“Know You (self) Better”: N-of-1 Based Self-Examination using Wearables and Self-Reported Behaviours for an Improved Well-Being

Quality of Life Technologies Lab
University of Copenhagen & University of Geneva
qol.unige.ch
“Know You (self) Better”:
N-of-1 Based Self-Examination using Wearables and
Self-Reported Behaviours for an Improved Well-Being
Igor Matias, the QoL Team, and Eric J. Daza
2021
Evidation
Health

Bob is curious
Bob
Sleep
duration (t)
inﬂuence?
Steps (t)
Steps
on the next
day (t+1)
inﬂuence?
Igor Matias, M.Sc., Ph.D. Student TA @ Université de Genève | igor.matias@unige.ch | www.igormatias.com | www.qualityoflifetechnologies.com | © QoL Lab 2021 2

Randomised
Controlled Trial (RCT)
Bob
Using
or
For X months
and
and
In which
Forcing
< 7 hours
INTERVENTION
Forcing
≥ 7 hours

Randomised
Controlled Trial (RCT)
Bob
Why NOT?
≠
● Expensive;
● Needs to have Intervention;
● Results are only a
“Population Average”;
● etc.

N-of-1 Randomised
Controlled Trial
(N1RCT)
Bob
In which
Bob
and
Bob
or
and
Bob
Using
For X months
Forcing
< 7 hours
Forcing
≥ 7 hours
INTERVENTION

N-of-1 Randomised
Controlled Trial
(N1RCT)
Bob
Why NOT?
● Needs to have Intervention;
● etc.
Forcing
< 7
hours

N-of-1 Observational
Study
(Single Case Obs. Design)
Bob
In which
Bob
and
Bob
or
and
Bob
Using
For X months
NO INTERVENTION

Study
Bob
Why YES?
● Possible in Real Life;
● No duration limits;
● No need for Intervention;
● etc.

Confounding
Study
Bob
Limitations
influence?
influence!
influence!
influence?
influe
nce!
creates biased results

Strong Conclusions (less bias)
- +
Hard to Apply to Daily-Life
- +
N-of-1
Observational
Study
N-of-1
Randomised
Controlled
Trial
N-of-1
Observational
Study With
MoTR

N-of-1 Observational Study
Example
Case

Example case Day of study Total steps day
before
(log10 based)
Sleep
(1 - ≥ 7 hours
0 - < 7 hours)
Total steps day of
study
(log10 based)
1 0,8 0 1,0
2 1,0 1 1,9
3 1,9 1 1,7
4 1,7 0 0,5
5 0,5 0 0,9
6 0,9 1 0,2
7 0,2 1 1,7
8 1,7 0 1,3
9 1,3 1 0,9
10 0,9 0 1,2

Example case
≥ 7 hours
< 7 hours
Average Outcome for
≥ 7 hours of sleep
(APO ≥7)
Average Outcome for
< 7 hours of sleep
(APO <7)
Potential Impact of
Sleeping ≥ 7 hours in
the Steps Next Day

≥ 7 hours
< 7 hours
Average Potential
Outcome for
≥ 7 hours of sleep
(APO ≥7)
Average Potential
Outcome for
< 7 hours of sleep
(APO <7)
Potential Impact of
Sleeping ≥ 7 hours in
the Steps Next Day
Real-World data
Limitations
Confounding
influence?
influence!
influence!
influence?
influe
nce!
creates biased results

Model Twin Randomization
1st step
Machine Learning
Model Fit

Model Twin
Randomization
(MoTR) 1st step
Fit a Machine
Learning model
to the data
from Example
Case
Day of study Total steps day
before
(log10 based)
Sleep
(1 - ≥ 7 hours
0 - < 7 hours)
Total steps day of
study
(log10 based)
1 0,8 0 1,0
2 1,0 1 1,9
3 1,9 1 1,7
4 1,7 0 0,5
5 0,5 0 0,9
6 0,9 1 0,2
7 0,2 1 1,7
8 1,7 0 1,3
9 1,3 1 0,9
10 0,9 0 1,2
INPUT OUTPUT

2nd step
Randomize the
Binary Variable

Model Twin
Randomization
(MoTR) 2nd step
before
(log10 based)
Sleep
(1 - ≥ 7 hours
0 - < 7 hours)
Total steps day of
study
(log10 based)
1 0,8 1 ?
2 ? 1 ?
3 ? 0 ?
4 ? 1 ?
5 ? 0 ?
6 ? 0 ?
7 ? 0 ?
8 ? 1 ?
9 ? 1 ?
10 ? 0 ?
/
Randomize the
binary variable

3rd step
Predict the Output

Model Twin
Randomization
(MoTR) 3rd step
Predict the
output variable
before
(log10 based)
Sleep
(1 - ≥ 7 hours
0 - < 7 hours)
Total steps day of
study
(log10 based)
1 0,8 1 ?
2 ? 1 ?
3 ? 0 ?
4 ? 1 ?
5 ? 0 ?
6 ? 0 ?
7 ? 0 ?
8 ? 1 ?
9 ? 1 ?
10 ? 0 ?

4th step
Compare Results

Compare the
results
obtained
Model Twin
Randomization
(MoTR) 4th step
(e.g. X months VS life)
(approx.) Same Impact
Different Impact

Past Work (N1RCT)
Using
For 24 days
Collecting
● Sleep Duration;
● Blood Glucose
Level;
● Craving;
● Affect.
Concluding
Blood
Glucose
Sleep
Deprivation
influence?
Craving
Sleep
Deprivation
influence?
Emotions
Sleep
Deprivation
influence?
On an Individual Scale
Blood
Glucose
Variability
Sleep
Deprivation
influence?
Daza, E.J.; Wac, K.; Oppezzo, M. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Blood Glucose,
Food Cravings, and Affect in a Non-Diabetic: An N-of-1 Randomized Pilot Study.
Healthcare 2020, 8, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010006

Current Work
Using
For 4 years
Collecting
● Sleep Duration;
● Physical
Activity;
● Walking
Performance;
● Resting Heart
Rate;
● Stress Levels;
● Travelling;
● Relationships;
● Many more.
Concluding
Sleep
Duration
next night
Steps on one
day
influence?
Walking
Performance
Sleep
Duration
influence?
Resting
Heart Rate
Steps on one
day
influence?
On an Individual Scale
- Stress
- Relationship
- etc.
influence? - Resting
Heart Rate
- Sleep

Future Work
5 years
RECRUITING

Quality of Life Technologies Lab
qol.unige.ch
Thank You
Igor Matias, the QoL Team, and Eric J. Daza#
Quality of Life, Center for Informatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
igormatias.com | igor.matias@unige.ch
#
Evidation Health, Inc. | evidation.com
Images: unsplash.com, icons8.com, and ﬂaticon.com
2021

“Know You (self) Better”: N-of-1 Based Self-Examination using Wearables and Self-Reported Behaviours for an Improved Well-Being

“Know You (self) Better”: N-of-1 Based Self-Examination using Wearables and Self-Reported Behaviours for an Improved Well-Being

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“Know You (self) Better”: N-of-1 Based Self-Examination using Wearables and Self-Reported Behaviours for an Improved Well-Being