1. LITERATURE 1
(Philippine Literature)
Sir Jolo
TEACHING

2. LESSON 1
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

3. 1. Definition of Literature
2. Types of Prose
3. Types of Poetry
4. Importance of Literature to Filipino students
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. define literature;
2. identify the different literary genres; and
3. reflect on the importance of literature in one’s life.
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

4. PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
TOPIC 1:
Definition of Literature
 Literature is a piece of printed work related to the ideas and
feelings of the people that may be true or just a product of the
writer’s imagination. (Sayno, A. et.al, 2004)
 Literature covers all the writings of a particular country, time, kind,
etc. especially those valued for excellence of form and expression.
(Webster’s Dictionary)
 Literature refers to a composition that deals with life experiences. It
tells stories, dramatizes situations, expresses emotions, analyzes,
and advocates ideas. (Patron, 2002)

5. PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
TOPIC 1:
Definition of Literature
 Literature is an eternally burning flame, exuding light that renders
significance to civilization. (Castillo, et.al. 2002)
 Because Literature deals with ideas, thought, and emotions of
man, literature can be said to be the story of man. (Kahayon, et.al.,
2000)
 Filipino literature regardless of the language in which it is written
expresses the Filipino soul, national traditions, customs and
cultural values which are so in-grained in a people that no super-
imposition of foreign cultural patterns can completely eradicate
them. (Serrano & Ames)

6. PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
TOPIC 2:
Types of Prose
• Prose comes from the Latin “prosa”
which means “straightforward”.

7.  It is an extended fictional prose narrative, often including the
psychological development of the central characteristics and of
their relationship with a broader world.
 E.g. Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana
Novel
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

8.  It is an artistic form of prose fiction that is usually written in a
narrative format which is centered on a single main incident
whose aim is to produce a single dominant impression.
 E.g. The Laughter of My Father by Carlos Bulosan
Short Story
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

9.  It is a piece of creative work presented on stage.
 E.g. Thirteen Plays by Wilfredo M. Guerrero
Play
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

10.  It is traditional or undocumented story about famous people,
commonly religious in character and frequently posing problems
of authenticity.
 E.g. The Bikol Legend by Pio Duran
Legend
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

11.  It is a story in either verse or prose, in which animals or inanimate
objects are given the mentality and speech of human beings to
point out a lesson.
 E.g. The Monkey and the Turtle
Fable
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

12.  It is a product of the writer’s imagination whose aim is to bring out
lesson to the readers.
 E.g. The Moth and the Lamp
Anecdote
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

13.  It is a short piece of nonfiction dealing with a particular subject
from a personal point of view.
 The best example of this is the editorial page of a newspaper.
Essay
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

14.  It is an account of a person’s life.
 E.g. Cayetano Arellano by Socorro O. Albert
Biography
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

15.  It is a report of daily events in society, government, or in science
and industry.
 It is a piece of work relative to speech whose aim is to arouse the
listener’s interest and emotion.
News
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
Oration

16. ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
 Setting
 Plot
 Characters
 Theme
 Point of View
 Conflict
The preceding basic elements of a short story can be expanded as follows: (source: The
Literatures of the Philippines by Ferdilyn C. Lacia et. al.)

17. ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
1. Setting
- It is an element that reveals
where/when the story happened.

18. ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
2. PLOT
- It refers to the storyline/sequence in a novel, play, film, or other work of fiction. It is traditionally
a scheme of connected events.
ELEMENTS OF PLOT:

19. ELEMENTS OF
PLOT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
1. EXPOSITION
The introductory material, creates the tone, presents the characters,
and presents other facts necessary to understand the story.
2. RISING ACTION
This is a series of events that builds from and during conflict. It begins
with the inciting forms and ends with the climax.
3. CRISIS
The conflict reaches a turning point wherein the opposing forces of the
story meet and the conflict becomes most intense.

20. ELEMENTS OF
PLOT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
4. CLIMAX
The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the highest point of the story
for the reader.
5. FALLING ACTION
These are the events after the climax which close the story.
6. RESOLUTION/DENOUEMENT
This is the ending of the story which rounds out and concludes the
action.

21. ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
3. Characters
- They are the performers of a story. It may refer to the hero or to the heroin of the
story. It includes people playing important roles in a given story aside from the
principal characters.

22. CATEGORIES:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
a. Major Characters
These are almost always round or three-dimensional characters. They have good
and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions, and values change.
› Protagonist - the main character at the center of the story.
› Antagonist - the character or force that opposes the protagonist.
› Foil - a character that provides a contrast to the protagonist.
b. Minor Characters
They often provide support and illuminate the protagonist. These characters are
flat or two-dimensional and have only one or two striking qualities. A usually all-
good or all-bad.

23. 4. Point of View
- pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. It can sometimes
indirectly establish the author’ or the person telling the story. He could be
classified as:
a. First Person. The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only
personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other
characters.
b. Objective or Third person. The writer uses “He/she”. The narrator in
unnamed or unidentified (a detached observer).
c. All-knowing Narrator or Omniscient. The narrator is an all-knowing
outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

24. 5. Conflict
- the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can
usually be identifies as one of four kinds:
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

25. a. Man vs Man.
This conflict pits one person against another.
KINDS OF
CONFLICT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

26. b. Man vs Nature.
This conflict is a run-in
with the forces of nature.
On the one hand,
it expresses the
insignificance of a single
human life in the cosmic
scheme of things.
KINDS OF
CONFLICT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

27. c. Man vs Society.
The values and customs by which everyone else lives are being challenged.
KINDS OF
CONFLICT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

28. d. Man vs Self or Internal Conflict. An internal conflict is a good test of a
character’s values.
KINDS OF
CONFLICT:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

29. 6. Theme
The main idea or underlying
meaning of a literary work.
A major theme is an idea the
author returns to time and
again.
Minor themes are ideas that
may appear from time to time.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

30. a. Themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author
makes us feel.
b. Themes are presented in thoughts and conversations
c. Themes are suggested through the characters.
d. The actions or events in the story are used to suggest theme.
The four ways in which an author can express
themes are as follows:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

31. 7. Foreshadowing
- The author’s use of hints
or clues to suggest events
that will occur later in the
story. Not all foreshadowing
is obvious.
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

32. 1. Narrative Poetry. It describes important details in life following the order of
events either real or imaginary.
a. Epic. It is a narrative poem or cycle of poem dealing with some great deeds like
the founding of a nation or the forging of national unity. They often use religious or
cosmological themes.
e.g. The Harvest Song of ALiguyon translated in English by Amador T.
Daguio
b. Metrical Tales. It is a type of narrative written in verse. It is classified as either
ballad or metrical romance.
e.g. Bayani ng Bukid by Al Perez, Hero of the Fields by Al Perez
TOPIC 3:
Types of Poetry
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

33. c. Metrical Romance. It is also a type of metrical tale composed of a long rambling
love story in verse. It is centered on the adventure of knights and lords and their
royal ladies during the age of chivalry. It is heavily flavored with romance, fantastic
events, supernatural occurrences, and magic.
d. Ballad. It is a narrative type of poem that is metrically simple, sometimes
unstrophic and unrhymed or dependent in assonance. It is concerned with some
strongly emotional event. It is halfway between the lyric and the epic.
NARRATIVE
POETRY:
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

34. 2. Lyric Poetry – means any short poem which is subjective and intensely
emotional that is songlike. This is the most common type of poetry. Examples are:
a. folk songs (awiting bayan) – are short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow. e.g. Chit-chirit-
chit
b. haiku – a short, Japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables arranged in three
lines.
c. ode – a serious lyric poetry which commemorates important public events. It
consists of stanzas with the same pattern of rhythm and rhyme.
d. elegy – a common lyric that deals with life and death. It mourns the death of a
loved one. e.g. The Lover’s Death by Ricardo Demetillo
Lyric Poetry
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

35. e. corridos (kuridos) – with measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited
to martial beat. e.g. Ibong Adarna
f. psalms (dalit) – a song praising God or the Virgin Mary containing a philosophy
of life.
g. awit (song) – with measures of twelve syllables (dodecassyllabic) and slowly
sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. e.g. Florante at Laura ni
Francisco Balagtas
h. sonnet – a love poem which mostly consists of 14 lines and has a certain
pattern of rhyme and rhythm. It has two types: Italian and Shakespearean e.g.
Santang Buds by Alfonso P. Santos
i. lullabies – a soothing refrain specifically a song to quiet down children or to lull
them to sleep.
Lyric Poetry
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

36. 3. Dramatic Poetry – tells stories like narrative poetry, but in dialogues of play
rhymes, repeating rhythms, and other poetic elements. One of the most famous
dramatic poets is the English playwright William Shakespeare.
a. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning
festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of
amusing, and usually has a happy ending.
b. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is
related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense
emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.
c. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he
meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in
a comedy.
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Dramatic Poetry
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

37. d. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable
lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures
and the motives undignified and absurd.
e. Social poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of
today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.
f. Dramatic Monologue. A literary work in which a character reveals himself in a
dramatic sketch performed by himself alone. e.g. My Last Duchess by Robert
Browning
g. Soliloquy. The act of talking to oneself. e.g. Hamlet
h. Character Sketch. A poem which dramatizes the attributes or features that
make up and distinguish an individual. e.g. The Man with the Hoe by Edwin
Markham
i. Prose Poetry. A narrative in poetic form. e.g. No.14 from Gitanjali by
Rabindranath Tagore
Dramatic Poetry
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

38. 1. Material progress and political power may vanish; the spirit of nationalism may
wane; but the true glories of literature withstand the forces of decay and decline.
2. Literature is an eternally burning flame, exuding light that renders significance to
civilization.
3. In literature, likewise, there is conserved a heritage which gives meaning to a
people’s ideals. It molds the mind of a people by preserving the experiences of the
past in a cohesive and beautiful manner.
4. Literature mirrors the depth of a culture and manifests the truly creative genius
of the race.
TOPIC 4:
Importance or Relevance of Literature
to Filipino students
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT

39. 5. Literature, though seeming to hide timidly between the covers of a book, has
frequently generated ideas that have had a tremendous effect. It has exhibited the
potency of an explosive in its capacity for upsetting the social order.
6. Literature helps us grow both personally and intellectually.
7. It helps us to connect ourselves to the cultural context of which we are a part.
8. It helps us to develop mature sensibility and compassion for the condition of all
living things, human, animal and vegetable.
9. Literature is one of the things that shape our lives; it makes us human.
10. It encourages us to assist creative talented people who are in need.
TOPIC 4:
Importance or Relevance of Literature
to Filipino students
PREPARED BY: JOHN LUIS M. BANTOLINO, LPT