critical	business	
how will we know when
we’ve achieved them?              objectives.	Whatever	the	industry,	IT	solutions	and	services	should	help	organizations	
                                  meet	business	needs	and	challenges,	generate	business	cost	savings	and	benefits	
                                  (not	simply	IT	cost	savings),	and	improve	revenues	or	market	position.	

                                  IT	investments	can	help	businesses	gain	                 HIT	investments,	deployed	as	part	of	compre-
                                  a	competitive	advantage	and	empower	                     hensive,	well	implemented	initiatives,	can	deliver	
                                  governments	and	nonprofits	to	better	fulfill	            strategic	value.	
                                  their	core	missions.	In	other	industries,	successful	
                                                                                             • Patient safety.	Medical	errors	have	
                                  IT	investments	have	improved	business	success	
                                                                                             been	identified	as	a	significant	problem	with	
                                  and	profitability	by:	
                                                                                             serious	clinical	and	economic	consequences.	
                                     •	 Enabling	manufacturers	to	design	more	               Investments	in	electronic	medical	records	
                                     innovative	products	and	bring	them	to	market	           (EMRs),	computerized	provider	order	entry	
                                     faster	and	at	lower	cost.	                              (CPOE),	mobile	point	of	care	(MPOC)	and	other	
                                                                                             solutions,	along	with	clinical	workflow	redesign,	
                                     •	 Allowing	retailers	to	increase	sales	by	
                                                                                             can	reduce	the	risk	of	adverse	events	and	
                                     better	understanding	and	predicting	consumer	
                                                                                             thereby	in	this	context	work	to	improve	
                                     preferences,	optimizing	their	product	mix,	
                                                                                             patient	safety	by	enabling	access	to	accurate,	
                                     keeping	products	in	stock	and	providing	a	
                                                                                             timely	information	when	and	where	it	is	
                                     compelling	shopping	experience.	
                                                                                             needed	to	enhance	clinical	decision	making.	
                                     •	 Making	it	possible	for	investment	banks	
                                                                                             • Quality of care.	High-quality	healthcare	
                                     to	increase	revenues	by	introducing	more	
                                                                                             delivers	the	right	services	at	the	right	time	
                                     sophisticated	financial	instruments	at	lower	risk.	
                                                                                             and	in	the	right	way	to	achieve	optimal	results.	
                                     •	 Helping	governments	increase	citizen	                HIT	investments	can	help	improve	the	
                                     satisfaction	and	make	optimum	use	of	tax	               efficiency	of	healthcare	services,	allow	
                                     dollars	by	delivering	services	more	efficiently	        colleagues	to	collaborate	more	effectively	
                                     and	economically.	                                      in	real	time,	and	increase	adherence	to	
                                                                                             clinical	protocols.	By	saving	time	for	busy	
                                  For	healthcare,	IT	investments	should	address	
                                                                                             professionals,	HIT	investments	can	enable	
                                  core	objectives	focused	on	improving	high-
                                                                                             clinicians	to	spend	more	time	with	the	
                                  quality,	efficient	healthcare	services.	The	Intel	
                                                                                             patient.	When	these	factors	are	combined,	
                                  HIT	Value	Model	defines	seven	value	dials:	
                                                                                             patient	satisfaction	can	increase.	
                                  broad	categories	of	benefits	through	which
White Paper   The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	             and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments



                                     • Patient access.	Overcrowding	and	long	              • Revenue enhancement. HIT-enabled	
                                     wait-times	can	increase	patients’	frustration	        efficiencies	can	increase	the	volume	of	
                                     and	anxiety	and	decrease	their	satisfaction	          patients	seen	and	procedures	performed,	
                                     with	the	healthcare	system.	HIT	can	help	             improve	resource	utilization,	improve	charge	
                                     improve	access	to	care	by	streamlining	               capture	and	streamline	the	billing	cycle—all	
                                     previously	inefficient	processes	and	increasing	      of	which	can	generate	increased	revenues.	
                                     clinician	and	staff	productivity.	HIT	investments	
                                                                                           • Cost optimization. The rising cost of
                                     that	improve	asset	tracking	can	optimize	bed	
                                                                                           healthcare	is	a	global	concern	that	threatens	
                                     utilization	and	enhance	use	of	other	scarce	
                                                                                           both	profit-based	and	not-for-profit	health	
                                     resources.	Patient-facing	web	portals	can	
                                                                                           systems.	Labor	wages	and	benefits	are	a	
                                     improve	patients’	ability	to	interact	efficiently	
                                                                                           significant	expense	for	healthcare	providers,	
                                     with	the	healthcare	system,	again	improving	
                                                                                           and	one	that	can	be	improved	by	enhancing	
                                     both	patient	satisfaction	and	system	efficiency.	
                                                                                           productivity,	as	outlined	above.	With	better	
                                     • Physician and staff productivity.	Many	             care,	it	becomes	possible	to	lower	the	costs	
                                     countries	and	regions	face	pervasive	shortages	       associated	with	medical	errors	and	liability.	
                                     of	highly	skilled	healthcare	workers,	in	tandem	      Higher-quality,	more-efficient	care	can	also	
                                     with	rising	demands	for	care	due	to	aging	popu-       reduce	average	length	of	stay,	which	may	
                                     lations	and	growing	rates	of	chronic	diseases.	       provide	a	positive	impact	depending	on	case	
                                     HIT	investments	can	contribute	to	productivity	       mix	and	payment	model.	Better	utilization	
                                     improvements	by	reducing	inefficiencies—for	          of	expensive	resources	such	as	diagnostic	
                                     example,	enabling	all	clinicians	to	easily	access	    equipment	and	surgery	suites	can	generate	
                                                                                             Chart
                                     information	at	the	point	of	need	rather	than	         significant	cost	savings.	For	integrated	healthcare	
                                     having	to	hunt	for	the	patient’s	chart.	              networks,	electronic	medical	records	and	other	
                                                                                           HIT	solutions	can	enable	economies	of	scale	
                                     • Physician and staff satisfaction. HIT-
                                                                                           across	the	system.	Finally,	the	move	to	a	digital	
                                     rich	clinical	environments	can	improve	provider	
                                                                                           environment	can	generate	significant	savings	on	
                                     satisfaction	by	optimizing	workflows	and	en-
                                                                                           forms	management	costs,	as	well	as	floor	space	
                                     abling	clinicians	to	spend	less	time	chasing	paper	
                                                                                           and	handling	costs	for	records	storage.	
                                     and	more	time	caring	for	people—the	reason	they	
                                     went	into	healthcare	in	the	first	place.
White Paper      The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                     A Framework for Value Dials and
                                     Key Performance Indicators
Some of the most                     The	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	helps	organizations	answer	two	questions:	what	core	
significant benefits arise           organizational	objectives	do	we	want	to	achieve,	and	how	will	we	know	when	we’ve	
in the discussions of what
                                     achieved	them?	The	value	dials	are	a	starting	point	for	specifying	what	you	want	to	
performance indicators are
                                     achieve.	But	how	do	you	meaningfully	measure	changes	in	each	area?	
most relevant.

                                     The Intel HIT Value Model addresses this                  throughput	data	and	other	information	generated	
                                     challenge	by	associating	each	value	dial	with	a	          by	newly	deployed	HIT	solutions.	
                                     set	of	observable,	quantifiable,	operational	metrics	
                                                                                               Table	1	lists	representative	performance	indicators	
                                     called	key	performance	indicators	(KPIs).	For	
                                                                                               and	measurements	for	the	seven	value	dials.	The	
                                     example,	improvements	in	the	value	dial	of	patient	
                                                                                               indicators	that	Intel	suggests	are	a	starting	point.	
                                     safety	may	be	seen	by	tracking	the	performance	
                                                                                               Many	other	performance	indicators	can	be	used,	
                                     indicators	of	numbers	of	adverse	drug	events	
                                                                                               and	indeed,	some	of	the	most	significant	benefits	
                                     (ADEs),	surgical	errors,	and	transfusion	errors.	
                                                                                               from	using	the	Value	Model	arise	in	the	discus-
                                     When	used	for	managerial	purposes,	many	perfor-           sions	of	what	performance	indicators	are	most	
                                     mance	indicators	can	be	applied	to	multiple	value	        relevant	to	specific	HIT-enabled	projects,	as	well	
                                     dials.	For	instance,	a	reduction	in	average	length	       as	to	organizational	goals	and	culture.	
                                     of	stay	is	a	primary	metric	for	quality	of	care.	It	
                                                                                               For	example,	staff	productivity	gains	can	be	
                                     may	also	reflect	improvements	in	efficiency—tests	
                                                                                               measured	in	terms	of	clinician	time	spent	providing	
                                     and	procedures	are	performed	in	a	more	timely	
                                                                                               direct	patient	care	or	number	of	patients	seen.	
                                     fashion	and	results	are	reported	more	quickly	in	a	
                                                                                               Seeing	higher	numbers	of	patients	can	mean	
                                     digital	hospital	environment—and	patient	safety—a	
                                                                                               greater	patient	access	and	increased	provider	
                                     shorter	stay	means	less	exposure	to	errors.	It	also	
                                                                                               revenue,	but	spending	more	time	with	patients	
                                     has	intrinsic	value	to	patients.		Yet,	for	determining	
                                                                                               may	result	in	better	quality	of	care	and	increased	
                                     the	financial	value	and	bottom-line	impact,	it	is	
                                                                                               satisfaction	for	providers	and	patients.	There	
                                     important	that	each	value	dial	be	counted	
                                                                                               are	no	right	answers,	but	the	discussion	of	such	
                                     only	once.
                                                                                               issues	can	help	any	hospital,	practice	or	other	
                                     Each	key	performance	indicator	is	usually	derived	        organization	clarify	its	objectives	and	achieve	
                                     from	an	underlying	calculation.	That	calculation	         greater	consensus	about	them.	The	goal	is	
                                     generally	has	multiple	variables	that	are	built	on	       to	reach	a	set	of	objective,	standardized	
                                     data	that	hospitals	typically	collect	to	track	per-       metrics	that	map	to	the	goals	of	the	given	
                                     formance,	such	as	basic	operational	data,	financial	      hospital	or	organization.	
                                     metrics,	and	clinical	metrics.	They	may	also	include
White Paper      The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments



    Table 1. Value Dials with
                                                                Sample Key
    Representative Key                Value Dials                                                          Measurements
                                                                Performance Indicators
    Performance Indicators
                                      Patient	safety            Adverse	drug	events                        Percentage	change	in	number	per	
                                                                                                           1,000	doses
                                                                Admissions	with	an	Adverse	Drug	           Change	in	number	of	admissions
                                                                Event	(ADE)
                                                                Incidents of surgical errors               Percentage	change-estimated	
                                                                                                           cost of surgical error
                                                                Transfusion errors                         Percentage	change-estimated	
                                                                                                           cost of transfusion errors
                                                                Malpractice	expenses                       Malpractice	expenses	as	a	percent-
                                                                                                           age	of	practice	revenue
                                      Quality	of	care           Reduced	length	of	stay                     Percentage	change	in	the	average	
                                                                                                           length	of	stay	in	days
                                                                Diagnosis	Related	Group	associated	        Percentage	change	in	length	of	stay	
                                                                lengths	of	stay                            in	days
                                                                Physician	time	with	patients               Percentage	change	in	time;	
                                                                                                           additional	intrinsic	value	to	patient	
                                                                                                           is	not	measurable
                                                                Registered	Nurse	time	with	patients        Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                Certain	averse	outcomes                    Percentage	change	of	adverse	
                                                                                                           outcomes
                                                                Complication	measures                      Percentage	change	in	complications
                                                                Hospital acquired infection rates          Percentage change in infections
                                                                Recognized	accreditation                   Certification	achieved	through	
                                                                                                           use	of	IT	solutions,	such	as	
                                                                                                           JCIA accreditation
                                      Patient access            Response	time	to	patient	inquiries         Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                Waiting	times	for	elective	surgery         Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                Waiting	times	for	outpatient	              Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                appointments
                                                                Response	time	for	billing                  Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                Lab	results	report	wait	time               Percentage	change	in	time
                                                                Online	viewing	and	self-                   Availability
                                                                management
                                                                Online	prescription	renewal                Availability
                                                                Online scheduling                          Availability
                                                                Chronic	disease	self-management            Availability
                                                                Availability	of	preventive	care	such	as	   Availability
                                                                vaccinations	and	screening
                                                                Increased	number	of	consultations	         Percentage change or actual delta
                                                                per	day                                    increase

                                                                                                                                    continued on page 8
White Paper       The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                 and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments



    Table 1. Value Dials with
                                                                 Sample Key
    Representative Key                 Value Dials                                                     Measurements
                                                                 Performance Indicators
    Performance Indicators
    (continued)                        Staff	productivity        Increased	face	time	with	patients     Percentage change of actual delta
                                                                                                       increase
                                                                 Reduced	time	spent	doing	             Percentage change of actual delta
                                                                 administrative	work                   increase
                                                                 Reduced	number	of	steps	to	perform	a	 Actual delta change
                                                                 specific	task	or	medical	procedure
                                                                 Reduced	time	to	perform	a	specific	   Time	change
                                                                 task	or	medical	procedure
                                                                 Clinical	staff	turnover               Percentage	change	in	turnover
                                       Staff satisfaction        Physician	referrals                   Percentage change in referrals
                                                                 Hours	of	overtime	worked              Percentage	change	in	overtime	work
                                                                 Internal	satisfaction	survey	scores   Percentage change in scores indicat-
                                                                                                       ing change satisfaction
                                                                 Patient	volume                        Percentage	change	in	volume
                                       Revenue	enhancement Bed	turns	per	month                         Percentage	change	in	bed	turns
                                                                 Length	of	stay                        Percentage change in length
                                                                                                       of	stay
                                                                 Days	in	Accounts	Receivable           Change	in	days	spent	waiting	
                                                                                                       for	payment
                                                                 Number	of	elective	surgeries	         Percentage change
                                                                 per	week
                                                                 Unit	cost	of	diagnostics	             Actual cost change
                                                                 and	treatment
                                       Cost	optimization         Administrative	cost	of	               Actual cost change
                                                                 healthcare	system
                                                                 Inventory	cost                        Change	in	cost	of	inventory	in	stock,	
                                                                                                       including drugs and other supplies
                                                                 Cost	per	patient	day                  Percentage change




8
White Paper    The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	              and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                   Quantifiable, Monetizable Benefits
The Value Model focuses            The	HIT	Business	Value	Model	emphasizes	quantifiable	benefits	that	produce	a	
on quantifiable benefits           financial	impact,	so	many	performance	indicators	also	have	an	associated	monetary	
that produce a measurable          value.	For	example,	the	performance	indicator	of	improved	avoidance	of	adverse	drug	
financial impact.
                                   events	can	be	measured	in	terms	of	the	number	of	ADE	alerts	resulting	in	therapy	
                                   changes	for	a	weighted	average	of	the	number	of	acute	admissions.		The	financial	
                                   benefit	can	be	determined	by	factoring	in	the	average	cost	per	ADE.	
                                   For	any	given	HIT	investment,	an	organization	can	identify	key	performance	indicators	for	the	value	
                                   drivers	that	an	investment	is	intended	to	address,	determine	a	current	baseline,	and	measure	improvements	
                                   against	this	baseline.	Results	can	be	adjusted	for	case	mix	and	reimbursement	model,	to	determine	
                                   financial	effects	more	precisely.	

                                   HIT	investments	produce	many	benefits	that	are	not	quantifiable,	and	many	quantifiable	benefits	may	not	
                                   be	monetizable—that	is,	they	may	not	have	a	measurable	financial	impact.	For	instance,	many	clinicians	who	
                                   work	in	HIT-enabled	environments	say	the	clinician-patient	relationship	is	enhanced	because	clinicians	
                                   can	deliver	more	efficient,	responsive	care	and	spend	more	time	at	the	bedside.	However,	an	improvement	
                                   in	the	relationship	would	be	difficult	to	quantify,	and	it	would	be	even	harder	to	assign	a	dollar	value	to	
                                   such	improvements.	In	other	words,	time	spent	with	patients	can	be	measured	but	not	easily	monetized.	
                                   By	contrast,	overtime	expenditure	can	be	measured,	and	the	financial	impact	can	be	clearly	identified.	
                                   Employee	satisfaction	is	quantifiable;	improved	nurse	retention	is	monetizable.	




                                                                        Monetizable                 Overtime
                                                                                                     expediture

                                                                        Quantifiable                      Time spent
                                                                                                           with patients

                                                                        All Benefits                            Clinician-patient
                                                                                                                 relationship




                                   Not	all	HIT	benefits	are	quantifiable	or	monetizable.	The	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	focuses	on	quantifiable	
                                   benefits	that	have	a	measurable	financial	impact.
White Paper      The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                     The Value Model’s Value
The Intel HIT Value                  By	helping	hospital	executives	and	other	decision	makers	discuss	and	measure	the	
Model starts from Intel’s            value	of	HIT	investments,	the	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	can	assist	in	turning	information	
core belief that all IT              technology	benefits	into	a	reality.	Using	the	model	can	generate	insights	that	deliver	
investments are business
                                     value	throughout	the	project	life	cycle:		
investments that should
support strategic priorities
and deliver a sustainable
                                        • Align HIT investments with strategic              surement	of	expected	and	achieved	benefits	
advantage to the
                                        goals.	By	emphasizing	IT’s	contribution	to	         provides	the	basis	for	an	analytical	approach	to	
organization. IT should be
                                        achieving	core	clinical	and	business	objectives,	   evaluating	pilot	studies	and	full	implementation,	
seen as a value rather than
                                        the	Value	Model	helps	hospitals,	governments	       and	understanding	their	impact.	Is	the	project	
a cost center.
                                        and	other	stakeholders	use	HIT	investments	to	      delivering	the	expected	results?	Are	you	seeing	
                                        drive	improvements	to	healthcare	quality,	cost,	    unanticipated	benefits?	The	model	won’t	tell	
                                        and	accessibility.	                                 you	why	the	results	occurred,	but	having	a	
                                                                                            clearer	picture	can	provide	a	starting	point	for	
                                        • Improve IT investment strategies.
                                                                                            fruitful	discussion	over	how	
                                        Making	more	data-driven	investment	decisions	
                                                                                            to	optimize	changes.	
                                        helps	reduce	investment	risks	and	identify	
                                        which	investments	are	likely	to	deliver	maximum	    • Inform and educate. Enlisting the support
                                        value.	The	information	and	insight	gained	can	      of	clinicians	is	critical	to	successful	HIT	adoption.	
                                        be	used	to	build	the	business	case	for	HIT	         If	the	model	shows	that	pilot	programs	or	initial,	
                                        investments	and	secure	funding.	                    limited-scope	deployments	demonstrate	objec-
                                                                                            tive,	measurable	improvements,	clinicians	and	
                                        • Enhance project planning.	During	project	
                                                                                            other	end	users	are	likely	to	accept	the	change	
                                        planning,	the	HIT	Value	Model	can	facilitate	the	
                                                                                            more	willingly.	
                                        process	of	discussing	and	clarifying	intended	
                                        outcomes	and	exploring	ways	of	measuring	           • Build on your success.	HIT	deployment	is	
                                        them.	Understanding	likely	outcomes	can	help	       a	process	of	continuous	improvement.	Insights	
                                        to	evaluate	competing	investment	priorities	and	    and	information	gleaned	from	using	the	Value	
                                        gain	insights	into	which	projects	or	outcomes	      Model	can	prove	valuable	in	communicating	
                                        are	more	likely	to	address	your	objectives.	        your	successes—to	generate	pride	in	what’s	
                                                                                            been	accomplished	and	build	support	for	
                                        • Improve project management.	Defining	
                                                                                            subsequent	projects.	
                                        a	current	baseline	and	specifying	the	benefits	
                                        sought	helps	clarify	expectations	and	enable	
                                        more	effective	project	management.	Mea-




0
White Paper   The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	             and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                  Evaluating Care Transformation
                                  at Banner Health
Banner Health used the            Banner	Health,	a	USD	3.3	billion	company	headquartered	in	Phoenix,	Arizona,	used	the	
Intel HIT Value Model             Intel	HIT	Value	Model	to	evaluate	the	impact	of	a	comprehensive	care	transformation	
to identify 10 key
                                  initiative.	Banner	Health	first	implemented	care	transformation	at	the	opening	of	a	
performance indicators
                                  new	hospital,	172-bed	Banner	Estrella	Medical	Center,	in	February	2005.	One	of	the	
that together produced
an annual bottom-line             largest	U.S.	nonprofit	healthcare	systems,	Banner	Health	operates	20	hospitals	in	
impact of USD1.6 million          seven	states,	and	is	in	the	process	of	replicating	care	transformation	across	its	network	
adjusted for case mix.            of	facilities	by	the	end	of	2008.	
                                  Care	transformation	is	the	name	Banner	Health	has	given	its	holistic	change	initiative.	To	develop	the	
                                  initiative,	Banner	Health	brought	together	300	clinicians	from	across	their	organization	to	design	new	
                                  workflows	and	establish	standardized,	evidence-based	order	sets.	Supporting	the	new	workflows	and	
                                  order	sets	are	HIT	investments	including	EMRs,	CPOE,	decision-support	software,	and	picture	archiving	
                                  and	communications	systems	(PACS),	as	well	as	wireless	networks,	and	Intel®	technology-based	nurses’	
                                  workstations,	tablet	PCs,	and	servers.	

                                  Technology	alone	doesn’t	produce	transformation.	Banner	Health	built	the	success	of	its	initiative	through	
                                  strong	organizational	leadership	at	multiple	levels,	deep	clinician	involvement,	and	detailed	attention	to	the	
                                  complex	interplay	between	technologies,	cultural	readiness,	and	clinical	work	practices.



                                                                                           Culture




                                                              Evidence-Based
                                                                                          Care                     Rapid Cycle
                                                               Best Practices        Transformation               Work Redesign


                                                                                                      Standardization


                                                                                         Technology




                                  Banner	Health’s	care	transformation	combines	elements	of	evidence-based	best	practices,	culture	change,	workflow	
                                  redesign,	and	healthcare	information	technologies	across	all	stakeholders	in	the	patient	care	experience	to	achieve	an	
                                  optimal	health	outcome.
White Paper       The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                 and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments



                                      Banner	Health	worked	with	Intel	and	Cerner,	two	of	its	key	suppliers	and	trusted	advisors,	to	apply	the	
                                      Intel	HIT	Value	Model.	Since	we	couldn’t	do	a	before	and	after	comparison	with	a	new	facility,	we	created	
                                      a	baseline	virtual	hospital	that	was	a	weighted	average	of	eight	Banner	hospitals	and	analyzed	the	10	key	
                                      performance	indicators	listed	in	Table	2.	These	10	indicators	produced	USD1.6	million	in	annual	bottom-line	
                                      impact	adjusted	for	case	mix.3	In	addition,	while	patient	satisfaction	was	not	one	of	the	performance	
                                      indicators,	it	is	worth	noting	that	Banner	Estrella	opened	to	patient	satisfaction	ratings	that	are	the	
                                      highest	in	Banner’s	20-hospital	network.	Table	3	shows	financial,	operational	and	other	data	used	to	
                                      determine	the	changes,	along	with	the	calculations	performed.

    Table 2. Changes to Key
    Performance Indicators at
    Banner Estrella Medical               Key Performance Indicators                         Metric description                      Economic Impact2
    Center1
                                          Avoidance	of	adverse	drug	            Therapy	changes	per	1,000	acute	                         84.3%	more
                                          events	(ADEs)                         admissions
                                                                                ADE	cost	avoidance	per	1,000	acute	                      84.3%	higher
                                                                                admissions
                                          Reduction	in	medication	related	      Medication	related	claims	per	1,000	                    21.9%	fewer3
                                          claims                                acute	admissions
                                                                                Cost	of	medically	related	claims	per	                    71.8%	lower3
                                                                                1,000	acute	admissions
                                          Increase in nurse retention           Nurses	leaving	voluntarily	within	the	                   15.8%	fewer
                                                                                first	year
                                                                                Nurse	replacement	cost	avoidance                         15.8%	lower


                                          Reduction	in	patients	leaving	        ED	visitors	treated	per	month                             1.8%	more
                                          ED	without		treatment
                                                                                Revenue	per	month	from	treating	more	                    1.8%	higher
                                                                                ED	visitors
                                          Overtime	reduction                    Overtime	expenditure	per	1,000	admis-                     5.3%	lower
                                                                                sions
                                          Pharmacy	cost	reduction               Drug	expenditure	per	1,000	admissions                    17.8%	lower3


                                          Forms	elimination                     Form	expenditure	per	1,000	admissions                    41.6%	lower


                                          Reduction	in	paper	document	          Document	storage	costs	per	1,000	                        95.6%	lower
                                          storage costs                         admissions
                                          Reduction	in	Accounts	                Days	in	patient	A/R                                       2.2%	fewer
                                          Receivable	cycle
                                      1
                                        		Compared	to	a	mean	of	eight	other	Banner	Health	facilities	that	had	not	fully	implemented	care	transformation.		
                                      2
                                        		Annualized	impact	extrapolated	from	data	for	January	–	June	2006.
                                      3
                                        	Adjusted	for	case	mix.	



                                      3
                                        	Pre-tax	cash	flow	or	Earnings	Before	Interest,	Taxes,	Depreciation	and	Amortization	(EBITDA).	For	a			fuller	discussion	
                                      			of	care	transformation	at	Banner	Health,	see	the	Intel	case	study:	Healing Environment, Proven Value: IT-enabled care
                                       transformation at Banner Estrella Enhances Patient Care and Nets a USD 1.6 million annual impact.
White Paper       The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                 and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments


    Table 3. Financial Impact
                                            Key Performance
    at Banner Estrella Medical                                                       Data                                     Calculations
    Center                                      Indicators
                                          Avoidance	of	adverse	       •	 Number	of	ADE	alerts	              Total	benefit:	Total	#	of	ADE	alert-triggered	
                                          drug	events                 	 resulting	in	therapy	changes therapy	changes	*	average	cost	per	ADE

                                                                      •	 Number	of	acute	admissions Incremental	benefit1:	(#	of	ADE	alert-
                                                                                                            triggered	therapy	changes	per	acute	
                                                                                                            admission	at	BEMC	–	mean	#	of	ADE	
                                                                                                            alert-triggered	therapy	changes	per	acute	
                                                                                                            admission)*	#	of	acute	admissions	at	BEMC	*	
                                                                                                            average	cost	per	ADE
                                          Reduction	in	medically	     •	 Total	medication	error-            (Mean	medication	error-related	claims	cost/
                                          related	claims              	 related	claims	costs                acute	adms	–	BEMC	medication	error-related	
                                                                                                            claims	cost/acute	adms)	*	#	of	acute	
                                                                      •	 Total	number	of	acute	
                                                                                                            admissions	at	BEMC
                                                                      	 admissions
                                          Increase in nurse           •	 Estimated	voluntary	nurse          	(Mean	voluntary	nurse	turnover	of	new	
                                          retention                   	 turnover	percentage                 nurses	(1	year	of	service)	–	BEMC	new	
                                                                                                            nurse	turnover)	*	average	replacement	cost	
                                                                      •	 Number	of	nurses	with	
                                                                                                            per nurse
                                                                      	 1	year	of	service

                                                                      •	 Total	number	of	nurses	
                                                                      	 leaving	with	1	year	of	
                                                                      	 service

                                                                      •	 Estimated	cost	of	nurse	
                                                                      	 replacement
                                                                                                                                        continued on page 
                                      1
                                        		Incremental	benefit	is	the	benefit	resulting	from	car	transformation	and	from	the	higher	level	of	CPOE	adoption	at	
                                      			BEMC	than	at	hospitals	included	in	the	virtual	hospital.
White Paper       The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	                 and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments


    Table 3. Financial Impact
                                          Key Performance
    at Banner Estrella Medical                                                  Data                               Calculations
    Center (continued)                        Indicators
                                       Reduction	in	patients	      •	 Average	monthly	ED	visits    	BEMC	Incremental	#	of	treated	patients	
                                       leaving	ED	without		                                        (Mean	%	ED	LWOTs	of	Total	Visitors	–	BEMC	
                                                                   •	 Average	LWOTs	
                                       treatment                                                   %	ED	LWOTs	of	Total	Visitors)	*	net	revenue	
                                                                   •	 Average	net	OP	revenue       per	outpatient	visit

                                       Overtime	reduction          •	 Total	overtime	expenditure   (Mean	overtime	exps/admission	–	BEMC	
                                                                                                   overtime	exps/admission)	*	#	of	admissions	
                                                                   •	 Total	number	of	admissions
                                                                                                   at BEMC


                                       Pharmacy	cost	reduction •	 Total	pharmacy	cost              Mean	CMI	adjusted	pharmacy	exps/adms	
                                                                                                   –	BEMC	CMI	adjusted	pharmacy	exps/adms)	*	
                                                                   •	 Total	number	of	admissions
                                                                                                   #	of	admissions	at	BEMC
                                                                   •	 Case	mix	index
                                       Forms	cost	reduction        •	 Total	form	cost              (Mean	form	exps/adms	–	BEMC	form	exps/
                                                                                                   adms)	*	#	of	admissions	at	BEMC
                                                                   •	 Total	number	of	admissions
                                       Document	storage	costs	 •	 Total	document	storage	and	 (Mean	document	storage/retrieval	cost	per	
                                       reduction                   	 retrieval	cost                admission	–	BEMC	document	storage/re-
                                                                                                   trieval	cost	per	admission)	*	total	#	of	BEMC	
                                                                   •	 Total	number	of	admissions
                                                                                                   admissions		
                                       Reduction	in	Accounts	      •	 Days	in	AR                   Value	of	fewer	days	in	A/R	(182/Days	in	
                                       Receivable	cycle                                            A/RBE)	*	(Net	Patient	A/RBE)*(1+cost	of	
                                                                   •	 Net	patient	AR
                                                                                                   capital)^(Days	in	A/R	saved/365)-1)
White Paper    The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing
	              and	Measuring	the	Benefits	of	HIT	Investments




                                   Free Resources to Build
                                   Your Success
The Intel HIT Value Model          HIT	investments—as	part	of	well	implemented	initiatives	supported	by	interoperable,	
provides a practical,              standards-based	solutions—can	positively	impact	core	healthcare	objectives	such	
industry-proven approach
                                   as	quality	of	care,	patient	safety,	and	provider	productivity.	They	can	also	deliver	
to help evaluate the
                                   measurable,	bottom	line	value.	But	in	an	era	of	constrained	IT	resources,	HIT	must	
potential and actual impact
of HIT-enabled initiatives.        compete	with	other	investment	priorities,	and	multiple	HIT-enabled	initiatives	may	
                                   compete	with	each	other.	The	Intel	HIT	Value	Model	provides	a	practical,	industry-proven	
                                   approach	that	CIOs,	CFOs,	CMOs,	and	other	healthcare	decision	makers	can	use	to	
                                   understand	and	evaluate	the	potential	and	actual	impact	of	HIT-enabled	initiatives,	
                                   and	thereby	accelerate	progress	toward	achieving	the	benefits	of	healthcare	IT.	

                                   Intel	offers	a	set	of	free	resources	based	on	the	HIT	Value	Model,	as	well	as	advisory	
                                   services	to	organizations	that	want	to	conduct	a	customized	analysis.	We	can	also	
                                   share	best	practices	on	ways	to	use	healthcare	information	technology	to	achieve	core	
                                   healthcare	objectives.	Please	contact	your	Intel	representative	to	see	a	demonstration	
                                   of	the	Intel	HIT	Value	Model.

                                   Learn More
                                   Intel Healthcare Solutions:
                                   http://www.intel.com/healthcare/healthit/hospitals.htm

                                   About the Authors
                                   As	director	for	Healthcare	IT	for	the	Intel	Digital	Health	Group,	Ben	Wilson	is	responsible	
                                   for	driving	Intel	health	information	technology	strategy	for	healthcare	providers.	He	has	
                                   over	18	years	of	healthcare	experience	in	marketing,	consulting,	product	management,	
                                   and	technology.	He	holds	MBA	and	Masters	in	Public	Health	(MPH)	degrees	from	the	
                                   University	of	California,	Berkeley.

                                   Jim	Athanasiou	is	a	senior	strategic	finance	specialist	in	the	Intel	Digital	Health	Group,	
                                   providing	strategic	financial	analysis	to	accelerate	deployment	of	healthcare	IT	and	
                                   support	development	of	innovative	products	for	digital	health.	In	previous	positions	
                                   at	Intel,	he	has	managed	the	budget	of	an	IT	group	spending	USD	200	million	annually	
                                   and	a	USD	6	billion	annual	CPU	business.	He	has	a	BS	in	managerial	economics	from	
                                   the	University	of	California,	Davis.
http://www.intel.com/healthcare/healthit/hospitals.htm




Copyright © 2007 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel,
the Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead., and the Intel. Leap ahead.
logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel
Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States
and other countries. 08/0/SM/CMD/XX           -00

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Healthcare intel it 443835 443835

  • 1. White Paper Ben Wilson, MBA, MPH The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT) Director of Healthcare IT Digital Health Group Intel Corporation Jim Athanasiou A Practical Approach to Discussing Senior Strategic Finance Specialist Digital Health Group and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Intel Corporation August 2007
  • 2. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Executive Summary The Intel® Healthcare IT (HIT) Value Model provides an industry-tested approach to discussing and measuring the benefits of HIT investments, with a focus on quantifiable benefits that produce a financial impact. The Value Model offers an intuitive strategic framework and reusable calculations to identify measurable changes in healthcare business metrics that we call value dials. Value dials include quality of care, clinician satisfaction, clinician productivity, revenue enhancement, cost optimization, patient access and more. Use of the HIT Value Model can help healthcare institutions: • Make more data-driven investment decisions • Manage HIT-enabled change more effectively • Evaluate the impact of HIT-based initiatives • Build support for HIT adoption Organizations that have used the model have identified significant financial benefits from their HIT investments. Banner Health, one of the largest U.S. nonprofit healthcare systems, found that its comprehensive, HIT-enabled care transformation initiative delivered an annual bottom-line impact of USD1.6 million adjusted for case mix.1 Intel offers program resources to assist healthcare organizations in applying the HIT Value Model as part of its mission to remove roadblocks to the effective use of healthcare information technology. Contact your Intel representative to learn more and see a demonstration. 1 Pre-tax cash flow or Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) Savings did not consider infrastructure costs.
  • 3. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Introduction Information Technology for an Information-Based Enterprise From patient records to clinical reference materials, healthcare runs on information. But while HIT adoption rates are rising, healthcare continues to lag other information- intensive industries in using IT to achieve strategic business objectives. There are many reasons for this, including clear answers to this question can lead to cultural resistance, competing priorities and a delays or avoidance of HIT investments. Faced perception that IT deployment is fraught with with a choice of funding revenue-generating difficulties. Adding to the mix is a lack of clear medical equipment or an HIT initiative whose information on the costs and benefits of HIT. impacts seem uncertain and whose deployment Do HIT investments improve the delivery of high- often involves hard work and culture change, many quality, cost-efficient healthcare services understandably invest in the former. Yet, given and deliver financial benefits to hospitals rising demands on healthcare systems around and physicians? the world and competitive pressures on many U.S. hospitals, healthcare urgently needs the For decision makers who still view IT as a cost improvements HIT can enable. center rather than a value generator, the lack of Percent of Revenues Spent on IT by Industry 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Financial Services Insurance Consumer Services Wholesale Trade Business Services Utilities North American Overall Primary Production Retail High Tech Intermediate Mfg Finished Goods Mfg Chemicals and Petroleum Hospitals Physicians Sources: Lewin Group, Forrester Research
  • 4. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments An Industry-Proven Approach to Discussing IT Value Healthcare IT investments Intel’s Digital Health Group is collaborating with healthcare leaders worldwide to should address core remove roadblocks to successful adoption of healthcare IT. As part of that commitment, objectives focused on we’re sharing a free model, simple yet powerful, for discussing and measuring the value improving the delivery of HIT investments. of high-quality, efficient healthcare services. The Intel HIT Value Model is based on an approach developed at Intel IT Innovation Centers and employed at Intel for more than five years.2 Originally used to analyze Intel’s own IT investment strategies, the approach has been refined with companies and organizations from finance, manufacturing and other industries, which have used it to plan IT investments and evaluate the benefits of IT- enabled transformation initiatives. Most recently, clinicians, IT staff and financial analysts from the Digital Health Group have worked with global healthcare leaders to adapt the model for use by organizations such as hospitals, physician networks, government agencies and ministries of health. The model has been refined and tested through collaborations with healthcare chief financial officers (CFOs), chief information officers (CIOs), chief medical officers (CMOs) and other healthcare decision makers. This paper offers an overview of the Intel HIT Value Model. A set of free resources based on the model, along with advisory services, are available to organizations that want to conduct a customized analysis. By offering a practical, reusable framework to foster discussion and measurement of the value of IT investments, we hope to enable hospitals, physician practices, and healthcare systems to accelerate the successful adoption of HIT-enabled change initiatives. 2 For more about the Intel IT Innovation and Research Centers, see http://www.intel.com/technology/techresearch/itresearch/. For further discussion of the business value of IT, see the white paper Measuring IT Success at the Bottom Line at http://www.intel.com/it/pdf/measuring-it-success-at-the-bottom-line.pdf and David Sward’s Measuring the Business Value of Information Technology (Intel Press, 2006, http://www.intel.com/intelpress/sum_bvm.htm).
  • 5. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Delivering Strategic Value The Value Model helps The Intel HIT Value Model starts from Intel’s core belief that all IT investments are organizations answer business investments that should support strategic priorities and deliver a sustainable two questions: What core advantage to the company or organization. IT should be seen from the perspective of organizational objectives value rather than as a cost center, and IT investments should be evaluated in terms of do we want to achieve, and how well they help the company, agency or other organization meet critical business how will we know when we’ve achieved them? objectives. Whatever the industry, IT solutions and services should help organizations meet business needs and challenges, generate business cost savings and benefits (not simply IT cost savings), and improve revenues or market position. IT investments can help businesses gain HIT investments, deployed as part of compre- a competitive advantage and empower hensive, well implemented initiatives, can deliver governments and nonprofits to better fulfill strategic value. their core missions. In other industries, successful • Patient safety. Medical errors have IT investments have improved business success been identified as a significant problem with and profitability by: serious clinical and economic consequences. • Enabling manufacturers to design more Investments in electronic medical records innovative products and bring them to market (EMRs), computerized provider order entry faster and at lower cost. (CPOE), mobile point of care (MPOC) and other solutions, along with clinical workflow redesign, • Allowing retailers to increase sales by can reduce the risk of adverse events and better understanding and predicting consumer thereby in this context work to improve preferences, optimizing their product mix, patient safety by enabling access to accurate, keeping products in stock and providing a timely information when and where it is compelling shopping experience. needed to enhance clinical decision making. • Making it possible for investment banks • Quality of care. High-quality healthcare to increase revenues by introducing more delivers the right services at the right time sophisticated financial instruments at lower risk. and in the right way to achieve optimal results. • Helping governments increase citizen HIT investments can help improve the satisfaction and make optimum use of tax efficiency of healthcare services, allow dollars by delivering services more efficiently colleagues to collaborate more effectively and economically. in real time, and increase adherence to clinical protocols. By saving time for busy For healthcare, IT investments should address professionals, HIT investments can enable core objectives focused on improving high- clinicians to spend more time with the quality, efficient healthcare services. The Intel patient. When these factors are combined, HIT Value Model defines seven value dials: patient satisfaction can increase. broad categories of benefits through which
  • 6. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments • Patient access. Overcrowding and long • Revenue enhancement. HIT-enabled wait-times can increase patients’ frustration efficiencies can increase the volume of and anxiety and decrease their satisfaction patients seen and procedures performed, with the healthcare system. HIT can help improve resource utilization, improve charge improve access to care by streamlining capture and streamline the billing cycle—all previously inefficient processes and increasing of which can generate increased revenues. clinician and staff productivity. HIT investments • Cost optimization. The rising cost of that improve asset tracking can optimize bed healthcare is a global concern that threatens utilization and enhance use of other scarce both profit-based and not-for-profit health resources. Patient-facing web portals can systems. Labor wages and benefits are a improve patients’ ability to interact efficiently significant expense for healthcare providers, with the healthcare system, again improving and one that can be improved by enhancing both patient satisfaction and system efficiency. productivity, as outlined above. With better • Physician and staff productivity. Many care, it becomes possible to lower the costs countries and regions face pervasive shortages associated with medical errors and liability. of highly skilled healthcare workers, in tandem Higher-quality, more-efficient care can also with rising demands for care due to aging popu- reduce average length of stay, which may lations and growing rates of chronic diseases. provide a positive impact depending on case HIT investments can contribute to productivity mix and payment model. Better utilization improvements by reducing inefficiencies—for of expensive resources such as diagnostic example, enabling all clinicians to easily access equipment and surgery suites can generate Chart information at the point of need rather than significant cost savings. For integrated healthcare having to hunt for the patient’s chart. networks, electronic medical records and other HIT solutions can enable economies of scale • Physician and staff satisfaction. HIT- across the system. Finally, the move to a digital rich clinical environments can improve provider environment can generate significant savings on satisfaction by optimizing workflows and en- forms management costs, as well as floor space abling clinicians to spend less time chasing paper and handling costs for records storage. and more time caring for people—the reason they went into healthcare in the first place.
  • 7. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments A Framework for Value Dials and Key Performance Indicators Some of the most The Intel HIT Value Model helps organizations answer two questions: what core significant benefits arise organizational objectives do we want to achieve, and how will we know when we’ve in the discussions of what achieved them? The value dials are a starting point for specifying what you want to performance indicators are achieve. But how do you meaningfully measure changes in each area? most relevant. The Intel HIT Value Model addresses this throughput data and other information generated challenge by associating each value dial with a by newly deployed HIT solutions. set of observable, quantifiable, operational metrics Table 1 lists representative performance indicators called key performance indicators (KPIs). For and measurements for the seven value dials. The example, improvements in the value dial of patient indicators that Intel suggests are a starting point. safety may be seen by tracking the performance Many other performance indicators can be used, indicators of numbers of adverse drug events and indeed, some of the most significant benefits (ADEs), surgical errors, and transfusion errors. from using the Value Model arise in the discus- When used for managerial purposes, many perfor- sions of what performance indicators are most mance indicators can be applied to multiple value relevant to specific HIT-enabled projects, as well dials. For instance, a reduction in average length as to organizational goals and culture. of stay is a primary metric for quality of care. It For example, staff productivity gains can be may also reflect improvements in efficiency—tests measured in terms of clinician time spent providing and procedures are performed in a more timely direct patient care or number of patients seen. fashion and results are reported more quickly in a Seeing higher numbers of patients can mean digital hospital environment—and patient safety—a greater patient access and increased provider shorter stay means less exposure to errors. It also revenue, but spending more time with patients has intrinsic value to patients. Yet, for determining may result in better quality of care and increased the financial value and bottom-line impact, it is satisfaction for providers and patients. There important that each value dial be counted are no right answers, but the discussion of such only once. issues can help any hospital, practice or other Each key performance indicator is usually derived organization clarify its objectives and achieve from an underlying calculation. That calculation greater consensus about them. The goal is generally has multiple variables that are built on to reach a set of objective, standardized data that hospitals typically collect to track per- metrics that map to the goals of the given formance, such as basic operational data, financial hospital or organization. metrics, and clinical metrics. They may also include
  • 8. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Table 1. Value Dials with Sample Key Representative Key Value Dials Measurements Performance Indicators Performance Indicators Patient safety Adverse drug events Percentage change in number per 1,000 doses Admissions with an Adverse Drug Change in number of admissions Event (ADE) Incidents of surgical errors Percentage change-estimated cost of surgical error Transfusion errors Percentage change-estimated cost of transfusion errors Malpractice expenses Malpractice expenses as a percent- age of practice revenue Quality of care Reduced length of stay Percentage change in the average length of stay in days Diagnosis Related Group associated Percentage change in length of stay lengths of stay in days Physician time with patients Percentage change in time; additional intrinsic value to patient is not measurable Registered Nurse time with patients Percentage change in time Certain averse outcomes Percentage change of adverse outcomes Complication measures Percentage change in complications Hospital acquired infection rates Percentage change in infections Recognized accreditation Certification achieved through use of IT solutions, such as JCIA accreditation Patient access Response time to patient inquiries Percentage change in time Waiting times for elective surgery Percentage change in time Waiting times for outpatient Percentage change in time appointments Response time for billing Percentage change in time Lab results report wait time Percentage change in time Online viewing and self- Availability management Online prescription renewal Availability Online scheduling Availability Chronic disease self-management Availability Availability of preventive care such as Availability vaccinations and screening Increased number of consultations Percentage change or actual delta per day increase continued on page 8
  • 9. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Table 1. Value Dials with Sample Key Representative Key Value Dials Measurements Performance Indicators Performance Indicators (continued) Staff productivity Increased face time with patients Percentage change of actual delta increase Reduced time spent doing Percentage change of actual delta administrative work increase Reduced number of steps to perform a Actual delta change specific task or medical procedure Reduced time to perform a specific Time change task or medical procedure Clinical staff turnover Percentage change in turnover Staff satisfaction Physician referrals Percentage change in referrals Hours of overtime worked Percentage change in overtime work Internal satisfaction survey scores Percentage change in scores indicat- ing change satisfaction Patient volume Percentage change in volume Revenue enhancement Bed turns per month Percentage change in bed turns Length of stay Percentage change in length of stay Days in Accounts Receivable Change in days spent waiting for payment Number of elective surgeries Percentage change per week Unit cost of diagnostics Actual cost change and treatment Cost optimization Administrative cost of Actual cost change healthcare system Inventory cost Change in cost of inventory in stock, including drugs and other supplies Cost per patient day Percentage change 8
  • 10. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Quantifiable, Monetizable Benefits The Value Model focuses The HIT Business Value Model emphasizes quantifiable benefits that produce a on quantifiable benefits financial impact, so many performance indicators also have an associated monetary that produce a measurable value. For example, the performance indicator of improved avoidance of adverse drug financial impact. events can be measured in terms of the number of ADE alerts resulting in therapy changes for a weighted average of the number of acute admissions. The financial benefit can be determined by factoring in the average cost per ADE. For any given HIT investment, an organization can identify key performance indicators for the value drivers that an investment is intended to address, determine a current baseline, and measure improvements against this baseline. Results can be adjusted for case mix and reimbursement model, to determine financial effects more precisely. HIT investments produce many benefits that are not quantifiable, and many quantifiable benefits may not be monetizable—that is, they may not have a measurable financial impact. For instance, many clinicians who work in HIT-enabled environments say the clinician-patient relationship is enhanced because clinicians can deliver more efficient, responsive care and spend more time at the bedside. However, an improvement in the relationship would be difficult to quantify, and it would be even harder to assign a dollar value to such improvements. In other words, time spent with patients can be measured but not easily monetized. By contrast, overtime expenditure can be measured, and the financial impact can be clearly identified. Employee satisfaction is quantifiable; improved nurse retention is monetizable. Monetizable Overtime expediture Quantifiable Time spent with patients All Benefits Clinician-patient relationship Not all HIT benefits are quantifiable or monetizable. The Intel HIT Value Model focuses on quantifiable benefits that have a measurable financial impact.
  • 11. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments The Value Model’s Value The Intel HIT Value By helping hospital executives and other decision makers discuss and measure the Model starts from Intel’s value of HIT investments, the Intel HIT Value Model can assist in turning information core belief that all IT technology benefits into a reality. Using the model can generate insights that deliver investments are business value throughout the project life cycle: investments that should support strategic priorities and deliver a sustainable • Align HIT investments with strategic surement of expected and achieved benefits advantage to the goals. By emphasizing IT’s contribution to provides the basis for an analytical approach to organization. IT should be achieving core clinical and business objectives, evaluating pilot studies and full implementation, seen as a value rather than the Value Model helps hospitals, governments and understanding their impact. Is the project a cost center. and other stakeholders use HIT investments to delivering the expected results? Are you seeing drive improvements to healthcare quality, cost, unanticipated benefits? The model won’t tell and accessibility. you why the results occurred, but having a clearer picture can provide a starting point for • Improve IT investment strategies. fruitful discussion over how Making more data-driven investment decisions to optimize changes. helps reduce investment risks and identify which investments are likely to deliver maximum • Inform and educate. Enlisting the support value. The information and insight gained can of clinicians is critical to successful HIT adoption. be used to build the business case for HIT If the model shows that pilot programs or initial, investments and secure funding. limited-scope deployments demonstrate objec- tive, measurable improvements, clinicians and • Enhance project planning. During project other end users are likely to accept the change planning, the HIT Value Model can facilitate the more willingly. process of discussing and clarifying intended outcomes and exploring ways of measuring • Build on your success. HIT deployment is them. Understanding likely outcomes can help a process of continuous improvement. Insights to evaluate competing investment priorities and and information gleaned from using the Value gain insights into which projects or outcomes Model can prove valuable in communicating are more likely to address your objectives. your successes—to generate pride in what’s been accomplished and build support for • Improve project management. Defining subsequent projects. a current baseline and specifying the benefits sought helps clarify expectations and enable more effective project management. Mea- 0
  • 12. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Evaluating Care Transformation at Banner Health Banner Health used the Banner Health, a USD 3.3 billion company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, used the Intel HIT Value Model Intel HIT Value Model to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive care transformation to identify 10 key initiative. Banner Health first implemented care transformation at the opening of a performance indicators new hospital, 172-bed Banner Estrella Medical Center, in February 2005. One of the that together produced an annual bottom-line largest U.S. nonprofit healthcare systems, Banner Health operates 20 hospitals in impact of USD1.6 million seven states, and is in the process of replicating care transformation across its network adjusted for case mix. of facilities by the end of 2008. Care transformation is the name Banner Health has given its holistic change initiative. To develop the initiative, Banner Health brought together 300 clinicians from across their organization to design new workflows and establish standardized, evidence-based order sets. Supporting the new workflows and order sets are HIT investments including EMRs, CPOE, decision-support software, and picture archiving and communications systems (PACS), as well as wireless networks, and Intel® technology-based nurses’ workstations, tablet PCs, and servers. Technology alone doesn’t produce transformation. Banner Health built the success of its initiative through strong organizational leadership at multiple levels, deep clinician involvement, and detailed attention to the complex interplay between technologies, cultural readiness, and clinical work practices. Culture Evidence-Based Care Rapid Cycle Best Practices Transformation Work Redesign Standardization Technology Banner Health’s care transformation combines elements of evidence-based best practices, culture change, workflow redesign, and healthcare information technologies across all stakeholders in the patient care experience to achieve an optimal health outcome.
  • 13. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Banner Health worked with Intel and Cerner, two of its key suppliers and trusted advisors, to apply the Intel HIT Value Model. Since we couldn’t do a before and after comparison with a new facility, we created a baseline virtual hospital that was a weighted average of eight Banner hospitals and analyzed the 10 key performance indicators listed in Table 2. These 10 indicators produced USD1.6 million in annual bottom-line impact adjusted for case mix.3 In addition, while patient satisfaction was not one of the performance indicators, it is worth noting that Banner Estrella opened to patient satisfaction ratings that are the highest in Banner’s 20-hospital network. Table 3 shows financial, operational and other data used to determine the changes, along with the calculations performed. Table 2. Changes to Key Performance Indicators at Banner Estrella Medical Key Performance Indicators Metric description Economic Impact2 Center1 Avoidance of adverse drug Therapy changes per 1,000 acute 84.3% more events (ADEs) admissions ADE cost avoidance per 1,000 acute 84.3% higher admissions Reduction in medication related Medication related claims per 1,000 21.9% fewer3 claims acute admissions Cost of medically related claims per 71.8% lower3 1,000 acute admissions Increase in nurse retention Nurses leaving voluntarily within the 15.8% fewer first year Nurse replacement cost avoidance 15.8% lower Reduction in patients leaving ED visitors treated per month 1.8% more ED without treatment Revenue per month from treating more 1.8% higher ED visitors Overtime reduction Overtime expenditure per 1,000 admis- 5.3% lower sions Pharmacy cost reduction Drug expenditure per 1,000 admissions 17.8% lower3 Forms elimination Form expenditure per 1,000 admissions 41.6% lower Reduction in paper document Document storage costs per 1,000 95.6% lower storage costs admissions Reduction in Accounts Days in patient A/R 2.2% fewer Receivable cycle 1 Compared to a mean of eight other Banner Health facilities that had not fully implemented care transformation. 2 Annualized impact extrapolated from data for January – June 2006. 3 Adjusted for case mix. 3 Pre-tax cash flow or Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA). For a fuller discussion of care transformation at Banner Health, see the Intel case study: Healing Environment, Proven Value: IT-enabled care transformation at Banner Estrella Enhances Patient Care and Nets a USD 1.6 million annual impact.
  • 14. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Table 3. Financial Impact Key Performance at Banner Estrella Medical Data Calculations Center Indicators Avoidance of adverse • Number of ADE alerts Total benefit: Total # of ADE alert-triggered drug events resulting in therapy changes therapy changes * average cost per ADE • Number of acute admissions Incremental benefit1: (# of ADE alert- triggered therapy changes per acute admission at BEMC – mean # of ADE alert-triggered therapy changes per acute admission)* # of acute admissions at BEMC * average cost per ADE Reduction in medically • Total medication error- (Mean medication error-related claims cost/ related claims related claims costs acute adms – BEMC medication error-related claims cost/acute adms) * # of acute • Total number of acute admissions at BEMC admissions Increase in nurse • Estimated voluntary nurse (Mean voluntary nurse turnover of new retention turnover percentage nurses (1 year of service) – BEMC new nurse turnover) * average replacement cost • Number of nurses with per nurse 1 year of service • Total number of nurses leaving with 1 year of service • Estimated cost of nurse replacement continued on page 1 Incremental benefit is the benefit resulting from car transformation and from the higher level of CPOE adoption at BEMC than at hospitals included in the virtual hospital.
  • 15. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Table 3. Financial Impact Key Performance at Banner Estrella Medical Data Calculations Center (continued) Indicators Reduction in patients • Average monthly ED visits BEMC Incremental # of treated patients leaving ED without (Mean % ED LWOTs of Total Visitors – BEMC • Average LWOTs treatment % ED LWOTs of Total Visitors) * net revenue • Average net OP revenue per outpatient visit Overtime reduction • Total overtime expenditure (Mean overtime exps/admission – BEMC overtime exps/admission) * # of admissions • Total number of admissions at BEMC Pharmacy cost reduction • Total pharmacy cost Mean CMI adjusted pharmacy exps/adms – BEMC CMI adjusted pharmacy exps/adms) * • Total number of admissions # of admissions at BEMC • Case mix index Forms cost reduction • Total form cost (Mean form exps/adms – BEMC form exps/ adms) * # of admissions at BEMC • Total number of admissions Document storage costs • Total document storage and (Mean document storage/retrieval cost per reduction retrieval cost admission – BEMC document storage/re- trieval cost per admission) * total # of BEMC • Total number of admissions admissions Reduction in Accounts • Days in AR Value of fewer days in A/R (182/Days in Receivable cycle A/RBE) * (Net Patient A/RBE)*(1+cost of • Net patient AR capital)^(Days in A/R saved/365)-1)
  • 16. White Paper The Value of Healthcare IT (HIT): A Practical Approach to Discussing and Measuring the Benefits of HIT Investments Free Resources to Build Your Success The Intel HIT Value Model HIT investments—as part of well implemented initiatives supported by interoperable, provides a practical, standards-based solutions—can positively impact core healthcare objectives such industry-proven approach as quality of care, patient safety, and provider productivity. They can also deliver to help evaluate the measurable, bottom line value. But in an era of constrained IT resources, HIT must potential and actual impact of HIT-enabled initiatives. compete with other investment priorities, and multiple HIT-enabled initiatives may compete with each other. The Intel HIT Value Model provides a practical, industry-proven approach that CIOs, CFOs, CMOs, and other healthcare decision makers can use to understand and evaluate the potential and actual impact of HIT-enabled initiatives, and thereby accelerate progress toward achieving the benefits of healthcare IT. Intel offers a set of free resources based on the HIT Value Model, as well as advisory services to organizations that want to conduct a customized analysis. We can also share best practices on ways to use healthcare information technology to achieve core healthcare objectives. Please contact your Intel representative to see a demonstration of the Intel HIT Value Model. Learn More Intel Healthcare Solutions: http://www.intel.com/healthcare/healthit/hospitals.htm About the Authors As director for Healthcare IT for the Intel Digital Health Group, Ben Wilson is responsible for driving Intel health information technology strategy for healthcare providers. He has over 18 years of healthcare experience in marketing, consulting, product management, and technology. He holds MBA and Masters in Public Health (MPH) degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. Jim Athanasiou is a senior strategic finance specialist in the Intel Digital Health Group, providing strategic financial analysis to accelerate deployment of healthcare IT and support development of innovative products for digital health. In previous positions at Intel, he has managed the budget of an IT group spending USD 200 million annually and a USD 6 billion annual CPU business. He has a BS in managerial economics from the University of California, Davis.
  • 17. http://www.intel.com/healthcare/healthit/hospitals.htm Copyright © 2007 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel, the Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead., and the Intel. Leap ahead. logo, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. 08/0/SM/CMD/XX -00