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Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets
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Seminar presented at the Maths Department, University of Portsmouth, 19th November 2014 Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
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Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets
- Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Joe Parker School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London
- Topics • What evolutionary biology is – And what we do in the lab • Introducing phylogenies (trees / digraphs) • Molecular evolution • Tests involving phylogeny comparison • Problems in phylogeny comparison • Conclusion / thanks / questions
- Introduction to our work (1/5)
- A Tale of Bats and Whales
- The Prestin gene & high-frequency hearing
- Evolution
- Prestin evolution Human NDLTRNRFFENPALWELLFH… SIHDAVLGSQLREALAEQEASAPPSQ Rat NDLTSNRFFENPALKELLFH… SIHDAVLGSQVREAMAEQETTVLPPQ Dog NDLTQNRFFENPALKELLFH… SIHDAVLGSQLREALAEQEASALPPQ Dolphin SDLTRNQFFENPALLDLLFH… SIHDAVLGSLVREALAEKEAAAATPQ Horseshoe Bat SDLTRNRFFENPALLDLLFH… SIHDAVLGSLVREALEEKEAAAATPQ
- Introduction to phylogenies (2/5)
- Phylogenies • Phylogenies are directed graphs that show evolutionary relations between taxa • Or our hypotheses about them
- Comparative approaches
- Tree space • Phylogeneticists often talk about tree space - the set of all possible trees • Within tree space two graphs are said to be adjacent if they differ at e.g. one internal node • Trees are said to be ‘near’ if they are similar e.g. only a few rearrangements • It is not actually a well-defined concept however
- Introduction to molecular evolution (3/5)
- Molecular evolution • Molecular evolution is the study of the processes by which DNA sequences change over time • Stochastic changes dominate over short time-scales but over longer ones directional natural selection is apparent • Normally modelled as stochastic process • Unlike classical physical phenomena largely understood as a statistical not mechanical phenomenon
- Simple model: Jukes-Cantor 69 • Letters {A,C,G,T} • Equal frequencies at equilibrium • Transition probabilities u / 3 in time t • e.g. A C: ut ⎛ More generally: Felsenstein (2004) Inferring Phylogenies. Springer, NY (Following model figures and formulae: ibid.) Pr(C | A • u • t) = 1 4 1−e − 4 3 ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟
- Maximum likelihood • One of the most popular frameworks for understanding and modelling molecular evolution and phylogenies • Likelihood of data given model, phylogeny: mΠ • Likelihood-maximisation gives a way to parametize model and/or phylogeny L = Pr(D |T) = Pr(D(i) |T) i=1
- mΠ L = Pr(D |T) = Pr(D(i) |T) i=1 w Σ z Σ y Σ x Σ Independence of sites (1) Independence of branches (2) = Pr(A,C,C,C,G, x, y,z,w,T)
- Phylogenomics • Advances mean data sets several orders of magnitude larger • Shift in emphasis from ML on specific phylogenies to statistics of all flickr/stephenjjohnson Illumina.com spectrum.ieee.org
- Phylogenomics • Stochastic property of molecular evolution becomes apparent in large datasets • Goodness-of-fit varies by site / gene for a single phylogeny / model • Corollary: goodness-of-fit varies amongst models for a single genome
- Hypothesis-comparison tests using multiple phylogenies (4/5)
- Convergence detection by ΔSSLS - Parker e t al. (2013) • De novo genomes: – four taxa – 2,321 protein-coding loci – 801,301 codons • Published: – 18 genomes • ~69,000 simulated datasets • ~3,500 cluster cores DSSLSi = ln Li,H0 − ln Li,Ha
- Our pipeline for detecting genome-wide convergence
- mean = 0.05
- mean = 0.05 mean = -0.01 mean = -0.08
- Continuous distributions • Output approximates a continuous distribution • Comparing alternative hypotheses it is apparent that selection of tree gives largely determines location skew etc (perhaps as expected) • But given that distribution tails are considered significant meaning of values in these tails problematic / comparable
- Significance by simulation • Very common technique in evolutionary biology – simulate a large dataset under the null model, compare w/empirical • in this context simulate data get unexpectedness U: U = 1 – cdf ( ΔSSLSH0-Ha | j )
- Problems in multiple-hypothesis phylogeny comparisons (5/5)
- Multiple hypotheses • Alternative hypotheses drawn from tree space • Same dataset different Ha, different U • What U expected for Ha? • More simulation – multiple draws from tree space: Uc,= U – mean Uc
- Tree space • In the context of ML tree space can be thought of as the distance in lnL units (or any other related statistic*) between two trees with otherwise identical models / data • In our previous results this appeared continuous. • This may be misleading; in reality tree space, or derived statistics, can be highly discontinuous.
- Multiple comparisons • However…. We recall that distance in tree space, or shape of tree space, not well determined. • How to sample effectively to control U (as Uc)? • How to compare Uc for Ha? • Sample every point (tree)? • Sample lots? • Sample systematically? Inverse-distance? Etc
- Tree space • Previously with small empirical datasets assume a single phylogeny a good descriptor of most/many sites • With large datasets this may not be true – Both small adjustments better fit for many sites – And also some large rearrangements • Perhaps a better definition of tree space • Considering two Ha equidistant from H0
- Tree distance properties • Scalar distances informative • Triagonality • Proportional to L for a given model(?) • Vectors informative (?)
- Tree distance candidates • Statistic or model-based measures: – Parsimony, ML or amino-acid/nucleotide distance – ΔlnL • Topology-based measures: – Number / type of rearrangement moves, e.g. • Nearest-neighbour interchange • Subtree prune-and-regraft • Tree bisection-and-reconnection • Algorithm-based measures: – # Of algorithm move steps – Wall clock time
- Acknowledgements • School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London – Rossiter Group – Prof. Steve Rossiter (PI) – Drs Kalina Davies, Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Michael McGowen, Mao Xiuguang – Seb Bailey, Kim Warren • Others: – Profs Richard Nichols, Andrew Leitch (SBCS) – Drs Yannick Wurm, Richard Buggs, Chris Faulkes, Steve Le Comber (SBCS) – Drs Chris Walker & Rob Horton (GridPP HTC) • Sanger Centre – Dr James Cotton (L-R): Joe Parker; GeorgiaTsagkogeorga; Kalina Davies; Steve Rossiter; Xiuguang Mao; Seb Bailey
Editor's Notes
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- The phylogenies
- (OHC diagram)
- PIC OF DARWIN Phenotypes diverging Genes diverging Phylogeny REMOVE wording from pentadactyly diagram CLEARER example phylogeny
- Prestin sequences Prestin Phylogeny “”BIOLOGISTS AND BIOCHEMISTS REPRESENT PROTEINS AS SEQUENCES OF LETTERS REMINDER PHYLOGENY of mammals spp. tree
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- Given observed microbial diversity Phylogeny reveals evolutionary history; trait acquired once? Or multiple times – biologically significant…
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- Pervasive phylogenetic incongruence test for phylogenetic discordance attributable to genetic convergence, when applied to different contexts it could equally be used to measure discordance that has arisen by other processes, some of which will be more applicable to tropical systems: - Horizontal gene transfer among bacteria - Introgression across species barriers - Incomplete lineage sorting
- Abstract: Interpreting ‘tree space’ in the context of very large empirical datasets Evolutionary biologists represent actual or hypothesised evolutionary relations between living organisms using phylogenies, directed bifurcating graphs (trees) that describe evolutionary processes in terms of speciation or splitting events (nodes) and elapsed evolutionary time or distance (edges). Molecular evolution itself is largely dominated by mutations in DNA sequences, a stochastic process. Traditionally, probabilistic models of molecular evolution and phylogenies are fitted to DNA sequence data by maximum likelihood on the assumption that a single simple phylogeny will serve to approximate the evolution of a majority of DNA positions in the dataset. However modern studies now routinely sample several orders of magnitude more DNA positions, and this assumption no longer holds. Unfortunately, our conception of ‘tree space’ - a notional multidimensional surface containing all possible phylogenies - is extremely imprecise, and similarly techniques to model phylogeny model fitting in very large datasets are limited. I will show the background to this field and present some of the challenges arising from the present limited analytical framework.
- Is there a way to work out the expectation of Uc (Ha) or a better measure? Uc for two Ha dependent on distance Ha<->b What is tree distance?
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