Neighbourhood Watch engagement project aims to broaden participation

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NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH
ENGAGEMENT PROJECT
September, 2015
ONE COMMUNITY, HINWA, AND THE PCC WORKING TOGETHER TO IMPROVE
ENGAGEMENT IN LOCAL NHW ACROSS HAMPSHIRE
Be the Change You Want To See

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This report was commissioned by Hampshire Police and Crime Commissioner,
and carried out by One Community.
Published September 2015
Written by Kylie Barton
Further copies of this report are available from www.1community.org.uk
One Community
16 Romsey Road
Eastleigh
SO50 9AL
Tel: 023 8090 2462
Email: kbarton@1community.org.uk

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CONTENTS
Section Page
Acknowledgements pp.4
Executive Summary pp.5-6
Abbreviations pp.7
Introduction pp.8
Research Plan pp.9
Literature Review pp.10-16
The Hampshire Context of Neighbourhood Watch pp.17-18
What’s Happening Elsewhere pp.19-20
Primary Research with Participants pp.21-31
Case Studies pp.32
Conclusions pp.33
Recommendations pp.34
References pp.35
Glossary pp.36
Appendices pp.37-45

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to everyone involved in what has been a truly diverse, investigative, and insightful research part of this wider project.
Thank you to all of the professionals, organisations, and members of the public involved. Also a massive thank you to NHW
members across the county who were very forthcoming in sharing the fantastic work they do, and also in being open to the project
and the positive changes that it hopes to bring about.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
One Community’s Neighbourhood Watch Engagement project was commissioned by Hampshire and Isle of
Wight Neighbourhood Watch (HINWA) and the Office of the Police Crime Commissioner (PCC). Its aims were
to look at what is working within Neighbourhood Watch in Hampshire, and where improvements could be
made to increase diversity of membership among hard to reach groups. Hard to reach in the context of this
project includes; young people (under 30); those on low income and living in areas of deprivation; LGBT
(Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender); and BME (Black Minority Ethnic) communities. Hampshire and Isle of
Wight Neighbourhood Watch Association (HINWA) has been keen to explore ways of broadening
engagement within such communities for some time, and One Community has worked closely with them
throughout the entire project. HINWA is trying to move the narrative along from the simple crime reduction
agenda that generally currently exists to a focus on neighbourliness and community engagement, which
this project will also help with. Throughout the project it became clear that all organisations and services
have difficulty engaging with such communities, and that the findings could prove useful for other activities.
Neighbourhood Watch (NHW) groups across the county are all doing great work, and trying new methods
of engagement, but HINWA wanted a clear, concise guide and toolkit to roll out to members who are unsure
where to begin.
Existing Research
Huck and Kosfield (2007) found that NHW membership runs in a cycle; when crime is up membership
increases, when crime is down it declines, and then crime rises once more. Therefore, it is key to find
external motivations for involvement beyond the crime narrative. There must be unifying factors that can
replace fear. Something else to be challenged is the spatial definitions of community that NHW has worked
with for so long. In an increasingly atomised society, where you live is not necessarily where you consider
your community to be – it may be at a local faith group, youth centre, or community centre. The literature
review also found that marginalised communities having representation in the bodies that wish to engage
with them can prove fruitful – young people approaching young people for example. To overcome issues of
engagement, existing research shows that the multi-agency approach is a useful method, but that also
institutions need to be more positively proactive in their outreach, as well as changing how they sell what
they are offering as something enjoyable, good for wellbeing, and a social tool. Each community has its own
issues, and it is important to approach them in an individually tailored fashion, through innovative methods,
and through utilising technology.
Findings
The main findings were that HINWA needs to concentrate more on its online presence and marketing
strategies, including social media. It was also found that NHW needs to broaden the number of crimes and
issues that they provide advice on to better suit a wider demographic. Both of these things could be aided
by having more specific volunteer roles, which could be supported by local CVS1
networks, and also
through being a more proactive part of the multi-agency approach. There are other areas for
improvement, such as fundraising, communications, outreach, and simply increasing the enjoyment
element of being a part of NHW. All of these findings are actionable and achievable.
1 A CVS is a voluntary sector community development agency, often incorporating a volunteer centre (recruiting and supporting volunteers)

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County Level Recommendations
These recommendations will be supported and facilitated by the second stage of this project – the
toolkit, which will include guidance on how to undertake the following.
 Recruit a marketing volunteer
 Implement a social media and public relations (PR) strategy
 Encourage the recruitment of Area Coordinators in each area
 Create a HINWA website that is fit for purpose along with local association sites
 Create new publicity material and a way to ensure this material is accessible to those who
need it
 Focus on issues that are relevant to a broader spectrum of people (for example youth and
drugs, or LGBT and hate crime)
 Make sure there is an element of enjoyment in all the work carried out
 Provide training for Area Coordinators and other active members
Area Level Recommendations
 Reach out to community groups and organisations and work with them to engage hard to
reach groups e.g. you may want to reach out to your local Asian network, or a youth group
etc
 If not so already, become embedded in the multi-agency approach at area level including
strong links with local CVS and CSPs. This is to work with other organisations concerned with
crime reduction
 Build upon good existing practice and be proactive in fundraising for specific projects and
events
 Focus on issues that are relevant to a broader spectrum of people pertinent to your local
area (for example youth and drugs, or LGBT and hate crime)

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ABBREVIATIONS
ASB Anti-social behaviour
BME Black Minority Ethnic
CSPs Community Safety Partnerships
CVS Council of Voluntary Services
DA Domestic Abuse
DBS Disclosure and Barring Service
HINWA Hampshire and Isle of Wight Neighbourhood Watch
ICSN Integrated Connectedness to a Storytelling Network
JNHW Junior Neighbourhood Watch
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender
LGBTQIA Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual
LGBTQPA Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Pansexual
NHW Neighbourhood Watch
NNHWN National Neighbourhood and Home Watch Network
PCC Police and Crime Commissioner
PCSO Police Community Support Officer
PSHE Personal, Social and Health Education
SRA Social Research Association
UCAS Universities and Colleges Admissions Service
YCP Youth Crime Prevention
YOT Youth Offending Team

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INTRODUCTION
Simon Hayes, Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) for Hampshire speaking at an Anti-Social Behaviour
Conference (Portsmouth, May 2015) summed up the underlying ethos of this project perfectly:
‘There is a need to unify this fractured community –
to strengthen relationships between the minority and the majority’
It is a priority of all crime concerned organisations across the county from the PCC to the constabulary, from
voluntary sector organisations and NHW, to ensure that all communities are protected and represented. With
increasing cuts in policing, and less visibility on the streets, it is more important than ever that communities
take ownership of their safety and moreover; one-another’s.
The Neighbourhood Watch network in Hampshire has around 10,000 volunteers making it the largest
volunteer network in the county. The volunteers, however, are from a very narrow demographic as shown
by the quantitative research of this project; white, over 50, married, and home owners in rural areas. At
present this is not representative of the diversity of cultures that exist in Hampshire, which means it is not
working as well as it could to include and protect all of society. The PCC is keen to get NHW established in
densely populated urban areas as well as ensuring it stays strong in rural parts of the county.
To help increase diversity it is key that NHW be included in Hampshire’s general move to a multi-agency
approach. At present it appears that links between NHW, other organisations, and community groups only
exist where there is a personal link through the individual coordinator. Therefore HINWA and One
Community were clear that this project was to help make links with relevant organisations for NHW to
continue to work with beyond the timescale of this piece of work.
This project was split into three sections. Firstly the research itself, which consisted of surveys and one-to-
ones with NHW members, professionals, and members of the hard to reach communities themselves, as well
as focus groups and a literature review. It became clear at this stage that there are a large number of
organisations and professionals interested in broadening engagement, and in working with NHW to help
ensure inclusion is enabled. The second stage is to create a toolkit for NHW members to dip into and utilise
when they need and when it is relevant. Every NHW scheme has different challenges and different target
demographics and so it is important to ensure the toolkit reflects this and is not prescriptive. Thirdly is to
pilot the toolkit in a variety of settings with different hard to reach groups.
In the first stage it also became apparent that professionals, NHW, and the communities we hoped to work
with have very similar ideas of what needs to be done, it was just a question of the how. As NHW is a bottom
up organisation based on the desires of the volunteers it was crucial to ensure that methods for increasing
engagement kept them in mind at all times, and were simple to implement, and easy to understand and
follow so not to create masses of extra work for those already giving up a great deal of their time. There were
several challenges to overcome, but on the whole members were very positive, open to change, and excited
about the scope of the project.

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RESEARCH PLAN
Research question
How can NHW in Hampshire better engage with hard to reach groups to increase participation?
Aims
The aim of the project was threefold. Firstly to conduct research to assess existing means for broadening
engagement, look at what was working, and where improvements could be made. Secondly to create a useful,
innovative, and dynamic toolkit for NHW members to use to broaden engagement. Thirdly to pilot the toolkit
and utilise the findings from the research in that pilot to ensure that the project created something sustainable
for NHW moving forward. This report is part of the first stage, and the other stages will be shaped by its findings.
Methodology
The first stage of the project was the research stage. This followed a phenomenological method; utilising a mixed
methods design, and was broken into three stages; literature review, quantitative survey, and stakeholder
analysis through qualitative one-to-one interviews. The literature review brought together what had already
been studied, and importantly what methods of engagement had already been tried and tested, and what tools
had not yet been considered. The surveys (Appendix 1) sent to NHW, the public, and professionals provided a
solid starting point from which to direct the rest of the research, and also to get an idea of involvement
demographics. The stakeholder analysis and focus groups allowed the researcher to create working relationships
with NHW members and professionals as well as local community groups, which will enable HINWA to create
partnerships for engagement work moving forward. The researcher looked across Hampshire, Southampton,
Portsmouth, and also more widely in consultation with National NHW, including across London, for answers and
for examples of good practice.
Analysis
The surveys were analysed in their own right to guide the questions for the stakeholder one-to-ones and the
focus groups. The stakeholder analysis and focus groups were analysed as part of the write up stage, where
common points and themes were drawn out to formulate the main structure of the report from which to draw
conclusions and recommendations. The interviews and focus groups were typed up immediately after the
research was undertaken.
Ethics
All research undertaken in the project was carried out following Social Research Association ethical guidelines.
Project outcomes:
1. A report to be completed by September 2015 for use by HINWA, the PCC, and any other interested parties
including National NHW.
2. A toolkit for use by NHW members to help them more actively engage with hard to reach groups and to
expand the reach of neighbourhood watch.
3. A series of pilots to test the toolkit and begin to action the recommendations from the report in specifically
chosen areas.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is an overview of existing research and writings on a specific topic. In this section, you will
read the opinions and findings of other academic and industry professionals who have carried out their own
studies around the issues of engagement, NHW, crime prevention and neighbourliness. This is carried out
before any research study to give the researcher a good understanding of current thought and debate that
surround the issue. It also allows the researcher to consider new angles that have not been covered before, and
ask the right questions in their own research. Some of the language can be a little dense at times due to its
highly academic nature, therefore a glossary has been created at the end of the report before the appendices.
Broadening engagement in community organisations has long been a challenge for those that run them. In
this literature review we sought to understand social theories related to NHW, what challenges and barriers
some groups have come across, and what different methods have been tried to broaden inclusion and
diversity.
Overview of Neighbourhood Watch (NHW)
Society has become increasingly atomised, and it is the role of NHW to battle against this trend and
encourage civic engagement, community connectedness and a collective efficacy. Reduced budgets mean
officials are increasingly looking for ways to enable communities to protect themselves (Bolton, 2006). One
in seven homes in the UK is a member of a NHW scheme, and in Hampshire alone there are over 10,000
schemes covering over 300,000 homes. The aim of NHW is threefold. Firstly to reduce opportunity for crime,
secondly to improve communications between the community and the police, and thirdly to encourage
community engagement and to build the sense of community spirit.
‘NHW is the collective mobilisation of citizens and police in anti-crime activity…
it is an informal social control mechanism… a social facilitator’
(Shaid, 2014)
Bennett et al (2008) state that the mechanism of any ‘watch’ scheme is successful if residents are operating
as the eyes and ears, reporting what they see and hear, and working together to problem solve. According
to the ERS report ‘Exploring Barriers to Participation in Neighbourhood and Home Watch Schemes’ the best
schemes consist of small teams of volunteers working closely with a coordinator who facilitates partnership
working in the locality. NHW schemes are still most often set up to contain or prevent crime, mostly to
respond to anti-social behaviour (ASB) or burglary. There has, however, been a strategic shift recently with
schemes being encouraged to operate more like community development schemes with social inclusion at
the core. Thus tackling the causes of such crimes rather than mitigating the effects after they have occurred.
With increased diversity, new partnerships and activities, expansion could lead to greater influence. As stated
by ERS:
‘NHW Schemes have the power to improve the quality of life for a community’
NHW are the mouthpiece of public-police interaction and PCSOs are the mouthpiece of the police-public
interaction. Therefore the communications between the two must be of optimum efficiency and
effectiveness and NHW must be inclusive and as diverse as the demographic area it serves. It is therefore
imperative that Street Coordinators are familiar with their local PCSOs. Police Forces are generally very

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supportive of local schemes because of a national policing pledge to listen to the communities they serve and
act on the points raised.
Theory
Huck and Kosfeld (2007) found that the motivation of members joining NHW is the key to a scheme’s success
or failure. They found that if fear is the main motivating factor, the scheme is likely to fail as demonstrated
by the diagram below:
Merry et al (2011) also state that there is a huge difference between attitudinal fear and fear based on facts.
If there is high crime there is a reduced confidence in structures and so people seek to rectify this through
organising themselves. Neo-Durkheimian2
thinkers say that it is more about perceived disorder and social
cohesion levels as opposed to the actual crime level. Therefore, we must find a uniting factor other than fear
to ensure the success of schemes that act as a mechanism to encourage positive norm reinforcement. What
must be acknowledged is that different groups have different norms. Subsequently it is about finding a
uniting factor that can be used as a common motivation for the establishment and maintenance of a
successful sustainable NHW. If NHW development and engagement is approached in this manner, it will be
more effective in general awareness raising of the principles of what is acceptable social behaviour. It will
strengthen the social contract which may have a generational effect if sustained. Flint (2002) says we must
re-establish norms of behaviour built around common values.
Yong-Chan and Ball-Rokeach (2006) say that the most important individualistic factor driving engagement is
the ‘integrated connectedness to a story telling network (ICSN)’ alongside the residential context. These two
factors are key for civic engagement both in ethnically homogenous and heterogeneous local areas. They
concur that it is about finding a shared discourse of experiences and attachments. The pair state that a good
level of collective efficacy, residential stability, and civic participation (the investment of time, knowledge or
2
Renowned French sociologist and philosopher, David Émile Durkheim (1858-1917). Neo-Durkheimians are modern sociologists who have
developed his theories to suit the modern context.
High Crime
NHW
participation UPNHW participation
DOWN
Crime Reduced

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finances) in the local community are the key components to a good ICSN. There has been a deterioration of
civic life according to Pattie et al (2003) and trust in traditional institutions is thus declining.
Flint (2002) says that policy needs to better reflect the urban diversity now seen in our local areas. He says:
‘As we become an increasingly heterogeneous society, the relationship of individual
citizens to communities and civic institutions is changing’
Flint continues to discuss how cities are becoming increasingly polarised in terms of socio-economic
groupings as well as cultural groupings. The ‘urban poor’ primary social area tends to be in the locality of
their residence and therefore they are less likely to access wider opportunities. They can resultantly become
excluded from societal structures that are built to include and benefit them but that often originate
somewhere outside of their frame of reference. It is said that this polarised environment facilitates social
exclusion, which in turn increases the rate of crime and disorder. The plurality of heterogeneous values makes
self-governance and self-protection (as earlier discussed) much harder despite the state’s attempt to
relinquish crime control to ‘responsibilised communities and private surveillance’. Communities are spatially
defined by the police when they do not necessarily always organise themselves in this manner, which then
makes localised crime prevention hard.
The effects of NHW is not only linked to crime outcomes, but also health outcomes for the community.
Changes in the care system mean there is an increasing recognition that social isolation cannot be dealt with
by statutory services but instead needs to be tackled from within the community. This train of thought has
led to the shift in purpose of NHW from merely crime prevention to community cohesion. Wilton (2012) says
that to foster good health we need to build social support groups, encourage group memberships, and
nurture an inclusive community. Most importantly we must foster a feeling of collective efficacy – a
willingness to look out for each other. Good networks like this are linked to better mental health, lessening
a vulnerability that can lead to an increased risk of becoming a victim of crime.
The way we construct such networks is changing according to Forrest and Kearns (2001) as traditional forms
of kinship and ties to the community are changed to new forms of association through new technology. Social
networks are now a virtual being not a spatially tangible reality. In a globalised era it is debateable whether
people still view local identities as important or valid, if this is different for different groups and if spatial
residency has anything to do with it. Arief et al (2011) said that we need to understand the relationship
between technology and the behavioural changes we have seen within society. Renowned sociologist
Fukuyama speculated that in a technological era home working would become the norm, and we can see the
beginnings of this today with teleconferencing, Skype, and other methods of remote working. This would
then suggest that the local, immediate, spatial environment will once again hold relevance. Forrest and
Kearns (2001) did also suggest that globalisation can be a scary phenomenon for some, increasing the
importance of the local in making individuals and communities feel safe and providing comfort in an
uncertain era.
In this new era it is possible that groups such as NHW could be instrumental in helping communities formulate
their own social identity. This could provide the new ‘linking’ factor instead of fear – a common identity in an
increasingly blurred cultural landscape. The neighbourhood has long been an extension of the home for social
purposes and so perhaps groups such as NHW need to emphasise the social, enjoyment element more to
help encourage engagement.
There is a difference between ‘neighbourhood’ and ‘neighbouring’
Forrest and Kearns (2001)

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In a disadvantaged neighbourhood it is the quality of neighbouring which makes the living environment
manageable. In more affluent areas it is the look of the environment that is more important as spatially
individuals are more distanced. Therefore, as NHW is already more successful in areas of higher socio-
economic grouping according to the majority of research, it is the neighbouring that needs to be targeted
not the neighbourhood. Neighbouring is shown to be of greater importance to those more vulnerable in
society such as the elderly and the poor who also have less opportunity to access alternative social networks
through other means, such as work, travel, etc.
Challenges and barriers
The EPS study (2010) that particularly looked at barriers listed the following:
- Lack of time and other commitments
- Lack of NHW relevance
- Falling crime
- Fear of Reprisal (especially in BME communities)
- Language barriers
- Cultural differences (including gender roles and different views on patriarchy)
- Self-policing and informal coping mechanisms
- Stereotype of NHW being for older white people
- Detailed applications
The study also said there is a ‘catch-22’ that people from BME communities are less likely to get involved
because of white dominance. In the concluding remarks it is suggested that socio-economic grouping is more
likely to have a negative effect on engagement, as well as buildings with multiple occupancy, and these
factors may act as a barrier more than ethnic grouping. This could be linked to what Shaid (2014) says, that
if NHW is thought of as a police tool it is less effective – it needs to be ‘within the community, by the
community’. Those from poorer backgrounds are also less likely to trust institutions such as the police. Bolton
(2006) says that contrary to popular opinion strong social cohesion can and does exist in higher crime,
deprived areas without an official NHW structure.
Pattie et al (2003) conclude their study on civic attitudes with the finding that people are more likely to be
paying for others to be engaged in the community of their behalf (sponsorships, charitable donations, private
security, etc.). They also concluded that it is the income rich, time rich, and skills rich that dominate civic
engagement and therefore it is this demographic of people who get their voices heard. This group is also
responsible for the commodification of community, according to Forrest and Kearns (2001), with the
proliferation of gated communities and the private security industry. Social cohesion is being bought not
constructed, and resultantly society is becoming more polarised.
Broadening engagement and diversity
The EPS study (2010) that looked at the barriers also provided recommendations for increasing
engagement:
- Facilitate access
- Engage leaders of different community groups
- Utilise different languages
- Think creatively at how to target marginalised groups (i.e. mosque announcements)
- Work with other organisations who have tackled engagement (i.e. schools/libraries)
- Respect and explore groups pre-existing coping mechanisms
- Think carefully about the venue and timing
- Individualise the approach
- Do not stereotype
- Acknowledge it takes time to build trust

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In the study respondents said that if there were a BME member or PCSO that they would be more likely to
engage. This suggests that to encourage diversity within NHW there needs to also be a push for the same
thing inside the police and other justice bodies. Respondents also stated that more active engagement tactics
would be better received such as NHW members attending group meetings and getting to know the
community as opposed to merely leafleting. This will also help NHW members understand the differences in
culture and introduce them to important cultural elements like holidays etc. Such engagement may also allow
NHW to pinpoint a single issue to use as a common unifying factor to encourage engagement such as
domestic abuse, or antisocial behaviour.
A city can now have a series of socially cohesive groups that are becoming increasingly divided. There are
now more often than not a number of different communities trying to co-exist without a pinpointed common
ground. NHW facilitates cohesion between such groups upon the foundation of their location identity –
perhaps one of the only things they have in common being their spatiality. NHW if taken as a positive norm
enforcement mechanism (Huck and Kosfeld, 2007) must acknowledge that different groups have a series of
different norms. Therefore it is about finding a uniting factor that can be used as a common motivation for
the establishment and maintenance of a successful, sustainable NHW.
Key to the success of widening engagement is capturing the imagination of the next generation. In Crawley
there was a Junior NHW project that proved very successful. With young people it was more about promoting
good citizenship and raising awareness of personal safety as well as showing they can make a difference.
Children and young people are often not thought of as victims of crime and this project helped with that. The
project was for 10 and 11 year olds and ran for one hour a week after school for six weeks. The ideal outcome
was that children would then encourage parental involvement. This Junior NHW project also highlighted how
children are not as phased by cultural differences and so demonstrated how important it is to foster the
feeling of community efficacy and engagement from an early age to ensure cultural barriers do not form later
on in life. Interactive assemblies were used to get children to shout out about a ‘robber’ coming in and
stealing the policeman’s laptop.
Another initiative aimed at young people is the ‘Space Time Credits’ time bank scheme, whereby people can
work for an hour on a community project and be given that hour back to use in an activity of their choice.
Using your time as currency instead of money. In Buckinghamshire they also tried to broaden diversity
through holding lunch clubs at local places such as pubs. With spatial ties being a main linkage in NHW
environmental projects are also good initiatives to join with as they share some similar concerns to NHW
aims. Befriending and community navigator schemes have also proved positive, with volunteers working to
join up local people with local services.
An interesting project as described by Arief et al (2011) was to create a computer NHW scheme. The project
sought to create a system to help citizens interact and report more easily, utilising the increasing reliance on
mobile technologies. The project aimed to bring NHW up to date and in line with the internet age to attract
a wider range of participants from different ages, educational backgrounds, and ethnicities. Technology is a
great equaliser and it can be a platform to provide information that people across all social divides are likely
to have access to. It can also give people the means to set up a NHW without the dependency on one person
to sustain the particular project, which has often been cited as a problem in NHW maintenance when the
coordinator moves on etc. Moving to electronic would however take away the interaction element and so
would not work to reduce isolation but perhaps worsen it? Petitions can carry great power locally, as seen in
County Durham (NHW – How We Work with the Police), and these can now also be easily set up online to
have maximum reach. This is an interesting area that certainly requires more in-depth research than this
particular review and study allows. Gender is often overlooked in relation to NHW inclusion but research by
Merry et al (2011) showed that women have significantly more confidence than men when it comes to
working alongside the police. Merry also found that fairness of procedures is more important to people than
outcomes, and also that it is of paramount importance to treat people as individuals. This is something often
forgotten when speaking of communities and groups, as although the local identity is important, individuality
cannot be forgot

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Conclusions from the literature review
The recent economic crisis has meant that local authorities and the police
have been forced to look for ways to facilitate communities in protecting
themselves. NHW has the potential to be a strong mechanism to realise this
as long as inclusion remains at the heart of what it is.
The strategic shift away from mere crime prevention towards a community
development approach has gone a long way to open the doors to new
communities, however, there is more to be done. In Hampshire especially
the multi-agency approach is still developing and NHW communication
needs to develop alongside it.
The fact that trust has declined in formal institutions should be a positive
thing for NHW as Hampshire NHW prides itself on its independence. We
must ensure that this independence is highlighted, and the ‘by the
community for the community’ message is said loud and proud. Multi-
agency working with the police and other bodies is crucial for the work to
have a tangible effect but it is not at the heart of the organisation.
It is clear that fear cannot be the main motivation for joining, as this leads to
unsustainable NHW groups and such instability is not conducive to
broadening engagement, diversifying, or ensuring prolonged positive effects
on the community. To make sure that all communities, groups and
individuals are represented in NHW there must be a more active approach
by existing members to embed themselves in other people’s lifestyles
through existing groups and gatherings. NHW cannot exist in isolation from
other community groups and so members must take the time to understand
the community they are living in.
The concept of community needs to be above and beyond the spatial
understanding and move towards a cultural understanding which takes into
consideration the cultures of age, gender, sexuality, religion, ethnicity, and
socio-economic grouping. The health benefits are also a key selling point
that need to be utilised more.
NHW must evolve its own networks to grow with the new social practices
brought on by technology. Technology and the web may have a number of
positives and negatives but in spite of the latter it is undeniable that it needs
to be included to encourage excluded groups to engage. With the
commodification of community and communications we need to ensure that
those without the monetary means still have access to community.
Technology is a great tool to overcome this barrier. Also narrowing focus to
single issues may help to engage certain groups, but both these things need
to be considered in more depth before application.
Broadening engagement is no easy task with an increasingly splintered
society hosting multiple communities that self-identify in a number of
different ways but NHW can be the mechanism to overcome difficulties,
celebrate difference, and unify for the common good. If we innovate and
start the ball of collective efficacy rolling from an early age, community
engagement will begin to occur naturally in society. NHW has the potential
to allow people to be the change they want to see in the world.
KEY POINTS
 Multi-agency
communications
key
 Need to break fear
motivation cycle for
sustainability
 Trust in institutions
has declined
 We need active,
human engagement
tactics
 Consider looking
beyond
geographical
definitions of
community
 Well-being benefits
of local networks
 Need to make it
enjoyable and social
 Look at single issues
per community
 Important to
engage at an early
age
 Innovation is crucial
 There are positives
and negatives of
tech but it must be
incorporated
 We must remember
gender

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THE HAMPSHIRE CONTEXT
Hampshire and Isle of Wight Neighbourhood Watch Association (HINWA) believes that NHW exists to reduce
crime and keep communities safe at the base level, but moreover that it plays a role to facilitate neighbourliness
– ‘in communities that care crime cannot flourish’ says HINWA President, Margaret Filley. This project was also
established to ensure that the latter part is being communicated in the right way to communities who have
previously not engaged due to a number of barriers – one of which being a wariness of organisations involved
with the police. At present Hampshire has about 15 per cent engagement – on par with national averages, but
the demographic is not representative.
NHW is a bottom up organisation and so, even across Hampshire, one can see huge differences in how different
areas are run. Volunteers have different skillsets, needs, and availability, and so ways of working are
understandably different. This diversity can be extremely positive and is one of the many reasons NHW is one of
the largest volunteer networks in the UK. It can, however, also make it difficult to develop as a whole entity.
Every NHW member spoken to throughout this project was extremely positive about its aims, and so the
resulting toolkit and advice will no doubt be welcomed just as vehemently. The challenges of the bottom up way
of working, however, is that it can prove difficult to have as strong an effect in some of the outward facing work
with other organisations and groups etc. If there is no area level coordinator, or no committee, such work is,
understandably less likely to be prioritised, and so it is preferable to ensure these roles are in place. For example,
a high number of schemes are not registered on the national Our Watch database, which is where one would
end up if Googling NHW – showing that Hampshire could benefit from some form of structure to ensure all of
the schemes are visible. Such visibility is key to improving engagement.
The challenge is to reinvigorate the current processes to encourage new demographics to participate, whilst
ensuring the voices of those long standing members are still heard and represented. At present NHW events are
done in such a way that caters to the current demographic. To get younger, multi-ethnic, and those from lower
incomes involved events need to have more elements of enjoyment and active participation rather than simply
presentations and speakers. Current turnout for AGMs is already not as high as many would like, and so possibly
running them to include social elements would increase active engagement among current members as well as
the desired new demographic. At an anti-social behaviour (ASB) in Portsmouth in May an interactive poll showed
that the majority of people would be more likely to engage if a scheme was interactive and fun. A number of
members felt it would be really positive if HINWA took more of a proactive role in championing best practice, in
a non-prescriptive manner, leading positive change throughout the organisation in Hampshire.
It is more important than ever in Hampshire for NHW to be heard, and to ensure it is representing the diversity
of demographic of the county in an era of police cuts. At the Winchester and East Hants NHW Annual
Coordinators Event in August, PCC Simon Hayes said that a high percentage of 999 calls involve social issues
(concern for welfare, nuisance, domestic disputes3
, etc.) and in the face of reduced police numbers such calls
could be avoided if communities were strengthened through NHW. Assistant Chief Constable Sara Glenn said:
‘Austerity means we need NHW more than ever’
Crime statistics show that older people are still more likely to suffer from fraud than any other crime, NHW deal
with this really well, but have yet to look to raising awareness on issues that affect other vulnerable groups in
the community. The face of crime is changing, and NHW needs to evolve with it. More and more crimes are
happening online, and we need new prevention and protection tactics to come from the online community.
NHW need to become part of that fabric. At the ASB conference it was suggested that sometimes you have to
3 Domestic disputes meaning arguments of neighbour disputes, not domestic abuse which is most definitely a crime.

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tackle the perception of crime rather than just the crime itself, and here is where NHW could have a massive
impact, telling good news stories to combat misconceptions in local areas, through online media and having
notice boards in community spaces.
Youth Engagement Coordinator for the Hampshire Constabulary, Maria Carrick, has set up a centralised county
young person’s newsletter with the aim of combating stereotypes, both ways between young people and the
police, through focusing on the different issues that affect young people in particular. She is in the process of
setting up another to share information between professionals too. NHW could utilise these platforms to share
good news stories they come across, as well as a way to advertise events in local communities. Local
Neighbourhood Policing Teams are being encouraged to do more localised versions of these newsletters in their
areas using the county’s blueprint, and this is where NHW could really have an influence.
In Hampshire, NHW has the added difficulty of having large numbers of both urban and rural areas. At present
data from the surveys of this project indicates that most members are from a rural location. It is in these settings
that the demographic is most likely to be typical of existing NHW members and so we need to reach out to more
urban locations to diversify engagement. NHW is currently made up of the ‘concerned safe’, those who live in
relatively safe rural areas but have heightened fear of crime. This is not an accurate representation of society. In
urban settings, the meaning of community may not always be akin to where one lives, but instead manifest from
a local group, activity, or community space – something else that needs to be considered when moving forward.
Despite there being a broad array of challenges facing NHW in Hampshire, the passion and determination of the
people involved is quite overwhelming. HINWA acknowledges some changes are required to ensure that NHW
is representative and inclusive and this projects aims to help find them where they can make those changes and
also provide a selection of tools for coordinators to use on the ground as and when needed.

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WHAT’S HAPPENING ELSEWHERE
There are a number of other similar projects going on across the country for NHW. Our Watch – the National
Neighbourhood and Home Watch Network (NNHWN) has been carrying out a series of consultations with
regional representatives to help direct this change process. The researcher attended one of these consultations
where attendees shared their initiatives which are outlined below.
NNHWN wanted to establish a similar project to the one instigated by the PCC and HINWA here in Hampshire in
North Yorkshire to try to see how NHW could be more inclusive of ‘hard to reach groups’. The project there
struggled to get off the ground as it proved difficult to ascertain who the hard to reach were as many NHW
groups do not keep demographic data of membership. This issue was overcome in the project by looking at the
demographics of the actively engaged, and seeing where there were gaps in representation. NNHWN is aware
of some academic research being undertaken in London to map where schemes are in relation to high crime
areas and demographic data will be included as part of this. This will give NHW across the country a good
platform from which to start to better target engagement initiatives.
For Hampshire the largest gaps were young people, those from low income families or deprived areas, LGBT,
and BME. NNHWN is interested to see what comes of this project and, if successful, will look to implement
recommendations and tools nationwide with the approval of all parties involved in the project. NNHWN is
particularly interested in looking at what methods will prove most successful in improving engagement with
young people. At one consultation session a few different projects were discussed to weigh up pros and cons,
and to look at extracting some ideas of best practice for others around the country to utilise.
In Sussex for example, they have very successfully trialled a Junior Neighbourhood Watch project (JNHW). This
model was a six week programme of one hour sessions on different topics facilitated by NHW and other relevant
professionals such as police, judges, and emergency services. Children were asked to sign up following an
interactive assembly, and it was suggested that working with schools that have problems is more beneficial. This
is not only in terms of positive outcomes, but to increase the likelihood of the school accepting the scheme – as
here school staff welcome innovative solutions. The sessions must be flexible to fit with the needs of the
particular school and the young people who sign up. They must also be interactive and Sussex even had sessions
including a model court where young people were challenged on the stereotypes of reporters, offenders, and
victims. An important part of the programme was the presentation of a certificate at the end, and encouraging
the young people to take what they had learnt and put it into action, as well as sharing with peers and family
members.
There are numerous projects that are run with similar aims to that of JNHW that could be linked in with NHW
efforts to engage young people. In Warwickshire there is a Citizens Academy scheme that seeks to teach the
public about policing and active citizenship. There is a mini police initiative in action in some force areas, such as
Durham, which is placed in schools in areas of need and the children have uniforms and carry out tasks. This
helps young people better understand the role of the police and challenges negative stereotypes. Moving on
from this there are many Police Cadet Initiatives running around the country. Hampshire has just announced
that a new cohort of Police Cadets will be recruited. With a minimum time volunteered of 3 hours a month, this
is a great open opportunity for young people to get them outside in the community having a positive impact to
help create engaged citizens. All of these types of initiatives could link in with NHW, for example cadets could
run a session on cybercrime for NHW members.
At the session it was acknowledged that JNHW is only one model. It is clear that there need to be different
manifestations for the different age groups, as well as a means to continue progress and involvement beyond a
fixed term. This could be through transference to another programme at a different age or level, through routes
to involvement in existing NHW schemes where they live, or through some form of ambassadorship. This seems

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to be the opinion of NHW in Hampshire that it cannot simply end. Focus on youth is also integral as young people
are the way to changing the attitudes of every group including the other hard to reach groups.
There were a number of points agreed on during the consultation held at NHW National office, including:
 A national framework and guidelines would be useful, but it should not be prescriptive
 Aims in line with the current NHW ethos
 A menu of options that can be used when needed
 Ensure that ages are differentiated between (children and young people)
 National NHW to provide support where possible
 Work with young people to develop tools and modules
 New branding as a sub-brand of NHW (like Virgin with Virgin Media, Virgin Airways, etc.)
 Strapline to clarify what NHW is
 Network for sharing best practice and information among NHW groups
 Having 3 core modules and then a number of others that can be used in different contexts
 Flexibility is key for young people and for those facilitating activities
 Ensure young people feel a sense of ownership
 Decide how to use online and social media best for engaging with young people
 Training events and a manual including practical resources such as letter templates, funding help, DBS
process, etc. for volunteers
 Method in place for feedback on projects
 Ensure projects are accessible for all levels of literacy
 Do not focus only on schools as this can exclude the hardest to reach
In general NNHWN seems to be quite keen on a slow and steady rebranding process to dismantle the stereotype
of NHW and to encourage inclusion. For example is it necessary to have the policeman in the roundel? This is a
matter for some debate. There are also some questions over what it means to be a member. At present a
household is classed as a member, but with modern multi-occupancy living this excluded huge numbers of
residents with different interests and so NNHWN is looking into what levels of membership there could be to be
more inclusive and also to ensure that membership is flexible enough to encourage all levels of involvement.
With this there are discussions being had about fee models, what members would get in return for paying a fee
such as introduction packs released centrally and access to other resources. A huge shift is also needed for NHW
to be taken seriously when it comes to prevention and protection of new crimes such as cybercrime. What is
key, is that on all levels across the country it is accepted that NHW needs to evolve and adapt to meet modern
challenges.
In Staffordshire PCC Matthew Ellis has also embarked on a mission to reinvigorate the NHW schemes in his area
through a project not completely dissimilar to the one here in Hampshire. His team is looking to make NHW
more dynamic and centre it on social media to make it more ‘sellable’ to communities. He said that NHW must
be proactive, not simply reactive to ensure that all potential partner organisations are on board with its aims
and able to work alongside NHW. The project in Staffordshire agrees that NHW must be localised and bottom-
up to ensure community empowerment, and for this reason is choosing to stay separate from NNHWN projects.

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PRIMARY RESEARCH WITH PARTICIPANTS
SURVEYS
Three surveys (Appendix 1) were sent out.
One to NHW members, one to
professionals working within an
organisation that works with hard to reach
groups or in the area of crime prevention,
and lastly, to members of the public and
hard to reach groups. One-to-ones were
also held with these groups, and a set of
focus groups with members of the public.
NHW Members
276 NHW members responded to the
survey. Of whom 53 per cent were over 65,
36 per cent aged between 45-65. 93 per
cent white, 76 per cent married, 92 per
cent owned their own home.
Out of the 60 per cent that said they
actively raise awareness of the work they
do, methods cited included emails to
existing members, welcoming new
neighbours, going to residents association
meetings, letter drops, and newsletters.
Although effective for existing members
and the current demographic, these
methods are not innovative in their
approach and are unlikely to be targeted at
the hard to reach. Less than half (46 per
cent) said they were actively trying to get
new people involved. Some comments
around this included attending or holding
events, engaging with youth groups, and
mixing with other local community groups.
Existing members cited a number of
reasons for joining. This spread, however,
represents the old functions of NHW with
crime prevention coming out top:
- 74 per cent for crime prevention
- 65 per cent to feel safe
- 50 per cent for crime reduction
- 41 per cent to regain community spirit
- Other reasons mentioned including insurance and events
When asked what motivated them to get involved, however, responses were much more in line with the
neighbourliness aspects that NHW is trying to push. Respondents mentioned community engagement, caring
about other people, creating a socially responsibly community, community spirit, sense of civic duty, and a wish
to support the police in a time of cuts.

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NHW participants were also asked to offer comments around the barriers people may have to joining. Responses
to the barriers to engagement question included:
- Apathy, generally and due to austerity measures
- Lack of time
- Poor communications of NHW
- CRB/DBS requirements
- Nosy Neighbours stereotype
- Many have full participation in their area so it is the job of HINWA to
encourage establishment in other areas
- NHW lack of presence on social media (need to be shown how)
- Languages as a barrier
- Disinterest when no crime (the cycle illustrated in literature review)
Professionals
65 per cent of respondents said that they were not in contact with NHW and 60 per cent said that they do not
have organisational links. 56 per cent said that the reason they do not liaise with NHW as an organisation is that
there is no information available about what they do or who to speak with regarding joint working. A number of
professionals expressed that they chose to speak with PCSOs or the Neighbourhood Policing Teams direct due
to poor communication streams to NHW.
It was the belief of professional respondents that NHW exist to:
- Disseminate info
- Work with police
- Act as a bridge between statutory and voluntary
- Represent the community
- Be a mouthpiece for the public
There seems to be some confusion about Hampshire Alert and NHW, as a few professionals seemed to think that
NHW was orchestrated through that system now, which is not the case. This demonstrates the need for a clearer
NHW presence online.
When professionals were asked how NHW can develop to improve engagement they suggested NHW being more
involved in community groups and other parts of the community, including organisations like charities and
housing providers. They also suggested that NHW should be a voice for all people including the young, and be a
signposting and information service. Other methods mentioned included better use of social media and SEO
(search engine optimisation), issue based campaigns, utilisation of youth watches, more work with victims,
better networking with other organisations, and perhaps offering some sort of training to professionals in the
functions of NHW.
Public
Out of 143 respondents, 92 per cent were white, 8 per cent non-white, 15 per cent disabled, 10 per cent living
in privately rented, 4 per cent social housing, 80 per cent owned, 23 per cent 25-44, 45 per cent 45-64, 31 per
cent 65 plus. Although this survey was sent out to a number of diverse community groups, the demographic of
those that responded was not as representative as hoped. Therefore, it was ensured that focus groups were
conducted with those from minority ethnic backgrounds, and the young, to ensure that those communities’
voices were heard in this report.

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A third of respondents said they
were aware of their local NHW
scheme, 66 per cent weren’t. 76
per cent said they did not know
how to get involved with NHW
and out of those that did, access
through the police, searching
online, and via the street
coordinator were the most
popular answers. 16 per cent had
absolutely no idea what NHW
does and out of those that did the
most popular responses were:
- Reporting
- Monitoring
- Watching
- Crime Reduction
- Street Walks
Members of the public said that
they were most likely to discuss
local issues on Facebook, through emails direct to the organisations that the grievance is directed at, in
community groups, or on Street Life. Twitter and local meetings were less likely to be the forums used. It was
felt that NHW needs to be more visible including a stronger presence online. As shown in the graph above the
majority of respondents want to find out about NHW online, followed by email, and social media. These are all
online methods which shows that NHW needs to focus its efforts here to broaden engagement. In other
comments it was mentioned that NHW should do more in schools and strive to better represent the full
demographic of their communities.
FOCUS GROUPS
Asian Elders Group, Eastleigh
The group consisted of around 40 members, a brief introduction was given to the group as a whole, and then
the group was split into 4 smaller groups for the questions to be posed. Key points from the discussions were:
 NHW is seen as responsible for keeping an eye on the area
 It is seen as necessary among British communities, because the fragmentation of society is very much a
British phenomenon in terms of isolation and un-neighbourliness. Many said trying to tackle this
fragmentation and get back to community is a huge challenge. They expressed that Asians unite in the face
of British hostility and so are less vulnerable to that when in their own groups
 Seen as useful for vulnerable people, but vulnerabilities may not always be obvious
 NHW as a tool for awareness raising of certain crime issues
 A number said they had not been approached by NHW, or knew where to go for it, and so greater awareness
raising in alternative communities is needed (presence at the Mela etc.)
 Their own group provides the sense of security and community that NHW profess to provide and so many
don’t see that they would have the need to get involved
 Many said it may be better to target younger people from their community who are less stuck in their ways
and more open to new things
 It was felt NHW should have a larger role in signposting, and perhaps going further to assist the vulnerable
(getting to appointments etc.) or pointing people in the direction of someone who can help with such
elements

24 | P a g e
 It was felt it is very unclear how to get involved, and they felt having a NHW member attend their group
would be beneficial
 It was also suggested that having an Asian rep at the area level of NHW could prove beneficial and help
promote diverse engagement
 Communications between different community groups needs to be stronger, it is about going to closed
community groups more actively, and not expecting people to want to come to you organically
 Language is much less of a barrier than it once was and English speakers no longer need to have the fear
 Street events and other enjoyable elements would also draw out more people from communities who are
less likely to engage
Around the World Group, Eastleigh
This group is a group of mums from various countries including Taiwan, Korea, and Poland who come together
with their children once a week. On this occasion there were five Taiwanese mothers. They had never heard of
NHW and so, once explained to them quite thoroughly, they were asked to consider what might encourage them
to get involved. This is what they came up with:
 Emphasise the enjoyable elements and things like street parties
 NHW should be more proactive in reaching out to BME communities
 Explain to BME communities how they are able to participate
 Needs to be better advertised – what it is, who it’s for, if it costs etc.
 There needs to be a greater presence in community centres and other communal areas
 If NHW were more active on social media they may have heard of it
 Letters through the door etc. would be good to get the bare information
Young People (Provided by YOT and STAR project)

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The group was comprised of 9 young people between the ages of 11 and 19. The session was split into
three activities focused around 3 questions. Young people had some idea of what NHW is, and strongly
identified with the current brand. Many thought that the ‘getting people together’ element was of great
significance. It was thought by the young people that NHW was only for older people, and for those that
have more time on their hands. Young people also filled out individual questionnaires (Appendix 2) as
well as contributing to discussions (full results available in Appendix 3). It was a great insight to see what
crimes young people felt affected them (see graphic on previous page). They felt that if NHW focused
on issues such as these it would be of greater appeal to younger generations as it would be more
relevant and relatable. The young people considered what would encourage them to get involved, this
is what they came up with:
 Promotion at youth events and school
 Nominations and awards for things
 Experience and references to write on university applications & job applications – UCAS points
 Variety of activities (pick and mix approach to involvement)
 Sell as an opportunity to meet new people and friends
 Make it fun, relaxed and flexible
 Training & official volunteer roles
 Social media
When asked what approach NHW should use to engage young people, they said:
 Do assemblies but also smaller groups which link in through PSHE and with each year group like
informal workshops
 Lessons but must less formal – create a plan to send out to teachers etc. and get the young people to
help create it
 Stigma against youth centres now as ‘chavvy’
 Unless something is targeted, it doesn’t work – talking at young people doesn’t work
 Use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Vine to create video content, memes
 Get young people to run the social media and create the content like videos and memes etc.
 Young people know best how to target people their own age
 Avoid text speak
 Base involvement on issues to capture the biggest number of young people’s individual interests
 Present what they do in an interesting way through video to dispel the stigma – video diaries of
interesting members etc. Videos as best resource to get people involved – could video events etc.
 Website was felt to be very important and it should have basic information, contact details and be
used to direct to social media where most of the content is. There could also be a forum. Use of a
contact form would be less scary than having to pick up the phone or send an email
 Links on the website to external partners or info sites like Fearless, Childline, LGBT, DA, CSE, mental
health help, Moodjuice, and other advice sites
 Sell it as having someone you know to talk to rather than police
 Biographies of people involved already (nurse, 40, lived here 20 years, etc. to humanise it a bit)
 A mobile phone app would not be needed, excludes people, uses data, expensive and time consuming
– website much better
 Most important thing is something to show what they have achieved
 Link in to a website like V-Inspired which is a volunteer portal which can be used to log hours of
volunteering
 Training in things like; personal safety; what to look out for; signs of crime; signs of Domestic Abuse
(DA)/Mental health; signs of drug use; speaking/comms; conflict management; restorative justice;
first aid; fire safety; equality and diversity; what is harassment; hate crime; DA emotional financial

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What young people believe signifies a good community:
MAIN THEMES FROM ONE TO ONES
In the one to ones with professionals and NHW members, participants were asked to think about what had
worked well for them in their area, what hadn’t worked so well, and asked for any ideas they had to help broaden
engagement with hard to reach groups. The below is derived from these one to ones, and split up into the main
themes that arose commonly as examples of things that could be done to improve engagement. There are a
number of opportunities here, it is not expected for all groups to take them all up at once.
Area Coordinators
Although it is paramount that NHW remain a bottom up organisation, it is a general consensus that having an
area coordinator for each district would be of great benefit for everyone. Police and other professionals cannot
possibly speak with multiple street level coordinators and so there needs to be a layer in between them and
HINWA for every district. These should mirror the police district areas. They are already in place in some areas,
but not all, and HINWA could support finding suitable people for the areas where they are not present. It would
be beneficial also if it were part of the area coordinators’ role to keep an up to date record of organisations and
services in the area that NHW could work with on specific projects such as Age UK, domestic abuse charities,
youth groups, CVS etc. NHW should be as much about building relationships with people in the community as it
should be about the number of schemes, and this could be the role of area coordinators. Any activity like this
would not be about sharing the details of NHW members or sharing the database, more about sharing best
practice, ideas, and opening communications with the rest of the community to share the good work done by
NHW and its members.
Communications
Communications is another point that kept being raised throughout the research stage and there are a number
of ways this can be improved. Existing publications could be used a lot more by NHW, such as parish council and
community magazines (CVS) and websites. Some members need guidance as to what makes a good story, and
how to lay them out, and this will form part of the toolkit created in the second stage of this project. Creating
relationships with local reporters at newspapers etc. would be positive to aid this. Many have said a press
package would be a useful part of the project outcomes. Marketing was something highlighted as a weak point
by many participants, and this could be a role in itself for a volunteer at HINWA level. The police are setting up
a newsletter for young people through Hampshire Alert which would welcome good news stories – there are
lots of platforms about that can be used.

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NHW could also take up the role of challenging misconceptions when it comes to crime. Too often older people
blame younger people, when in fact for crimes like graffiti and other forms of ASB, adults are often at fault. Using
statistics to create material around such issues would really help reduce the fear of crime which is at present
disproportionate to levels of crime. There are cases where young people are victimised by adults too and this
needs to be challenged. Hard to reach communities are more likely to get involved if they see positive results
and if they see that their issues are being represented and taken seriously. Communication, press, and marketing
is vital in achieving this. People need to see it as a powerful instrument of community safety, maybe in lobbying
local councillors too.
Internally, there also needs to be a protocol for handover for when coordinators of NHW area level or otherwise
start to be unable to fulfil their role due to age or illness, or other commitments. Too often active schemes cease
to exist when members are no longer around.
Consider other forms of community
Community for NHW tends to mean area of residence. In urban areas and with modern lifestyles, communities
are often found around commonalities other than home location. Colleges and universities for example, or local
BME society meeting places, community centres etc. Winchester NHW is making great strides in linking with the
University, and in hard to reach estates also. These locations should all be targets for NHW, and schemes
shouldn’t have to be on a road, but instead could have something else as the central point. This will help it feel
more than just crime prevention, and more about community, which is what NHW is keen to promote already.
Enjoyment
Participants thought that there must be an enjoyable element to being involved with NHW. Many mentioned
that the idea of street parties is a great way to raise awareness and encourage engagement with NHW and in
the local community more generally. It needs to be social to dispel the ‘curtain twitcher’ idea. Events must be
mindful of different cultures, ages, and the appropriateness of some things. This could also be the way to combat
the fear driver cycle as depicted earlier in the report (pg.10). Innovative activities and events to bridge the gap
between old and young could also be greatly enjoyable– skills swapping sessions for example: ‘you teach me
how to sew, I will teach you how to tweet’. NHW cannot be reactive and dry, but it must be proactive and vibrant.
Competitions are a great entertaining way to incentivise engagement, and could work with local businesses to
give away things like personal alarms, or light timers etc.
Fundraising
There can be little or no cost to running a NHW scheme. If however, NHW wants to expand and encourage
engagement, there would be some costs incurred for printing materials, running events, signage etc. Therefore,
it would be beneficial for area coordinators and HINWA committee members to know where to get funding, and
of new techniques such as crowdfunding. This knowledge could then be passed on to any interested members
in their patches.
Issues focus
To encourage those from hard to reach groups to engage it is key to talk about and focus on issues that are
relevant to them. NHW is traditionally very good at looking at the vulnerabilities of the elderly (fraud, doorstep
crimes, etc.) but does not often branch out to more challenging subjects that affect the hard to reach such as
drugs, violence, domestic abuse, arson, ASB, Hate Crime, and various types of exploitation. There are many topic
areas that could be tackled, and it is not the suggestion here that all areas take on all topics immediately, but
take time to understand the issues most pertinent to the hard to reach groups in their areas, and how to raise
awareness and provide support around those issues. This may also be another way to encourage some members
to be more active – they may have a specific area of interest or expertise which they could share with the rest
of the group. Also there is a need to consider the statistics around repeat victimisation and how to help protect
those who have already been targeted. NHW could also be a vehicle to help tackle the fear of reporting that
exists in many hard to reach groups.

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Leaflets and promotional materials
There must be a place for current NHW members to access resources and promotional materials, both hard copy
and online versions. This should be somewhere centrally, whether NNHWN or HINWA. Some NHW members
found that using things like quizzes had worked quite well. A number of coordinators said that knowing where
to get resources could be an issue. There needs to be a clear document showing what NHW does, and what they
can offer. Is it signposting? Reporting? Info sharing? One-to-one support? Professionals said knowing where to
get such information from to distribute to service users would be helpful, and also so that they could educate
themselves. Members of the public also said that displaying such material in community spaces should be
commonplace.
Multi-agency
All participants agreed that NHW should be a part of local multi-agency approaches including meetings, events,
and general communications. There are so many great projects happening with such a wide array of
organisations (statutory and voluntary) that communication must be improved to ensure that work isn’t
duplicated unnecessarily and best practice can be shared. Social action is a huge theme at present and NHW is a
great example of that. NHW has the potential to be the bridge between professional services and the public. All
area coordinators should have strong working relationships with their local CVS4
to aid volunteer recruitment
and care, as well as to get access to a number of community groups. Some members already have good
relationships with CVS and CSPs in their area and the benefits are clear. In the time of cuts this is more important
than ever as to share resources and ideas with those with common aims would be most effective. Working in
this way also has a higher impact. Other organisations may have access to free materials or safety devices that
could be offered to NHW members, such as window locks, personal alarms, etc.
Police
The relationship with local neighbourhood policing teams was cited by many as an important element but, due
to the cuts, there are less police with less time available to meet with members. This is also causing
disillusionment among the general public as visibility is down, but unfortunately it does not seem to yet be
correlating with enthusiasm to self-police and protect through mechanisms such as NHW. It is felt that area
coordinators should have a named police contact who they liaise with, and this is in place in many areas but not
all. The Hampshire Alert system is also still suffering teething problems with consistency of usage across policing
areas, and also immediacy of alerts. Many also mentioned that it is important to remember that the police link
can be a barrier for some hard to reach groups, and so it needs to be made clear that NHW do not work for the
police. This is where a relationship with Crimestoppers5
could be beneficial, due to the anonymity element, but
still ensures that NHW has that crime reporting and prevention link.
Social Media
It is acknowledged that social media is an untapped resource. The reason no steps have been taken in this
direction so far is because of lack of knowledge, not resistance to change. All NHW respondents thought that
having young people to demonstrate how to use things like Facebook and Twitter would be a good way to bridge
the age gap and also to challenge stereotypes from both sides. Many pointed out that because such a large
proportion of the existing membership does not use social media, it is important that traditional methods of
communication are also kept up, and that any social media should be in addition, and with the aim of enticing
new members rather than informing old ones.
Some members are already active on Street Life, and say it is good because people use it to critique local services
including the police, but again it isn’t commonly used throughout the organisation. There is a knowledge deficit
which needs addressing, and social media taboo that needs breaking. There has been a fear around social media,
4 CVS can help NHW with volunteer recruitment and support, as well as supporting local level schemes as organisations and providing links to
other community groups in the area.
5 Crimestoppers are a crime reporting charity, which ensures that those who witness crime can report with the assurance of full anonymity
whether reporting on the phone or online. This encourages people to report who may not want to appear in court, or be known to the public as
being involved. It is particularly useful if you are reporting a family member or a neighbour.

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for privacy and safety reasons. It would therefore be beneficial for the toolkit to include some guidance on the
different levels of privacy of each platform, what to do to keep safe, and some general guidance to combat the
fear of the unknown.
Social media can also be used to create campaigns and pledges and to get on board with existing initiatives like
the #iwill campaign6
. There are great organisations out there such as Fixers who specialise in creating content
that speaks to young people, done by young people, and NHW needs to build relationships with such places.
There has been some criticism about Hampshire Alert not being instant enough – Twitter can answer this as
whatever is going on, wherever, someone is tweeting about it. It can help NHW members see trends in the area
and see what local people are talking about, what they are concerned about, and link campaigns into that. Some
have said it may be appropriate for police to be part of Facebook groups etc. however this would need more in
depth consideration.
Training
Coordinators and active members may face a number of different challenges in their communities. So training
on issues they may come up against including dementia, domestic abuse, addiction, and other vulnerabilities
would be really useful. Many participants also thought some form of mediation or restorative justice training
would be appropriate for NHW members. Not as a remedy but more to learn the skills to stop a situation
escalating. Local CVS are a good link for NHW in this area too, as they often provide training for local groups at
a reduced cost.
Website and online
HINWA needs a website that must function for internal communications and external promotion. There should
also be a standardised format for HINWA to promote and for the local level organisations to use. At present all
the websites look different, are not clearly branded, and are clunky to manoeuvre around. They are not user
friendly, or attractive to the user. The website is a key way to engage young people – children, teens, and under
30s. There are sites where NHW could get crime prevention advice from to easily fill websites with relevant
content that could be targeted at different groups. Some participants suggested webinars could be used to host
meetings to include a broader range of people, also potentially to carry out training. Something raised by many
was the idea of having a section on the local website where people could ‘meet the team’ with biographies and
profiles of active members to humanise it a bit. So ‘Rachel, 34, has lived in X for X years, and works as a nurse’
etc. The website and online presence was one of the main things discussed with participants, and all of them
agreed it is one of the most important elements to work on to broaden engagement.
Working with community groups
NHW should endeavour to make itself known to other community groups from mums’ groups, to youth clubs,
cultural associations, book clubs, curry societies, and more. This could be through a presentation to the group
to explain what NHW is and what it does and why they may want to set up a scheme or get involved. But also so
that NHW can get to know the different communities living within the area represented. This is an integral part
of being proactive in the community. NHW should also link in to other volunteer organisations like volunteer
centres and student volunteer weeks etc. It was found that it is generally best if volunteers are given specific
roles with clear remits. Places of worship, such as churches are no longer just religious spaces, and are used for
a number of community initiatives, and so such avenues could also be explored. It may also be worth looking to
employers who have a large young or BME employee base as a route to engagement and possibility of
collaboration on community events etc.
6A national campaign asking organisations to pledge to help involve young people in community initiatives

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POINTS TO NOTE IN TERMS OF THE HARD TO REACH
People are more likely to be willing to get involved if they are given some form of ownership. NHW must not
prescribe, but be active in encouraging involvement. If people are given the responsibility to change their area
for the better and are given a little support it is more likely to be successful than if NHW tries to do it for them.
Hard to reach groups take longer to engage, because there must be a period to build up a relationship, and
therefore immediate results cannot be expected.
Young People
There are a number of ways to get young people involved, and Junior NHW schemes are something to be
considered, but are not the only way forward. It seems key that there is some sort of longer term involvement
option, and support for NHW members involved. This is why linking with an existing initiative like Junior PCSOs
could be positive but then it excludes those who may be adverse to the police links. Time was cited again and
again as one of the biggest barriers and older people who are retired are likely to have more time. Therefore it
must be ensured that there are different levels of engagement that allow people with different commitments at
different times to get involved.
When it comes to work in schools, the package to be delivered must be in line with current learning styles, and
also link up to the national curriculum to get schools interested. It must be engaging, interactive, and about
debate – not just a PowerPoint and not parachute delivery. Online safety and specific issues like that should be
key to sessions.
A number of participants suggested that tying in with the needs of young people in terms of employment
struggles would be a good method. NHW could do this by formalising volunteering opportunities to give young
people something to put on their CV, providing certificates, and informal training in different skills such as leading
a meeting, organising events, and admin. This would be the ‘carrot’ to encourage engagement. Young people
could be given the job of ‘patrol’ (those old enough) or litter picking or something physically active. Active
engagement is crucial. There could be a competition for young people to come up with the youth sub-brand of
NHW logo design, strapline, and what the aims are to be etc. Involvement could be linked to something like the
leisure credit scheme where young people could get money off entertainment or leisure activities, or free
sessions at local sports clubs etc.
There are lots of different categories of young people, which is something to remain aware of. There are young
people who are already proactive in society, and those that are harder to reach within the hard to reach group
of young people. There are young people in care, out of education, and young people from poor backgrounds.
In this report young people means under 30 – but there are many sub-groups within that and huge differences
between them. To work with these harder to reach young people a mentoring or ambassador scheme would
be really beneficial as young people who had already been through the same as them and come out the other
side would have more luck as someone the young could relate to.
Whatever young people schemes develop, they don’t need to try and be ‘cool’, but instead forge a link between
the old and the young. Young people are put off when something has been made ‘cool’ on purpose. You must
convey things in a relatable way and focus on the issues the next generation care about. Young people have
grown up in an era saturated with advertising and so it needs to be simple but targeted and making use of
organisations that already have that relationship with young people is key. Understand that there are often a
number of complex reasons behind a child’s behaviour that may not be instantly obvious and so one must be
mindful.
Black Minority Ethnic (BME)
Presentations to existing self-identifying BME communities would be a good way forward. NHW members must
be educated so not to appear accidentally negatively prejudiced when talking with BME groups. There is also a
careful balance to be struck to ensure that such communities are not singled out or treated too differently, as
well as efforts to make sure they are included. It is vulnerability that is the reason people should get engaged,

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and often people from ethnic minority backgrounds are marginalised and therefore quite vulnerable in their
community, especially to crimes such as hate crime and racism. Therefore moving towards an issues based
organisation that looks at a wider array of issues, NHW can become more inclusive. It is important that NHW are
mindful of the fact that community spirit is usually already established among BME communities unlike in British
communities where this has very much eroded. Therefore NHW cannot go in and over-ride what is already
occurring, and must work alongside and build up two-way understanding. NHW need to have an action plan for
diversity to ensure BME groups are included. Area coordinators should have geographical knowledge of their
area to know what communities are where and find out what the issues are. NHW should also be active in
promoting acceptance.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT)
LGBT has been extended recently to LGBTQIA or LGBTQPA to be even more inclusive of the full spectrum of
sexuality (LGBT still used for short). What is clear is that anyone working or volunteering in a public facing role
should know each of the terms, and what they mean to be able to represent everyone equally. The most
important things to remember is not to stereotype, and remember that self-identification is key, not projection.
People are generally quite aware of Lesbian and Gay, and usually Bisexual and Transgender although the latter
two still face a great amount of misunderstanding in society and are still a huge taboo. Q is for queer – an
umbrella term, not in the old pejorative sense, but to mean non-binary, covering a range of preferences and
identifications that is not ascribing to gender norms. A queer person may not identify as a man or a woman. I
stands for intersex, which means a person does not have the sexual anatomy of a man or a woman clearly
defined. P is for Pansexual, this is similar to bisexual but also includes Trans and other identifications including
Intersex and Queer. Finally A is for Asexual, which is someone who is not attracted to anyone or have a sexual
orientation.
It was suggested that NHW could advertise for an LGBT ambassador or something similar to sit at county level
to make sure that NHW is up to date on LGBT issues and aware of different emerging terms and language. LGBT
communities are particularly susceptible to hate crime, and so through looking at that as a particular issue NHW
can ensure communities and its members are sensitive to the needs of LGBT. Some form of training around the
subject could also be useful.
Low Income
NHW members expressed that it is easier to engage home-owners than tenants. This is because rented
accommodation and houses of multiple occupancy often have transient tenants who move on after short time
periods and thus do not necessarily feel a sense of connection to the local community in this short time. It is also
key to note that young populations are more likely to reside in urban areas due to house prices and social
cohesion is usually much more disjointed comparative to rural settings.
It was also suggested that traditional methods such as leaflets really do not work in these areas. You have to
assess individual communities on an individual basis to find out what they really need, as opposed to going with
what their perceived needs are. There is often a high level of literacy problems in economically deprived areas
and so human contact can work best. We must also be willing to operate at times that work for these groups,
and also not appear to be from a professional service (clothing, manner, language used) to ensure we are being
inclusive. We must strive to integrate rather than stand out, even if this is outside our comfort zone. We must
not judge on noise levels, bad language, poor cleanliness or other things that are sterotypically associated with
deprived areas.
Patience is also key, as with such communities it can take time to build up trust. These groups may not have
access to the internet, computers, or smart phones, which is why we cannot rely on electronic mediums alone.
It was mentioned that in low income areas existing neighbour relationships may already be strained, which
makes introducing something like NHW a struggle, as people do not feel accountable for their actions. Existing
social dynamics must be taken into account.

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CASE STUDY’S
Basingstoke NHW as an example of existing good practice
Basingstoke NHW is already doing a number of the things that have been brought up in this report, which
shows that it can be done. Basingstoke is active in seeking out funding from a number of different sources,
and as a team have great links with other organisations across the area covered and beyond. One
particularly useful link for them has been with the housing associations in various areas – these are a crucial
link to reach the low income bracket of our hard to reach groups and is definitely something NHW should
seek to emulate across the county. Communications streams such as those are key to engaging new
membership. In Basingstoke NHW works very closely with its CSP and CVS, and is at the centre of multi-
agency working. NHW members attend community tasking groups, talk the CSP through hot spots and
topics, and are part of decisions and actions resultantly. In Basingstoke there is a strong core team, with a
large membership behind them. Their website is also more advanced than many of the others around the
county, where they do exist, and meetings are well attended. They are also often prominent at events, and
have started to dip their toe in the world of social media (an area where they would be grateful for some
further guidance). There are still areas to be improved on in Basingstoke, (young people being a prominent
one), but the area is taking steps in the right direction to be more active and to increase engagement and
diversity.
The Handy Trust – an example of good historic collaborative working
The Handy Trust is an organisation that works with disadvantaged young people in remote locations
around Southampton. When it was first starting out over 15 years ago they had a positive experience of
collaborative working with NHW to solve an issue in the community. Young people were gathering in a
new park that was placed in the middle of an affluent suburb. They would congregate at night to party,
have sex, and sometimes sleep. A man from NHW called on the Handy Trust to help. Alongside the police
the three organisations worked to consult with the young people to see what they needed. The Handy
Trust started a programme of regular activities for the young people, and the council locked the park at
night. There were also structural change implemented to the basketball hoops, which were moved away
from the houses, and other diversionary activities were offered such as free swimming, and the
opportunity to volunteer within NHW. The groups all met together to break down the ‘them and us’
mentality and to give each group the chance to put their point across. This case shows that collaborative
working can result in the most positive outcomes for all members of the community, rather than further
marginalising one group based on the interests of another. A lot can be taken from this example, and
NHW was at the centre of it.

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CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, NHW is doing great work, and there is a lot they can do to continue and expand upon that. There
are numerous challenges to broadening engagement, but this is not just a problem for NHW, but for society as
a whole. Businesses, statutory, and voluntary services are all struggling with the concept of ‘hard to reach’, what
it means, and how to move forward to insure maximum inclusivity. There are a number of important things to
consider.
The relationship with the police can be a barrier, and so it must be ensured that this relationship is only
highlighted when appropriate for the groups being targeted. NHW must also form an integral part of the multi-
agency approach around community remedy and crime prevention. NHW are the eyes and ears and so it makes
sense for them to be included wherever possible. The online presence of NHW is key to the multi-agency element
as well as in broadening engagement - and this includes social media. The establishment of Area Coordinators in
each area is vital to ensure that working relationships with community groups as well as professional and
voluntary organisations in the area are created and maintained.
NHW must also broaden its outlook to consider other forms of community that are not solely based on residency.
There are many community groups who could benefit from a more proactive NHW attending their
events/meetings to create working relationships. This would also ensure that NHW members have a better
knowledge of the wider community in which they are working. Avenues for fundraising are also something to be
taken into consideration, as is communications and marketing for NHW – both internal matters that have the
potential to have a huge external impact.
NHW has done a great job around certain crime and vulnerability issues, such as fraud and doorstep crime, but
to branch out they must become educated in other, newer, crime types to ensure that all of the community can
benefit from their fantastic work. Training is imperative, to allow member to provide these new functions.
HINWA needs to look at ways to reinject enjoyableness into NHW, and support local teams in delivering events
and activities, and give them ideas to run with.
The findings in this report show that NHW is heading in the right direction, but just needs a little support and
some tools to help it on the way.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
These recommendations will be supported and facilitated by the second stage of this project – the toolkit which
will include guidance on how to go about some of the following.
 Recruit a marketing volunteer
 Implement a social media and public relations (PR) strategy
 Encourage that each area has an Area Coordinator
 Create a HINWA website that is fit for purpose along with local association sites
 Reach out to community groups and organisations and work with them to engage hard to reach
groups. So for example you may want to reach out to your local Asian network, or a youth group etc.
other on the ground, public facing groups
 If not so already, become embedded in the multi-agency approach at area level including strong links
with local CVS and CSPs. This is to work with other organisations concerned with crime reduction
 Create new publicity material and a way to ensure this material is accessible to those who need it
 Be more proactive in fundraising for specific projects and events
 Focus on issues that are relevant to a broader spectrum of people (for example youth and drugs, or
LGBT and hate crime)
 Make sure there is an element of enjoyableness in all the work carried out
 Look into getting training for Area Coordinators and other active members
 Hold an annual street party event across the whole of Hampshire

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REFERENCES
Arief, B. et al. 2011., Towards the Implementation of an Internet-based Neighbourhood Watch Scheme;
Impacts of Inclusive Technologies on Societies. 2011 International Conference on Computational Aspects of
Social Networks
An overview of Crawley Junior Neighbourhood Watch, 2013 (from Bob Coombes email 05/02/15)
Bennett, T et al., 2008. The Effectiveness of Neighbourhood Watch. Campbell Systematic Reviews:
University of Glamorgan
Bolton, S., 2006. Crime prevention in the community: the case of Neighbourhood Watch, Criminal Justice
Matters, (64:1), pp.40-41
Cabinet Office. 2014., Community Life Survey: England, 2013 – 2014, Statistical Bulletin
ERS Research and Consultancy, 2010., Exploring Barriers to Participation in Neighbourhood and Home
Watch Schemes
ERS Research and Consultancy, 2010., Showcasing NHW Achievements
Flint, J., 2002. Return of the Governors: Citizenship and the New Governance of Neighbourhood Disorder in
the UK, Citizenship Studies, (6:3) pp.245-264
Flint, J. and Nixon, J. 2005. Governing Neighbours: Anti-social Behaviour Orders and New Forms of
Regulating Conduct in the UK. Urban Studies, 43(5/6), pp.939–955
Forrest, R. and Kearns, A., 2001 Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighbourhood. Urban Studies,
(38:12) pp.2125–2143. Bristol
Huck, S. and Koself, M., 2007. The Economic Journal, (117), pp.270–286, USA. THE DYNAMICS OF
NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH AND NORM ENFORCEMENT. Royal Economic Society, Blackwell Publishing:
Oxford
Introduction to Neighbourhood Watch (from Bob Coombes email 26/01/15)
Merry, S. et al. 2011., Drivers of public trust and confidence in police in the UK. International Journal of
Police Science and Management, (14:2), pp.118–135
Neighbourhood Watch Research and Evidence (from Bob Coombes email 26/01/15)
Neighbourhood Watch – ‘Working in your community’
http://www.ourwatch.org.uk/resource_centre/toolkits/working_in_your_community
Neighbourhood Watch – ‘How we work with the police’
Pattie, C. Syd, P. and Whiteley, P., 2003. Civic Attitudes and Engagement in Modern Britain. Hansard Society
for Parliamentary Government, Parliamentary Affairs (56) pp616-633
Shaid, S. 2014., What are the roles of Neighbourhood Watch schemes in increasing community cohesion
and reducing the fear of crime in London? City University: London
Wilton, C., 2012. Building Community Capacity; Evidence, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Think Local Act
Personal
Yong-Chan, K. and Ball-Rokeach, S., 2006. Community Storytelling Network, Neighborhood Context, and
Civic
Engagement: A Multilevel Approach. Human Communication Research ISSN 0360-3989

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GLOSSARY
Attitudinal
An adjective which means relating to certain attitudes.
Collective efficacy
Collective efficacy includes behaviours, norms and actions that residents of a given community use to
achieve public order.
Commodification (of community)
The process of reducing something to a commodity; in terms of community, only giving to get something
back immediately.
Demographics
The social make up of a community; age, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, religion, etc.
Heterogeneous
Composed of parts of different kinds; having widely dissimilar elements or constituents. The opposite of
Homogenous.
Homogeneous
Composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind.
Neo-Durkeimian
Renowned French sociologist and philosopher, David Émile Durkheim (1858-1917). Neo-Durkheimians are
modern sociologists who have developed his theories to suit the modern context.
Norms
A standard, model, or pattern. A general level or average. Social norms are what the ‘nurture’ part of
growing up provide – the cultural elements which delimitate what behaviours are acceptable in your
culture or community.
Phenomenological
This is a type of research design, which means both quantitative and qualitative methods were used.
Plurality
More than half of the whole; the majority. A number greater than one. Fact of being numerous. A large
number; multitude. Sometimes signifying some diversity as well as quantity.
Polarised
To divide into sharply opposing factions; to be one extreme or the other.
Social cohesion
It is a bond that holds a group together, even if individuals within the group have different backgrounds or
circumstances. This bond can be seen through members' common values and behaviours.
Social Contract
These play an important role in social cohesion. A social contact is an understanding among members of a
society that everyone will maintain certain standards for the benefit of society as a whole. As part of this,
members might be expected to fulfil certain political or legal obligations, such as voting and paying taxes,
while also meeting moral standards, like displaying tolerance for others.
Spatial / Spatiality
The physical location; the geographic.

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APPENDICES
Appendix 1
NHW member questionnaire conducted using Survey Monkey:

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Professional’s survey conducted using Survey Monkey:

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Public survey conducted using Survey Monkey

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Appendix 2
A FEW LITTLE QUESTIONS…
First Name: Age:
1. Should Neighbourhood Watch name their youth stuff something different?
Yes No Don’t Know (If yes do you have any ideas?)
2. Should Neighbourhood Watch come into schools/colleges/youth groups etc. to talk about
the work they do?
Yes No Don’t Know
3a. Should Neighbourhood Watch be using social media to talk to young people?
Yes No Don’t Know
3b. If so which ones do you use?
4. Is a website important?
Yes No Don’t Know
5. Do you think you would be interested in getting involved?
Yes No Don’t Know
6. Would you like to get a certificate or something if you were involved?
Yes No Don’t Know
7. Which crimes do you think affect young people the most?
8. What makes a good community?

Neighbourhood Watch engagement project aims to broaden participation

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