NGO's Role in Education: 50 Years of Pakistan
By Fayyaz Baqir
Local Heritage of Community Work in Education
The areas that now constitute Pakistan had in place a very sound and firm tradition of providing
education on the basis of self-help by beneficiary communities a little more than a hundred years
ago. This self-help system provided universal literacy to males and females in most of urban and
rural settlements through a very elaborate management structure of traditional rural communities
which has been called "Village Corporation" or "Village Republic" by many modern social
scientists. The nature, level and outreach of this education was partly described by G.W. Leitner,
Director of Public Instruction in Punjab in his "Report on indigenous Education in Punjab"
submitted to Government of (British) India and published in 1882. This system of universal
literacy based on the concepts of voluntary work and self-help was not known as NGO work and
was much larger in scale compared to present NGO initiatives but was built on the same
conceptual foundations on which educational activities have been successfully undertaken among
low-income communities by NGOs during the past few decades. There were eight different types
of schools and standard of education and pedagogical methods used in these schools were so high
that they were imported in England in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. These schools
included Pathshala schools, Chatshala schools, Gurmukhi schools, Sanskrit schools, Arabic
schools, Persian schools, Quran schools and special schools for merchant class.
Describing educational work in punjab Leitner stated that "By 1854-55 there were 28,879
villages and at least as many schools in Punjab. In towns, Delhi had 279 schools, Amritsar 143
schools,and Sialkot 38.. (Leitner, 1882, pp.4)". Rate of literacy was so high that referring to
1852 Settlement Report Leitner mentioned that " In the backward district of Hushiarpur there
was 1 school for every 19.65 males ( Ibid, pp.2). Education was considered basic moral
responsibility of every educated individual and in the words of Leitner "I am not acquainted with
any Native, Hindu, Mohammadan, or Sikh, who, if at all proficient in any branch of indigenous
learning or service, does not consider it to be a proud duty to teach others." (Ibid, pp.19)
Continuing his statement he says "Even among those educated natives who have not thrown aside
social or religious restraints, I have known men devoting half of their slender incomes to
maintaining schools or pupils at them" (Ibid, pp.19). This voluntary spirit was integrally linked
with a sound financial management system established by various communities as well as farming
community in general. A brief description of this community based system for providing education
is given below.
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Self-help system of management of schools
In Hindu communities people living together in a settlement constituted an organized body, and
various functionaries who met important needs of this community enjoyed rights over the soil.
These functionaries included the headmaster, accountant, police officer, the priest, the school
master, the astrologer, the smith, the carpenter, the barber, the potter, the leather worker, as well
as other non farming specialists and tradesmen. Due to their recognized rights over the land the
received a share from the crop at the time of harvest. This provided a sustainable arrangement for
the community to receive various professional services that it needed. Consequently one could not
see a single child in any Hindu village- except for the children of outcast families- who was not
able to read, to write and write. (Ibid pp18).
Among the Sikh communities financial management of Sikh schools depended on five different
sources i) Allocation of land for schools, ii) Contribution of Sikh fraternity for the cause of
education of Sikh children, iii) Endowment of Dharamsalas to which Gurmukhi schools were
attached iv) Presents of students or their parents to the teachers (Ibid, pp35) and v) Fees given by
parents in cash or kind for their children's education. These fees were preferentially given to
Dharamsala or Dehra rather than Bhai (school teacher) in person as a sign of respect to the
teacher.
Muslim communities established and supported Persian and Quran schools. These schools were
generally held in or just outside the mosque, and most of the times a teacher was attached to these
schools. Quran schools existed in almost every mosque in Punjab as well as in private houses.
Persian schools were open to students from other religions and were largely attended by Hindus
who in the words of Leitner were " more attracted by the persian language than repelled by the
Mohammadan religion" ( Ibid pp.59, 69). Male members of every religious and professional
community used to teach female members of the family at home which led to universal literacy
among males and females in Punjab. There are fragmented evidences of existence of similar
systems in areas outside Punjab also.
Success and demise of traditional education system
Provision of universal literacy through community participation depended on three core
components of traditional model: i) Selection and provision of site for school and financial
support of the teacher by local community. ii) Permanent arrangement for financial support of
local teachers through a variety of means including allotment of plots for school, presents and
gifts to school teachers, creation of endowments for education and provision of share in the
village crop. iii) Teaching others as a basic moral responsibility of every educated person.
Successful, sustainable and community oriented models of education in low income communities
of contemporary Pakistan depend exactly on the same three elements. The gap caused by the
discontinuity of the traditional system was anticipated by Leitner and he had warned that if
community based system of education is demolished under the pretext of modernization of
education literacy will be wiped out from Punjab. Leitner's prediction prophetically came true.

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It is interesting to have a cursory look at the reasons which led Leitner to arrive at this conclusion
true. At the time of British annexation of Punjab village cess collected from each village was used
to cover the salary of three village functionaries; Lumberdar, Chowkidar and School Teacher.
British administration in Punjab decided to continue the salaries of lumberdars and chowkidars-
which are paid by the government to this very day- and discontinued the salary of local school
teachers diverting the funds to selected government schools in urban areas for providing "modern"
education. That was it. As the source of supporting local school teacher with local resources was
blocked community based education system fell apart. Schools run by religious communities with
their own resources were gradually closed down due to lack of further demand by government for
people trained in indigenous schools as well as arm twisting tactics used by the government
functionaries. During the period between 1850s and independence from British Raj leaders of
various communities concentrated their efforts for creating institutions of higher learning to train
middle and upper strata of population.
NGO's Work for Education after Independence
At the time of creation of Pakistan in 1947, private sector had a major share in providing
education through schools at various levels. These private schools were run both by societies
motivated by the cause of promoting education as well as individuals making their living through
education and teaching. No detailed figures about the share of private owners and societies are
available but breakdown between the government and private sector is known. Whereas
government owned 4% of primary schools, private sector owned 43% of these schools. The
figures for ownership of middle and high schools were 3% and 9% for government and 47% and
83 % for private sector respectively. Rest of the schools i.e. 53% primary schools, 50% of middle
schools and 8% of high schools were run by the local bodies.
Since government was not able to meet most of the educational needs of population with its given
resources, private sector continued to play an important role in providing education. One
important change that took place was greater role of private sector in providing education at
higher level and increased involvement of government in primary and middle level education.
Consequently government owned 93% of primary schools and 88% of middle schools and private
sector operated 40% high schools and 51% colleges. The role of local bodies declined
significantly during this period and share of educational institutions managed by them came down
to less than 10% in the case of primary and middle schools and colleges and 26% in the case of
high schools. Due to nationalization of educational institutions in 1972 role of private sector and
NGOs for provision of education was briefly interrupted but it resumed its functioning in 1979
with the result that by 1990 5000 educational institutions were being run by non-government
enterprises and organizations to provide education from primary to University level (Qaisrani,
1989).
Due to lack of availability of any reliable research and documentation regarding the role of non
government enterprises and organizations it is not possible to draw a detailed map of NGO
involvement in education between 1947 and 1990. Some insights based on qualitative studies
present the following picture of NGO schools: i) Majority of schools run by NGOs are located in

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urban areas and less than 50% of these schools are owned by NGOs ii) A large number of
teachers in these schools is untrained and they work way below the salary of government school
teachers with longer hours of work. iii) Student teacher ration in these schools is mostly between
1:20 to 1:40 which is much better than student teacher ratio in most of the government schools iv)
Minimum fee charged in these schools is Rs.50 which shows community capacity to avail fee
based services at reasonable prices. Detailed information based on current activities of NGO
managed schools is given below.
PRESENT STAGE OF NGO WORK IN EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL MYTHS
The success of NGO work in education is based on rejecting some common myths about
education and exploding these myths through community level work. It is therefore paramount
that these myths be examined and exposed before the role of NGOs in the education sector is
considered. Some of these myths about education are given below.
1. Present education is socially relevant
The first myth circulating in our society is that education is necessary because it is useful or
socially relevant. Since the majority of people in our country are illiterate, many can't comment on
the benefits of education. Those who are literate are faced with high rates of unemployment. This
phenomenon of low literacy rates and a high rate of unemployment exist simultaneously if our
education system is producing people not prepared for fulfilling societal needs. Persistence of this
myth has precluded any major effort for bringing about any basic changes in our education
system. This attitude about education is strengthened by other common myths also. The reason
we are having so much difficulty in making a transition from a predominantly oral culture to a
written culture is our misunderstanding of the basic flaws of our education system. Analysis of
fundamental myths surrounding our education shows the relevance, utility and effectiveness of
NGOs in meeting the challenges of a contemporary society.
2. Education means formal schooling
Another common misconception is reducing education to the process of going through a formal
schooling system. This has deprived most of the initiatives by government and non-governmental
agencies of the flexibility, adaptability and effectiveness of education offered through distant
learning, functional literacy programs as well as continuous and non-formal education. A lack of
awareness of advantages of alternative education arrangements with curriculum based on the
assessment of specific needs of the target student population, a short period for completing
studies, flexible study hours and use of unconventional teaching techniques has blocked the
progress of basic and functional literacy at the grass roots level.
3. The Government is responsible for mass education

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Another myth which has paralyzed the popular will for accomplishing a high rate of literacy is the
belief that the Government is basically responsible for and capable of promoting universal literacy.
This view is also held because most of us are not aware of the existence of short term adult
literacy programs, economically affordable home schools in low income areas, and the role of
literacy as a powerful tool for community development and community level costs and benefits of
basic and functional literacy. The involvement of NGOs in all aspects of education from setting up
home schools in low income areas to establishing internationally reputed universities of Medical
and Managerial Sciences has clearly demonstrated that total dependence on the government is not
the only choice available to us.
4. There is a lack of resources for education
Although Pakistan ranks amongst the countries devoting the smallest share of resources for
education, it is important to note that a lack of financial resources is not the basic cause of the
high rate of illiteracy here.
During most of the Pakistan's Economic Plan period we have not spent more than 50 percent of
the resources allocated for primary education. Only during an 8 year interval between 1970-78
were up to 94 percent of resources allocated for primary education actually spent. (See Table 1).
A critical review of available financial and physical resources shows that it is not the availability
but proper utilization of resources which constitutes the basic problem in spreading mass
education in Pakistan. Although there are around 46,894 villages in Pakistan " the number of
mosque schools (25,200) alone can cover a sizable portion of the population and following the
home school and community centre models can substantially add to the existing capacity of the
schooling system (Siddiqui, 1990: 32).
Table 1 Plan Allocation and Expenditure on Primary Education
Plan Allocation for
Primary Education
(Million Rs.)
Actual Expenditure
(Million Rs.)
Utilization
(Percentage)
1955-60 51.4 21.2 41.0
1960-65 78.0 19.0 24.0
1965-70 68.5 25.0 36.5
1970-78 473.9 444.0 94.0
1978-83 1970-78 1413.1 46.3
1983-88 7000.0 3533.0 50.5
Source: Siddiqui, 1990: 24

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5. Education can be spread without community participation
The reason that a very small portion of population has access to basic literacy (despite, inter alia, the
availability of physical resources, educated and available teachers, and the demonstrated financial
viability of home based schools) is that there is a lack of community participation. The myth that
education can be spread without community participation is significant as has been demonstrated by the
experiences of many of the developed economies. Community participation is important for two
fundamental reasons.
Firstly, community participation introduces the elements of relevance and accountability to our
education system. This makes education meaningful and interesting for students, helps to lower the
dropout rate and improves the quality of education.
Secondly, community run home schools, mosque schools or other similar models would check the
leakage of resources and provide a low cost alternative to the traditional government run primary
schools. (See Table 2)
Further the establishment of home schools requires a tiny fraction of the total resources required
compared to the traditional alternative and strengthens community control over education and its
initiative for undertaking other development activities. This is another fact which needs to be brought
to the public's attention, thereby strengthening the NGO's initiative for mass literacy.
6.Education can be spread by increasing the number of schools
The final and perhaps most powerful myth which needs to be explored is that there is only one viable
form of education and form of pedagogy. Spreading education to many simply means increasing the
number of schools rather than improving pedagogical techniques to made education more useful and
attractive for students.Adetailed review of an alternative system is given below.
New vision of education
1. There exists two divergent views on education; participatory or authoritarian. The spread of literacy
and its impact on socio-economic development depend on which view of education one accepts and
upholds. Does one consider education a mere means of control or the realization of freedom and latent
creative energies of the students? According to the participatory or active learning principle, learning
can be facilitated by creating situations and undertaking activities in which individuals acquire
knowledge by working on the solutions themselves. Here, the teacher only directs the students toward
the solution by asking specific questions or posing problems Students are active in describing,
analyzing, suggesting, deciding and planning.
Table 2 The cost of establishing and running different types of schools (In Rs )

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School
Types
Ten Room
School*
Two Room
School
Mosque
School
Home
School#
Items:
Start-up/Building
1,500,000 250,000 75,000 3,000
Teacher’s Salary 1,500+ 1,500+ 300** 500
No. of Teachers
needed
10 2 1 1
Enrollment Capacity 400 Under 100 Under 100 50
 Ministry of Education, 1989, pp.3 # Field Survey
* National Education Consultants, 1990 pp.48 ** Ashraf, 1990, pp.95
2.In traditional education authoritarian model, the teacher is seen as possessing all the essential
information, and the pupils are seen as empty vessels to be filled in with knowledge (Hope, pp 9)
Under active learning, education is considered as a process of location and reconstruction of
experience. A teacher's job, instead of indoctrinating the students, is to help students learn through
asking appropriate questions and posing problems and build their capability to solve problems instead
of blindly following instructions. This type of education whether for children or adults serves as an
entry point for social change instead of being limited to a set of uninteresting rituals. It works like
magic. Among the NGOs contacted by TVO only Teachers' Resource Center (TRC), The Book
Group (TBG), and Aurat Muaven Aurat (AMA) are practicing the participatory approach other NGOs
are not even aware that this is a pedagogical issue at all. In government run institutions even if certain
individuals have this awareness they are unable to do anything about it.
The effectiveness of participatory learning is confirmed by the observation that there is a tremendous
gap in the level of achievement of a majority of children in learning spoken and written language. The
reason for this is simple, the elements of free expression, encouragement, free choice of subject of
matter and the immediate connection of the subject of conversation in learning a spoken language are
conspicuously missing when a child learns the written language. A complete reversal of the pedagogical
method in teaching written language and other subjects leads to lower rate of participation and learning
among children as well as adults (Mustafa n.p.).
3.The teacher student relationship
The dominant approach to education also determines the teaching methods and pattern of student
teacher relationship which strengthens the common lack of interest and apathy toward education
This practice, instead of selecting appropriate ideas and tools for generating productive dialogue
between teachers and students, reduces education to the Pavlovian practice of using fear as a
conditioning device for evoking desired response from students. Education therefore becomes a means
of institutionalizing dependence rather than an instrument of social change.
This becomes a major block in the way of promoting mass literacy. Amnesty International is working
toward educating teachers and students on human rights in schools at present. Coordination of this

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work with other efforts to design new reading materials and training programs for teachers can
produce valuable results.
4.Teachers' training
Teacher's training is the weakest link in the chain of our education system. Training on subject as well
as teacher-student communication is weak and irrelevant and does not provide any back up facility to
the teachers when they start functioning in the schools.
The TRC has started providing meaningful training to school teachers in Karachi but it is serving a very
narrow urban base, does not provide training in the field, and has not institutionalized any continuous
training programme. TBG is also providing teachers' training especially for the use of reading materials
created by them. They are interested in having a wide outreach and should be supported in building
their training programme.
Field based training at the district level in Punjab would be the strong point of Ali Institute of
Education (AIE). Teachers training centres -Beaconhouse Resource Center (BRC} and Karachi
Grammar School Staff Development Center (KGSDC) have recently been set up by the Karachi
Grammar School and Beaconhouse School system also. Specialized training for teaching English
language is provided by English Language Resource Unit (ELRU), Renewal and Improvement of
Schools (RISE), Society of Pakistan English Language and Teachers (SPELT) and Pakistan American
Cultural Center (PACC). There is no programme offering continuous follow- up of initial training
given and providing interactive training for helping teachers in solving problems arising from every day
teaching activities. Training for teachers of adult literacy classes is provided by Adult Basic Education
Society (ABES) and Local Government Training Institute (LGTI). There is no professional training
available for teachers of working children's schools. Components of a vital training programme are
scattered at different locations. A better awareness on part of the users and the training of trainers
through a combined programme could help to meet training needs efficiently. Details of general,
specialized and continuous training programs for school teachers run by NGOs are given in Table 3
below.
Table 3 Type and Capacity of teachers’ training by NGOs
Type of Training Institution Offering Beneficiaries per
year (Avg)
Total Beneficiaries
Workshop/Seminar TRC 1400 8,493
Field Based AIE Planning Stage N.A.
Home schools Busti - 314
Adult Literacy ABES, LGTI 1,000 20,000
Field Based IED 40 90% teachers in
Northern Areas

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Source: NGO Documents, personal Contact
5.Education as an end or a means
The social impact of education land especially adult literacy) cannot be fully realized if its connection
with the process of development is not understood. As an instrument of social change opening the
communication horizon through literacy should move hand in hand with the opening up of creative
energy in the form of social action for change. Literacy and education do not have a neutral social
impact. They are acts that reveal social reality in order to transform it. (Hope, pp. 16). Paulo Friere*
has offered an elaborate framework for using adult literacy as an entry point for social action for
development. It has been applied successfully by many community based organizations all over the
world (Freire, pp83).
From Freire's point of view literacy becomes an agent of change only if it is considered a means and not
an end of the work in the communities. In Pakistan most of the organizations involved in adult literacy
do not link their literacy work with community development and thus lose a potential opportunity for
building social institutions and initiating a process of sustainable development. Only one organization
AMA of Sargodha has followed a combined strategy and established 30 literacy centers which have
undertaken development activities based on self- reliance. ABES and Family Planning Association of
Pakistan (FPAP) have also shown interest now in experimenting with their method in selected areas.
More coordination for this purpose needs to be encouraged. There is also a need to visit and evaluate
the AMA programme and assist the trainers in documenting the lessons learnt from the 3 years
experiment in Sargodha.
6. Contents and materials
Most of the reading materials used in our primary schools and some of the adult literacy programs are
made with complete disregard for the level of students' exposure and interaction with reality. "What
little reading material is available, is not systematically scrutinized for appropriate thought processes or
interest level of children. The stories do not relate to children' world in any form. Difficult ideologies
are presented which are beyond a child's capability level and have no relationship to the child's thought
process" (National Book Council, pp.46). " In addition, the TRC has also found that conventional
syllabi are poorly related to everyday world/local environment of children, and there is an absence of
integration between theoretical and practical course components" (TRC, 1989 pp.41). As a result, the
TRC felt a need to:
 encourage initiatives like the Book Group where reading material is designed specifically to clarify
concepts, and teach skills through activity,
 pay attention to social, emotional and scientific learning,
 help children as well as adults learn through problem solving iv) develop modules as a means for
holding dialogue, and

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 make use of indigenous audio visuals.
"Materials and activities should be designed to develop the child socially, emotionally and physically
and develop the child's ability to communicate, understand scientific and mathematical concepts and
create through a variety of media" ( TRC, 1991 pp.7). At present only TBG, World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) and TRC are producing such materials. The same strategy needs to be followed for
adult literacy.
Nirali Kitabain is producing literacy materials for adults and distributing it through ABES and Health
Education and Adult Literacy (HEAL). A new team in HEAL is working on improving these materials
at present. Details of reading materials and regular publications of different NGOs are given in the
Table 4.
Table 4 Reading Materials produced by NGOs
Name of NGO Type of
Publication
Name of
Publication
No. of titles/
serials
No. of
Copies/
title
The Book Group Books
Teachers’ Guides
Book series for
school children
16 6,000
TRC Children Mg.
Child Mg. Env.
Env. Ed. Mg.
Newsletter
Book
Funline
Alif Ujala
Gulistan
Teachers’
Early Childhood
Education
Handbook
1
500
1,000
WWF Comic Book Panda Comics 7 9,000
Nirali Kitabain Basic and
Functional
Literacy
Functional
Literacy Books,
A&V Cassttes
260 Every title
has many
eds. in 000s
Aurat Muaven
Aurat
Teachers’ Manual Muallim-i-
Asatiza
1 1,000
Source: Brochures, Reports and Personal Contacts
7. Duration of courses and class timings
Working children of school going age, farmers, adult females and other people in similar situations are
ready to come to school and attend classes if class schedules are decided keeping in view the economic
and social demands on their time. ABES has been running its adult literacy classes very successfully

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because it offers classes only during the 6 months Slack” period for farmers between October and
March. Similarly adult female’s class timings are adjusted keeping in view their work schedule. Some
home schools have handled the time constraint faced by their students by offering to complete 5 years
work in 3 years by using traditional summer vacation time for reading purposes. Their school hours are
also different and adjusted in view of the special needs of the children from low income families.
Distant and continuous education is offered by Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) and some other
organizations making it easy for a very large group of people to join literacy classes. Innovative
solutions regarding length, duration, spacing and frequency of courses and classes offered can create
opportunities of receiving education where none existed before. Table 5 gives a summary of some of
the programs run by NGOs on these lines. Time management needs to be used as an important tool for
educational planning at all levels.
Table 5 Duration of Courses and class timings in different literacy programmes
Name of NGO Course Offered Duration Class Time Literacy Level
ABES Basic Lit.
Funct. Lit.
6 months
6 months
Aft. / Eve Basic Ed.
Health etc
HSTWO Primary Ed. 3 years Flexible Primary
YCHR Primary Ed. 3 years Mor/ Eve Primary
OPD Primary Ed. 3 years Flexible Primary
Source: NGO documents
8. Extracurricular activities
Debates, games, trips to museums, competitions/contests, melas, visit of exhibitions, and science
caravan display are being used now by organizations as diverse as Anjuman Bara-e-Taleem (ABT),
Society for Advancement of Education (SAHE), Anjuman Behbood-e-Mehnat Kash Atfal (AMBA),
Youth Commission for Human Rights (YCHR), and Pakistan Science Foundation. They have been
used to provide working children a respite from the drudgery of work, induce the involvement of
parents and community in educational work, stimulate interest in the study of science and use of logical
thinking among students, and introduce liveliness in otherwise regimented education system. Some
school children groups and NGOs have used theater, puppet shows, skits and other performance art
forms as a means of education itself. Prominent among these are Rosary Hospital, Children-to-Children
(CTC) health education groups in Chitral and Baluchistan and numerous other little known missionary
groups. Latent possibilities existing in these art forms and extra curricular activities need to be used
more systematically specially for encouraging reading habits (see Table 6 for an overview of extra
curricular activities employed by NGOs for educational purposes).
Table 6 Unconventional educational activities
Name of Educational Purpose Target Area

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NGO Activity Beneficiary
ABT Science Mela, Visit
Museum,
Planetarium, Essay
Contest
Promote
scientific
thinking
School
Children
Punjab
ALBBS Hobby Clubs Help learn
technology
same Lahore
CTC Drama Group Health Ed. same Baluchistan,
Chitral
PSF* Moving Exhibition
Planetarium
Knowledge of
nature, science
same Pakistan
RH Drama Group Health, Env Child,/comm Gujrat
SAHE Drama Group Awareness Child/comm Lahore
TAF Box Libraries Cultural Literacy Community Pakistan
Source: Personal visits, Press reports
means of education
* PSF is not an NGO but is using unconventional
Alif Laila Book Bus Society {ALBBS) has chosen to emphasize extracurricular activities as the basic
thrust of its education programme. In doing so it has formalized these activities, brought into use their
educational content and introduced a functional, income generating and skill building component into
primary education which would make it more meaningful and relevant. Children’s library established by
them also falls in the same category and cultivate reading, socializing and research habits among little
children. For encouraging reading habits among adults The Asia Foundation (TAF) distributed box
libraries to 4200 Union Councils. The collection of books and distribution of libraries were successfully
completed but the programme ran into problems at the utilization stage. This was a very forceful
initiative and its adaptation after small pilot experiments is worth considering.
9. Fundamental relationships
There is increasing awareness among NGOs working for all types of literacy programs that the
formation of parent’s committees and their involvement in monitoring the progress of students and
educational institutions, interaction with the school administration and participation in decision making
and responsibility sharing is vital for the progress of literacy work at the community level. Their
involvement in planning and implementation of educational activities introduces an element of
accountability in the system. In the district of Kohat community involvement in the administration of
government run schools is also being experimented with. Institutionalization of such committees would
provide a very firm basis for community involvement in education as well as development activities.
10. Models of education
A variety of models with a lower cost component, increased community participation and focus on low
income and working children and adults are functioning at present. Although materials and methods of

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teaching used here are old or have been imported from the formal sector and teachers here have little or
no training yet these models offer the possibility of financial sustainability and replication on a large
scale.
Home schools for children in low income areas and male and female adult literacy centers in rural areas
are run in teachers home. At present these schools are functioning in Baldia of Karachi, Organization
for Participatory Development {OPD) of Gujranwala), Hafizabad Literacy Promotion Programme
{HLPP) of Hafizabad, ABES of Gujranwala and YCHR of Lahore. Table 7 gives the details of targets
achieved by different NGOs working for literacy.
Table 7 Number of literacy centres/home schools run by NGOs and estimate of
beneficiaries
NGO Project Area Target
Group
No.
enrolled
Total no.
educated
No. of centres
ABES Gujranwala
Islamabad
A
A
6,000
3,106
131,818
2,500
300
227
ABMA Balochistan WC 300 N.A. 10
ALST Thatta C 2,100 N.A. 70
AMA Sargodha A - - 30
BLLF Pakistan WC - - 122
BS Islamabad A 300 - 23
Busti Karachi C 6,296 38,000 362
FPAP Islamabad A 2,100 N.A. 148
GG Islamabad
Pakistan
A
A
1,293
-
-
142,987*
95
59
HELP Karachi C 40 100 3
HLPP Hafizabad A 16,750 N.A. 800
HSTWO Baldia C 756 - 31
OPD Gujranwala C 275 N.A. 11
PARD+ NWFP C 1,196 2,462+ 16
SCF Tharparkar A 273 150 7
YCHR Lahore C 600 N.A. 23
YMCA Azam Basti SC 20 N.A. 1
Total 17 - 43,059 315,517 2,349
A=Adult; C=Children; WC=Working Children; SC=Street Childrn
N.A.=Not Applicable
Source: NGO Reports, Personal Contact
* This includes students of literacy classes + each one teach one scheme
+ Figures are available only for the years 1987-91

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Factors that contributed to the origin and development of home schools were:
i) Limited resources of Katchi Abadis
ii) Shortage of regular schools
iii) Problems of admission
iv) Expensive education
v) Use of children in contributing to family income {UNICEF, pp.136).
There are disagreements among professionals regarding the usefulness and sustainability of the home
school model as well as quality of education provided by home schools. An alternative suggested is
building one room, one teacher schools with a view to turn them into formal schools through
incremental development and make them a part of the mainstream. This argument may prove superior
to the idea of home schools in the long run. It is important to remember here that one room, one
teacher schools and schools functioning in a teachers' house should not be confused with home school
unless they plan to stay in the informalsector for ever.
The WWF has been producing comic books on the environment for children. FPAP and some other
groups have used puppet shows for community education on special issues. ABES is planning the use
of newspapers for continuous education. A "kids teaching kids” model has been used by Alif Laila,
Rosary Hospital and National Farm Guide Council (NFGC). Special Education for the blind is offered
bythe Association of the Blind in Faisalabad .
11. Financial support
Most of the non-formal school models have emphasized the need for and attained financial
independence (See Table 8).
Table 8 Financial management of different models of education
Type of
Institution
Name of
NGO
Cost of set
up (Rs.)
Cost per
Student (Rs.)
Teacher’s
stipend/m
(Rs.)
Salary based
on fee
Street
Schools
Lyari CBOs Under
1,000
None None Free Service
Home
Schools
Busti 3,000 None 500 100%
Literacy
Centres
ABES 2,500+ 650-750 350 33%
Mosque PARD* None 45.50 350 None

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Schools
Primary
School
1,500,000 2,000 1,185 None
Source: Reference Publications number 16, 19 and 22 and NGO Documents
+ These expenses are valid if at least 50 centres are opened.  PEPAC, PP142
In Baldia and some other schools initially a very low student fee is charged which covers the teacher's
salary. This fee gradually increases over time in order to aid the programme in becoming self
sustainable. In YCHR schools in Lahore teachers run nurseries at home for which they are provided
training, inputs and marketing support. This offers them an additional source of income in view of their
low salaries. In Panno Aqil, Sindh a regular government primary school has used tree plantation around
the school boundary as a source of income for repair and maintenance. Grants for salary of teachers are
used by ABES, HLPP and Islamabad Literacy Programme (ILP). Financial support by the community
partially covers the teachers' salary in OPD. These schools aim to become self-reliant in the near future.
12. Beneficiaries of literacy work
Target beneficiaries of most of the literacy programs run by NGOs are children of school going age,
school dropouts, working children and adults. Special emphasis in most of these programs is on female
education. However, materials used are the ones used for primary schools in most of the children
programs.
13. Existing work in the NGO sector
Table 9 describes the pattern of activities carried out for education by various NGOs in different parts
of Pakistan. We see that different organizations have worked for developing different components of
present education system in the country. Coordination of these efforts by these organizations and
individuals can lead to a breakthrough in the quality and scale of Education in Pakistan.
Table 9 Pattern of education work in NGO Sector
Project Focus NGO/Resource Person Work done
Literacy FECT, FPAP, BUSTI, ABES, SGA,
HEAL, PARD, ALST, HLPP, OPD,
PLPP, YCHR, IF, BLLF, FWCS,
AMBA, MWS, Boy Scouts, Girl
Guides
Literacy centres established.
Teacher Training ABES, LGTI, TBG, TRC, AIE, General and special training

Page 16 of 18
HSTWO, SAHE, CP, SPELT, RISE,
PACC
provided
Reading Materials TBG, WWF, ABES, LGTI, AMA Books, comics
Active Learning TBG, TRC, HEAL Modules developed
Publications TRC, WWF, CP Newsletter, Magazines
Awareness ILM, AI Publicity campaigns
Book Collection and
Distribution
TAF, RCMI Distributed books
Supporting Education AKES, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP,
OXFAM, SAP, SPO, CIDA, ODA,
WB, TVO, USAID
Provided funds, sponsored
programmes
Unconventional
Education
ALBBS, AMA, ABT, CTC, SPDA

Page 17 of 18
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