SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 6
Education Blog: Institutional Technological Change Manager
JOAN F. CHIPIA LOBO
Maestría en Educación mención
Informática y Diseño Instruccional
Universidad de Los Andes
La Liria, Mérida 5101
VENEZUELA
joanfernando130885@gmail.com
FRANCKLIN RIVAS
Universidad de Los Andes
Laboratorio de Sistemas Inteligentes
La Hechicera, Mérida 5101
VENEZUELA
rivas@ula.ve
GLORIA MOUSALLI-KAYAT
Departamento de Medición y Evaluación
Universidad de Los Andes
La Liria, Mérida 5101
VENEZUELA
mousalli@ula.ve
Abstract: - This article aims to describe an experience of technological change management, effected through an
Institutional Education Blog, which was implemented in the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana “Genarina Dugarte
Contreras” located in the rural community of Pueblo Nuevo del Sur in Mérida, Venezuela. This experience was a
planned activity where all institutional community members participate actively, based upon a multidisciplinary
team that manages the premise: change is continuous and fundamental for organizational transformation, and this
was done for developing skills that allow operating effectively an educational institution today, which is becoming
more challenging. In this work it is explained that there was resistance to change, the steps used for transforming
the organization, and discusses the most common mistakes when it is wanted to manage changes and how they
were treated. It also explains how to bring lasting success and what should be the balance that must be established
and finally refers to the organizational learning achieved.
Keywords: edublog, e-Learning, transforming the organization.
1 Introduction
The main constant in human life is change, which is
evident in every second, so this concept is very
important for handling a positive organizational
transformation. For making this possible, it has to be
managed achieving the goals to be reached,
negotiating for taking the right way for all parts
involved; it is important to be well thought out and
planned, considering the human talent and
institutional impact [1].
It is important to mention that it was wanted to
manage technological change in the Unidad
Educativa Bolivariana "Genarina Dugarte
Contreras", because that institution is located in
Pueblo Nuevo del Sur, State of Mérida, Venezuela,
which is a rural farming community with hard access
because the roads are in very bad condition, also have
communication problems, plus most of the affiliated
faculty and staff do not live in the town, having to
take an average of one hour and thirty minutes to get
to the workplace, thus is vital to integrate a media
through which it becomes possible to communicate
more easily. The Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) are suitable to enable a smooth
and effective work, it is noteworthy that this is
achieved at the same time Information Society and
Knowledge integration, which will help all staff
members of the organization not to be isolated from
existing technologies.
It was raised as alternatives of communication the
WIKI and EDUCATIVE BLOG, choosing to use the
second, due to the staff skills needs of the Education
Unit in technological areas. Hereby it was agreed to
share educational materials and communicate
corporate information, it is noteworthy that the
process for achieving the goal became a key project
and difficult for institutional adaptation, essentially
because it is related to the competitiveness of a
school frame using one of the tools provided by Web
2.0 and difficult because of the psychological barriers
that had to be overcame [1].
The barriers of any kind have to be broken, because
in this society, manage technological change is one
of the greatest challenges facing organizations and
individuals, therefore it is considered in recent time
the need to execute a processing agent function,
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 97
running and coordinating the processes required to
enable the Institutional Education Blog [8].
2 Educational Blog
The term blog is a product of the Web-log word
coined by Jorn Barger in 1997, this web site provides
instant publishing of entries or posts, also allows
readers to give feedback to the author in the form of
comments. Entries are organized chronologically
beginning with the most recent, for it also receives
the name of blog or Web log, which requires little or
no knowledge of coding in Hyper Text Markup
Language (HTML). There are plenty of free sites or
applications that let you create and host blogs, among
the most popular are: WordPress, LiveJournal,
Xanga, Edublogs and Blogger, the latter was used to
make the Blog of the institution, for its simplicity and
ease of publication [7].
The Blog of the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana
"Genarina Dugarte Contreras" has the following
address: http://uebolgenarinadugartecontreras.blogspot.com
and has the capability that all staff members of the
Educational Institution has the ability to post, his
thoughts, opinions, share experiences and educational
materials (videos, presentations, documents, etc.), in
addition to comments, this was done in order to make
available to all members of the institutional
community and thus they are able to actively
participate in this initiative, which required much
time and effort of all actors.
Considering the previously presented considerations,
the transformation to use a Web 2.0 tool for an
organization of any kind can not be imposed from
above, but must be understood and accepted by all
involved persons, in order to minimize resistance to
change and impedes the implementation of these
processes, we must never forget that this process
always means a threat to individuals in their current
status. In addition, an apparent paradox, this process
is slow, but necessary to respond to unforeseen and
urgent situations, such as not being isolated from the
benefits available from existing technologies [8].
3 Resistance to change
Resistance to change often generates that several
initiatives fall. In the institutional Blog, the main
factor was the management of ICT, it is
acknowledged that this is a natural and inevitable
reaction to the loss of control and variation of
common environmental conditions and this definition
includes the concept of pain, so it is elemental to
identify the cause(s) to help strengthen the process of
transformation. There are three types of resistance,
open resistance, which is personal and helps to
improve the process, this was found in the Education
Unit, while the covert resistance is more difficult to
remove because it is driven by another person and the
last type of resistance is the irrational and policy
which will never be eradicated [9].
For eliminating the resistance to change, it must be
overcame the paradox that says: when confidence is
most needed is more difficult to get, because if they
have not confidence in the work to be done, it will
become a big barrier, it should be provided autonomy
to each person in order to get personal fulfillment
from the fact that trust is based on predictability and
capacity [4].
One aspect of vital importance to overcome is the
resistance to transformation, is to show everyone
involved the information without any kind of secret
that actors seek to participate actively and thus obtain
a genuine change that result in tangible benefits
because even people who were resistant ended up
participating, because the one who perseveres wins
[9].
4 Transforming the organization
Kotter and Cohen [4] identified eight key steps for
transforming the organization, which were adjusted
to this particular case:
Step 1. Increase urgency: It is necessary to
encourage the use of Web 2.0 tools for their current
need in order to avoid isolation of the current
changes.
Step 2. Creating a leadership team: It was created a
group of teachers enough staff and prepared for
driving change and they were working together from
the beginning of this new experience.
Step 3. Get the right vision: the teams have
produced a plan of action for developing the vision to
build and manage an Educational Blog that will serve
to communicate corporate information and share
ideas and educational materials, there were
established brainstorm and six thinking hats
strategies as fundamental pillars for the effort of
technological change.
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 98
Step 4. Communicate for producing the approval:
It was established a close communication between
members of the institution, in order that each and
every one of them begin to accept the idea of change,
which was noticed through friendly behavior.
Step 5. Provide authority or responsibility for
action: They were issued to members of the
Institution basic training to make entries and post
comments on the blog, thus were given the ability to
act based on the vision.
Step 6. To achieve small victories in the short
term: progress was made in the shown interest
concerning the need to use the Blog as a powerful
means of communication.
Step 7. Do not abandon: Changes were gradually
obtained, for example, it was found the third place in
the Edublogs competition for the Free Congress
Education 2010. Also it continues the constant
publication of entries in the Blog.
Step 8. Make the changes prevail: Friendly and
motivating messages are published as incentive that
changes may prevail in time, so meetings are
constantly held and it was created a Facebook group
that serves to inform the development of institutional
Blog or for disseminating other desired information.
5 Change management in an
enterprise, institution or organization
There are different names on the change
management, within which it can be mentioned total
quality management, reengineering, optimal sizing,
restructuring, cultural change and conversion. The
basic goal of this concept is to make fundamental
changes to develop skills that facilitate efficient
operations, which is becoming more challenging
every day [3].
At the present time, it is unquestionable that the
change management is not an isolated definition that
has emerged by magic, nor is it the only result of a
simple hierarchical decision of the organization
heads, then for the launch and implementation of a
transformation process is necessary for companies,
institutions or organizations comply with general
requirements, such as a management style that fosters
communication and dialogue with a certain hierarchy
of different levels [8].
Many companies wanted to manage the institutional
change, obtaining different results, some had positive
outcomes such as SONY which became the company
most known for changing the image of poor quality
that Japanese products had in the early fifties [4],
negative results such as Eastern Airlines and other
companies obtained an intermediate point with a
general bias toward the bottom of the scale,
according to an analysis of the last decade in a
hundred companies, most remarkable is to learn the
following two general lessons:
In most successful cases the change process
usually goes through many stages, which
together require long time.
Commit serious errors in any stage has a
catastrophic effect, which reduces the speed
and offset the improvements and effort that
had been made [3].
5.1 Common errors when you want to manage
change in a company
There are many common errors, but these are the
eight most important according to Kotter and Cohen
[4]:
5.1.1 Error 1. Not establishing the true
importance and meaning of the urgent: to prevent
this, motivation was used for transmission and
communication of the impact of information
technology and communication in society and in
education.
5.2.2 Error 2. Not creating a sufficiently powerful
direction coalition: It was created a
multidisciplinary team consisting of a computer
technician, a teacher who taught computer classes
and two teachers who are currently students of the
Master of Computer Education and Instructional
Design program, which was done with the objective
being successful in the plan.
5.2.3 Error 3. Lack of vision: To prevent this error,
the transformation project was developed with a
future image, relatively easily communicated to the
members belonging to the institution, stating the
necessary elements for developing the proposal.
5.2.4 Error 4. Communication level lower than
required: It was spent considerable time and effort
for preparing newsletters and exhibition workshops
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 99
for obtaining the support of all participants in the
institutional community.
5.2.5 Error 5. Do not remove obstacles to the new
vision: It was involved all members of the institution
as the process progressed, then they were encouraged
to try new methods, develop new ideas and to
provide leadership, with the only restriction that
actions are adapted to the parameters of the overall
vision.
5.2.6 Error 6. Not systematically develop a plan
for short-term results: It was shown the progress of
the graphic interface of the Blog, also wrote in a
contest which won third place.
5.2.7 Error 7. Thinking about Victory too soon:
The Educational Blog of the Unidad Educativa
Bolivariana "Genarina Dugarte Contreras" is in a
continuous process of construction and
administration, as it lacks three to five years to
achieve real consolidation and deep in all participants
Institutional community (including students).
5.2.8 Error 8. Not recognize the changes in the
culture of the organization: this is why it’s
continuously spreading the importance of Education
Blog for the Unit, because is part of the institution,
using advertising billboards and social information
network to show the importance of this tool and show
how slogan is: Without the Educational Blog,
Genarina is incomplete.
Finally, it’s important to have a vision of the
technological change process to reduce the
proportion of errors. Making fewer mistakes usually
makes the difference between success and failure [1].
6 How to enable long-term success?
To make a lasting success is important to have values
and essential purposes that remain constant, while the
strategies and practices must be adapted to a
changing world [3].
Core values are important and durable statements of
an organization, which have an intrinsic value and
importance to its members, usually only takes three
to five of them, for example Walt Disney has the
following:
No cynicism.
Promote and disseminate the "American
integrity values"
Creativity, dreams and imagination.
Obsessive attention to consistency and
details.
Conservation and Control of Disney magic
[3].
For its part, the Educational Blog of the institution
has as essential values:
Permanent work
Creativity and initiative
Commitment to Education.
It is necessary that the organization has a essential
purpose, the main reason of the organization; in other
words, the soul of the company, for example Walt
Disney aims to make people happy [3]. While the
purpose of Institutional Education Blog is:
communicate information and share educational
materials for a common benefit.
A key aspect is setting BIG BOLD AND CRAZY
goals (BBAC), based on a clearly articulated
objective as an effective tool for stimulating progress
and thus to obtain the commitment of everyone in the
process because it is tangible, energizing,
extraordinarily oriented achievement, so we wanted
to make the transformation in a rural community of
difficult access and communication problems. It is
noteworthy that they should not to be confusion
between core values and essential purposes and the
latter with the BBAC [6].
To conclude, a key aspect of success is that the
people involved trust the messages communicated,
this is achieved through valid, precise, accurate and
reliable means. Informal meetings were held and
requested that questions be made in writing,
answering all of them, even those with no logic
(because as an agent of change must be responsive
and patient at all times) and this it was achieved by
increasing staff commitment to technological change
[10].
7 Balance in Change Management
It is surprising that there are survivors of the
conversion, in other words a change passed over
them without they have passed through the change. It
was amazing the change of thought when it was used
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 100
the Blog as managers of technological restructuring,
because members of the Educational Institution
began to think and do things differently, so it can be
stated that management was conceived to be handled
differently than learning for using a machine or cure
of the body disorders; it was handled within the
framework of enabling a connection and balance of
all elements of the proposed conversion [6].
It is essential to manage change so as to maintain
constant conversations among people who lead the
project and the organizations in which they are
expected to put into practice new strategies, then it is
essential to create an organizational environment
which may cause the changes, considering the
emotional connections that are commonly removed
from the workplace but are essential for successful
transformation [1].
According to popular wisdom, when you begin to
work with personal that accept the vision,
automatically it will be followed an achievement and
a change in their behaviors and attitudes that will
bring transformation commitment to the organization
and the spiral of success will continue in the time.
It’s possible that this has occurred in a institution, but
is usual that not good effects occur, therefore we
must involve all participants, for making possible the
interest and winning attitude to the project, so that
when announcing the program gets love, care and
affection, ie, creating the new vision [3].
In the order of the previous ideas, it should be noted
the existence of basic responsibilities among all
participants which should safely assume these
activities that are: setting the context for change and
provide guidance, stimulate conversation, provide
adequate resources to ensure consistency of
messages, activities, policies and behaviors, provide
opportunities for joint development, anticipate,
identify and address personal problems, and develop
the critical mass [1].
The REALITY is another matter, because there are
employees who are unmotivated and skeptical of
technological innovation, that is why the blog as a
manager of restructuring was continuing a process of
discussion with stakeholders of the institution, which
was very difficult, especially with teachers who have
been working there for more than fifteen years and
the maintenance personnel, the former because they
have rooted many beliefs and tricks, second by fear
to use existing technologies, this produces a
resistance to change , which was attacked in a
meticulous [6].
8 Conclusions
The Blog as manager of corporate technological
change led to the understanding of the origin and
organizational learning process, based on the
principle that the planned restructuring is not
complete [5].
Consequently, it is noteworthy organizational
learning in the perspective of transformation. Dixon
difference between two models, considering that
organizations can change in two ways: following a
planned or static model. This was adopted by the
institution at the beginning, but in the course of the
project it was adopted a continuous model, because
some of the things that characterizes the latter,
according to the author, is the ability of continuous
organizational restructuring resulting from the
learning capacity of the organization, this implies that
the Education Unit became a high learning ability,
since it changed and will be continuously changing
and not through specific exchange episodes, which is
what characterizes organizations that are in
accordance with planned model [2].
Blog mainstreaming in the educational institution
allowed managing technological changes,
stimulating the creativity of those involved, to put
into play the initiative and expertise in a climate
different from this common and encourages decision-
making autonomy and control. The task was not and
will not be easy, however the use of various
strategies will help facilitate the learning processes
involved and the greater reward is that there is and
there will be a significant transformation for all
participants of this beautiful project [7].
It is essential to consider that managing technological
change means balancing a continuous system that
changes through time. The difficulty is how to do it
and how everyone will share a view about how they
should interact the components in order to all
members of the institution will trust that this
transformation will bring a real and functional
restructuring [3].
Finally, the change management in an educational
institution within the framework of the Information
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 101
and Communication Technologies should be
possible, because we are currently in the Information
and Knowledge Society, therefore it is learning the
way for overcoming barriers. Learning hoe to learn
and learning how to unlearn, and not having
resistance to the changes needed to be adapted with
the current dynamic, growing the project, with
suggestions, trust, commitment with oneself, with the
teaching, learning and education; do it with
dedication and feeling, creativity and initiative, hard
work, in conclusion make a joint effort and love
which results in excellent results.
References
[1] Beer, M., Gestionar el Cambio y la Transición,
Harvard Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto,
Barcelona, 2003.
[2] Dixon, N., The Organizational Learning Cycle,
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[3] Gross, T., Pascale, R., Athos, A., Kotter, J.,
Collins, J., Porras, J., Duck, J., Martin, R.,
Strebel, P., Augustine, N., Schaffer, R. y
Thomson, H., Gestión del cambio, Harvard
Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto,
Barcelona, 2000.
[4] Kotter, J. y Cohen, D., Las claves del cambio,
Harvard Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto,
España, 2003.
[5] Kleiner A. y Roth G., El cambio basado en el
aprendizaje, Oxford University Press México,
México, 2001.
[6] Richard Tanner Pascale, "Managing on the Edge:
How the Smartest Companies Use Conflict to
Stay Ahead" Touchstone Books, 1991.
[7] Rojas O., Alonso J., Antúnez J., Orihuela J.,
Varela, J., Blogs. La conversación en Internet
que está revolucionando medios, empresas y
ciudadanos, Editorial ESIC, Madrid, 2005.
[8] Stuart, B., Sistemas de Gestión del Conocimiento,
Thomson Editores, Madrid, 2002.
[9] Waddell, D. y Sohal, A., Resistance: a
constructive tool for change management,
Management Decision, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1998,
pp.543-548.
[10] Potts, R. y Lamarsh J., Cómo gestionar el
cambio con éxito, BLUME EMPRESA,
Singapur, 2004.
Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy
ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 102

More Related Content

What's hot

Ferreira maclean2017
Ferreira maclean2017Ferreira maclean2017
Ferreira maclean2017Diver Padi
 
The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...
 The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering... The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...
The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...Research Journal of Education
 
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...eraser Juan José Calderón
 
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...eraser Juan José Calderón
 
Netp 2010-exec-summary
Netp 2010-exec-summaryNetp 2010-exec-summary
Netp 2010-exec-summarym2kidz
 
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)eraser Juan José Calderón
 
Kpt6044 tugasan4
Kpt6044 tugasan4Kpt6044 tugasan4
Kpt6044 tugasan4Wana Irwana
 
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
 
Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...
 Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L... Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...
Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...May Portuguez
 
Final project program evaluation module 8
Final project program evaluation module 8Final project program evaluation module 8
Final project program evaluation module 8Daniel Downs
 
Rita kop thesis may10
Rita kop thesis may10Rita kop thesis may10
Rita kop thesis may10Rita Kop
 
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt604312 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043sendirian berhad
 
Social Media in Learning and Talent Development
Social Media in Learning and Talent DevelopmentSocial Media in Learning and Talent Development
Social Media in Learning and Talent DevelopmentThomas Jenewein
 
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessmentItumeleng Segona
 
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014William Kritsonis
 
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...Alexander Decker
 
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning society
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning societyKnowledge, social media and technologies for a learning society
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning societywanzahirah
 

What's hot (19)

Ferreira maclean2017
Ferreira maclean2017Ferreira maclean2017
Ferreira maclean2017
 
The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...
 The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering... The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...
The Virtual Teaching Material Driving the Meaningful Learning of Engineering...
 
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...
Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from...
 
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...
Theorising technology in education: an introduction Cristina Costa,Michael Ha...
 
Netp 2010-exec-summary
Netp 2010-exec-summaryNetp 2010-exec-summary
Netp 2010-exec-summary
 
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)
New Pedagogies for Deep Learning. (2016). NPDL Global Report. (1st ed.)
 
Kpt6044 tugasan4
Kpt6044 tugasan4Kpt6044 tugasan4
Kpt6044 tugasan4
 
Article 1
Article 1Article 1
Article 1
 
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...
Social Media Success Model for Knowledge Sharing (Scale Development and Valid...
 
Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...
 Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L... Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...
Challenge Based Learning: Innovative Pedagogy for Sustainability through e-L...
 
Final project program evaluation module 8
Final project program evaluation module 8Final project program evaluation module 8
Final project program evaluation module 8
 
Algarve
AlgarveAlgarve
Algarve
 
Rita kop thesis may10
Rita kop thesis may10Rita kop thesis may10
Rita kop thesis may10
 
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt604312 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043
12 masnida-upm-u7-004-ready kpt6043
 
Social Media in Learning and Talent Development
Social Media in Learning and Talent DevelopmentSocial Media in Learning and Talent Development
Social Media in Learning and Talent Development
 
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment
2016 vd westhuizen_guidelines-online-assessment
 
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014
Mc carty, darla shared leadership nfeasj v32 n4 2014
 
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...
A study of challenges and perspectives on utilizing information and communica...
 
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning society
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning societyKnowledge, social media and technologies for a learning society
Knowledge, social media and technologies for a learning society
 

Viewers also liked

методическое пособие о профессиях
методическое пособие о профессияхметодическое пособие о профессиях
методическое пособие о профессияхАнна Начарова
 
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013ACAD_Catalyst_F2013
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013Yuqi Kang
 
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARS
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARSSPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARS
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARSTECSI FEA USP
 
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas Convening
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas ConveningCCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas Convening
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas ConveningTCC Group
 

Viewers also liked (8)

методическое пособие о профессиях
методическое пособие о профессияхметодическое пособие о профессиях
методическое пособие о профессиях
 
Elsupermercado 110126201208-phpapp01
Elsupermercado 110126201208-phpapp01Elsupermercado 110126201208-phpapp01
Elsupermercado 110126201208-phpapp01
 
Sevak
SevakSevak
Sevak
 
Hair dx Training Presentation - Dr.Alba Reyes
Hair dx Training Presentation - Dr.Alba ReyesHair dx Training Presentation - Dr.Alba Reyes
Hair dx Training Presentation - Dr.Alba Reyes
 
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013ACAD_Catalyst_F2013
ACAD_Catalyst_F2013
 
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARS
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARSSPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARS
SPED, XBRL and Continuos Auditing - 12th CONTECSI 34th WCARS
 
Trabajo amazonas.2
Trabajo amazonas.2Trabajo amazonas.2
Trabajo amazonas.2
 
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas Convening
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas ConveningCCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas Convening
CCAT Interpretation Session - Si Texas Convening
 

Similar to 2010 ispact

STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR
STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOURSTAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR
STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOURijcsit
 
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...IAEME Publication
 
Technology Trends Affecting Libraries
Technology Trends Affecting LibrariesTechnology Trends Affecting Libraries
Technology Trends Affecting LibrariesNina Platt Consulting
 
Intranet communication strategy
Intranet communication strategyIntranet communication strategy
Intranet communication strategyGabrieleSani3
 
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational System
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational SystemChallenges to Change and Innovation in Educational System
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational SystemAM Publications,India
 
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team c
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team cSocial learning manual presentation week 6 team c
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team cAlisa Bown
 
Knowledge sharing for manager assistants
Knowledge sharing for manager assistantsKnowledge sharing for manager assistants
Knowledge sharing for manager assistantsMACSE.it
 
Nursing Group Project Analysis
Nursing Group Project AnalysisNursing Group Project Analysis
Nursing Group Project AnalysisNancy Jarjis
 
Using Social Media for Collaboration
Using Social Media for CollaborationUsing Social Media for Collaboration
Using Social Media for Collaborationmmloban
 
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H Chaturvedi
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H ChaturvediFuture of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H Chaturvedi
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H ChaturvediBIMTECH Greater Noida
 
It change management challenges in kenya
It change management challenges in kenyaIt change management challenges in kenya
It change management challenges in kenyaAlexander Decker
 
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And Planning
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And PlanningThe Importance Of A Strategic Management And Planning
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And PlanningAmanda Burkett
 
Management change
Management changeManagement change
Management changeDi Yi Wu
 
Tg cause methodology
Tg cause methodologyTg cause methodology
Tg cause methodologyPankaj Gupta
 
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)Alycante
 
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusion
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusionImpact in the_context_of_social_inclusion
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusionJisc RSC East Midlands
 

Similar to 2010 ispact (20)

STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR
STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOURSTAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR
STAFFS MOTIVATIONAL IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR
 
Change Management Panel
Change Management PanelChange Management Panel
Change Management Panel
 
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...
TOOLS COMPARISON FOR SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADOPTION TO SUPPORT COLLABOR...
 
Technology Trends Affecting Libraries
Technology Trends Affecting LibrariesTechnology Trends Affecting Libraries
Technology Trends Affecting Libraries
 
Intranet communication strategy
Intranet communication strategyIntranet communication strategy
Intranet communication strategy
 
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational System
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational SystemChallenges to Change and Innovation in Educational System
Challenges to Change and Innovation in Educational System
 
Managing Change
Managing Change Managing Change
Managing Change
 
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team c
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team cSocial learning manual presentation week 6 team c
Social learning manual presentation week 6 team c
 
Knowledge sharing for manager assistants
Knowledge sharing for manager assistantsKnowledge sharing for manager assistants
Knowledge sharing for manager assistants
 
Nursing Group Project Analysis
Nursing Group Project AnalysisNursing Group Project Analysis
Nursing Group Project Analysis
 
Using Social Media for Collaboration
Using Social Media for CollaborationUsing Social Media for Collaboration
Using Social Media for Collaboration
 
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H Chaturvedi
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H ChaturvediFuture of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H Chaturvedi
Future of Digital and Social Media in Academics by Dr. H Chaturvedi
 
It change management challenges in kenya
It change management challenges in kenyaIt change management challenges in kenya
It change management challenges in kenya
 
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And Planning
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And PlanningThe Importance Of A Strategic Management And Planning
The Importance Of A Strategic Management And Planning
 
Management change
Management changeManagement change
Management change
 
Get E Connected!
Get E Connected!Get E Connected!
Get E Connected!
 
Organizational Changes Essay
Organizational Changes EssayOrganizational Changes Essay
Organizational Changes Essay
 
Tg cause methodology
Tg cause methodologyTg cause methodology
Tg cause methodology
 
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)
Senior capital & social organization (may 2013)
 
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusion
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusionImpact in the_context_of_social_inclusion
Impact in the_context_of_social_inclusion
 

More from Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo

Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de salud
Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de saludPensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de salud
Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de saludJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULA
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULAExperiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULA
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULAJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejo
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejoCáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejo
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejoJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentros
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentrosFilosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentros
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentrosJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICA
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICAPROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICA
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICAJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...
	 Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...	 Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...
Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de Bioestadística
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de BioestadísticaProyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de Bioestadística
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de BioestadísticaJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICA
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICABLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICA
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICAJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datos
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datosErrores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datos
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datosJoan Fernando Chipia Lobo
 

More from Joan Fernando Chipia Lobo (20)

ChatGPT: ALGUNAS INTERROGANTES POR DESPEJAR
ChatGPT: ALGUNAS INTERROGANTES POR DESPEJARChatGPT: ALGUNAS INTERROGANTES POR DESPEJAR
ChatGPT: ALGUNAS INTERROGANTES POR DESPEJAR
 
Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de salud
Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de saludPensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de salud
Pensamiento bioestadístico complejo de los sistemas de salud
 
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULA
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULAExperiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULA
Experiencia de Construcción de la Revista GICOS, Facultad de Medicina, ULA
 
Contrastes de hipótesis estadísticas
Contrastes de hipótesis estadísticasContrastes de hipótesis estadísticas
Contrastes de hipótesis estadísticas
 
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015
Principales causas de mortalidad por distritos sanitarios. Mérida, 2011-2015
 
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...
DISEÑO, VALIDACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO SOBRE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓ...
 
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...
CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN EN MEDICINA DE FAMILIA. CENTRO DE ATENCIÓN MÉDICA INTE...
 
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...
EFICACIA DEL APÓSITO BIOACTIVO NATURAL VERSUS CONVENCIONAL EN CICATRIZACIÓN C...
 
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejo
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejoCáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejo
Cáncer epidermoide de laringe: prevalencia y manejo
 
Fenomenología
FenomenologíaFenomenología
Fenomenología
 
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentros
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentrosFilosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentros
Filosofía, ciencia, religión: espacios de encuentros y desencuentros
 
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICA
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICAPROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICA
PROYECTOS: MEDIO INTEGRADOR EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE BIOESTADÍSTICA
 
Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...
	 Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...	 Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...
Prevalencia del Dengue en la parroquia Lagunillas, municipio Sucre, estado ...
 
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...
Videocast, podcast y webquest como estrategias educacionales para las ciencia...
 
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de Bioestadística
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de BioestadísticaProyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de Bioestadística
Proyectos: medio integrador en el aprendizaje de Bioestadística
 
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...
Instrumento sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia los medios N.0 y su...
 
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...
EXPERIENCIA DE EVALUACIÓN DE UN OBJETO DE APRENDIZAJE SOBRE ESTADÍSTICA DESCR...
 
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICA
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICABLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICA
BLOG Y PODCASTING EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE MATEMÁTICA BÁSICA
 
2016 revista-oc
2016 revista-oc2016 revista-oc
2016 revista-oc
 
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datos
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datosErrores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datos
Errores más comunes en metodología de la investigación y análisis de datos
 

Recently uploaded

How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 

2010 ispact

  • 1. Education Blog: Institutional Technological Change Manager JOAN F. CHIPIA LOBO Maestría en Educación mención Informática y Diseño Instruccional Universidad de Los Andes La Liria, Mérida 5101 VENEZUELA joanfernando130885@gmail.com FRANCKLIN RIVAS Universidad de Los Andes Laboratorio de Sistemas Inteligentes La Hechicera, Mérida 5101 VENEZUELA rivas@ula.ve GLORIA MOUSALLI-KAYAT Departamento de Medición y Evaluación Universidad de Los Andes La Liria, Mérida 5101 VENEZUELA mousalli@ula.ve Abstract: - This article aims to describe an experience of technological change management, effected through an Institutional Education Blog, which was implemented in the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana “Genarina Dugarte Contreras” located in the rural community of Pueblo Nuevo del Sur in Mérida, Venezuela. This experience was a planned activity where all institutional community members participate actively, based upon a multidisciplinary team that manages the premise: change is continuous and fundamental for organizational transformation, and this was done for developing skills that allow operating effectively an educational institution today, which is becoming more challenging. In this work it is explained that there was resistance to change, the steps used for transforming the organization, and discusses the most common mistakes when it is wanted to manage changes and how they were treated. It also explains how to bring lasting success and what should be the balance that must be established and finally refers to the organizational learning achieved. Keywords: edublog, e-Learning, transforming the organization. 1 Introduction The main constant in human life is change, which is evident in every second, so this concept is very important for handling a positive organizational transformation. For making this possible, it has to be managed achieving the goals to be reached, negotiating for taking the right way for all parts involved; it is important to be well thought out and planned, considering the human talent and institutional impact [1]. It is important to mention that it was wanted to manage technological change in the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana "Genarina Dugarte Contreras", because that institution is located in Pueblo Nuevo del Sur, State of Mérida, Venezuela, which is a rural farming community with hard access because the roads are in very bad condition, also have communication problems, plus most of the affiliated faculty and staff do not live in the town, having to take an average of one hour and thirty minutes to get to the workplace, thus is vital to integrate a media through which it becomes possible to communicate more easily. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are suitable to enable a smooth and effective work, it is noteworthy that this is achieved at the same time Information Society and Knowledge integration, which will help all staff members of the organization not to be isolated from existing technologies. It was raised as alternatives of communication the WIKI and EDUCATIVE BLOG, choosing to use the second, due to the staff skills needs of the Education Unit in technological areas. Hereby it was agreed to share educational materials and communicate corporate information, it is noteworthy that the process for achieving the goal became a key project and difficult for institutional adaptation, essentially because it is related to the competitiveness of a school frame using one of the tools provided by Web 2.0 and difficult because of the psychological barriers that had to be overcame [1]. The barriers of any kind have to be broken, because in this society, manage technological change is one of the greatest challenges facing organizations and individuals, therefore it is considered in recent time the need to execute a processing agent function, Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 97
  • 2. running and coordinating the processes required to enable the Institutional Education Blog [8]. 2 Educational Blog The term blog is a product of the Web-log word coined by Jorn Barger in 1997, this web site provides instant publishing of entries or posts, also allows readers to give feedback to the author in the form of comments. Entries are organized chronologically beginning with the most recent, for it also receives the name of blog or Web log, which requires little or no knowledge of coding in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). There are plenty of free sites or applications that let you create and host blogs, among the most popular are: WordPress, LiveJournal, Xanga, Edublogs and Blogger, the latter was used to make the Blog of the institution, for its simplicity and ease of publication [7]. The Blog of the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana "Genarina Dugarte Contreras" has the following address: http://uebolgenarinadugartecontreras.blogspot.com and has the capability that all staff members of the Educational Institution has the ability to post, his thoughts, opinions, share experiences and educational materials (videos, presentations, documents, etc.), in addition to comments, this was done in order to make available to all members of the institutional community and thus they are able to actively participate in this initiative, which required much time and effort of all actors. Considering the previously presented considerations, the transformation to use a Web 2.0 tool for an organization of any kind can not be imposed from above, but must be understood and accepted by all involved persons, in order to minimize resistance to change and impedes the implementation of these processes, we must never forget that this process always means a threat to individuals in their current status. In addition, an apparent paradox, this process is slow, but necessary to respond to unforeseen and urgent situations, such as not being isolated from the benefits available from existing technologies [8]. 3 Resistance to change Resistance to change often generates that several initiatives fall. In the institutional Blog, the main factor was the management of ICT, it is acknowledged that this is a natural and inevitable reaction to the loss of control and variation of common environmental conditions and this definition includes the concept of pain, so it is elemental to identify the cause(s) to help strengthen the process of transformation. There are three types of resistance, open resistance, which is personal and helps to improve the process, this was found in the Education Unit, while the covert resistance is more difficult to remove because it is driven by another person and the last type of resistance is the irrational and policy which will never be eradicated [9]. For eliminating the resistance to change, it must be overcame the paradox that says: when confidence is most needed is more difficult to get, because if they have not confidence in the work to be done, it will become a big barrier, it should be provided autonomy to each person in order to get personal fulfillment from the fact that trust is based on predictability and capacity [4]. One aspect of vital importance to overcome is the resistance to transformation, is to show everyone involved the information without any kind of secret that actors seek to participate actively and thus obtain a genuine change that result in tangible benefits because even people who were resistant ended up participating, because the one who perseveres wins [9]. 4 Transforming the organization Kotter and Cohen [4] identified eight key steps for transforming the organization, which were adjusted to this particular case: Step 1. Increase urgency: It is necessary to encourage the use of Web 2.0 tools for their current need in order to avoid isolation of the current changes. Step 2. Creating a leadership team: It was created a group of teachers enough staff and prepared for driving change and they were working together from the beginning of this new experience. Step 3. Get the right vision: the teams have produced a plan of action for developing the vision to build and manage an Educational Blog that will serve to communicate corporate information and share ideas and educational materials, there were established brainstorm and six thinking hats strategies as fundamental pillars for the effort of technological change. Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 98
  • 3. Step 4. Communicate for producing the approval: It was established a close communication between members of the institution, in order that each and every one of them begin to accept the idea of change, which was noticed through friendly behavior. Step 5. Provide authority or responsibility for action: They were issued to members of the Institution basic training to make entries and post comments on the blog, thus were given the ability to act based on the vision. Step 6. To achieve small victories in the short term: progress was made in the shown interest concerning the need to use the Blog as a powerful means of communication. Step 7. Do not abandon: Changes were gradually obtained, for example, it was found the third place in the Edublogs competition for the Free Congress Education 2010. Also it continues the constant publication of entries in the Blog. Step 8. Make the changes prevail: Friendly and motivating messages are published as incentive that changes may prevail in time, so meetings are constantly held and it was created a Facebook group that serves to inform the development of institutional Blog or for disseminating other desired information. 5 Change management in an enterprise, institution or organization There are different names on the change management, within which it can be mentioned total quality management, reengineering, optimal sizing, restructuring, cultural change and conversion. The basic goal of this concept is to make fundamental changes to develop skills that facilitate efficient operations, which is becoming more challenging every day [3]. At the present time, it is unquestionable that the change management is not an isolated definition that has emerged by magic, nor is it the only result of a simple hierarchical decision of the organization heads, then for the launch and implementation of a transformation process is necessary for companies, institutions or organizations comply with general requirements, such as a management style that fosters communication and dialogue with a certain hierarchy of different levels [8]. Many companies wanted to manage the institutional change, obtaining different results, some had positive outcomes such as SONY which became the company most known for changing the image of poor quality that Japanese products had in the early fifties [4], negative results such as Eastern Airlines and other companies obtained an intermediate point with a general bias toward the bottom of the scale, according to an analysis of the last decade in a hundred companies, most remarkable is to learn the following two general lessons: In most successful cases the change process usually goes through many stages, which together require long time. Commit serious errors in any stage has a catastrophic effect, which reduces the speed and offset the improvements and effort that had been made [3]. 5.1 Common errors when you want to manage change in a company There are many common errors, but these are the eight most important according to Kotter and Cohen [4]: 5.1.1 Error 1. Not establishing the true importance and meaning of the urgent: to prevent this, motivation was used for transmission and communication of the impact of information technology and communication in society and in education. 5.2.2 Error 2. Not creating a sufficiently powerful direction coalition: It was created a multidisciplinary team consisting of a computer technician, a teacher who taught computer classes and two teachers who are currently students of the Master of Computer Education and Instructional Design program, which was done with the objective being successful in the plan. 5.2.3 Error 3. Lack of vision: To prevent this error, the transformation project was developed with a future image, relatively easily communicated to the members belonging to the institution, stating the necessary elements for developing the proposal. 5.2.4 Error 4. Communication level lower than required: It was spent considerable time and effort for preparing newsletters and exhibition workshops Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 99
  • 4. for obtaining the support of all participants in the institutional community. 5.2.5 Error 5. Do not remove obstacles to the new vision: It was involved all members of the institution as the process progressed, then they were encouraged to try new methods, develop new ideas and to provide leadership, with the only restriction that actions are adapted to the parameters of the overall vision. 5.2.6 Error 6. Not systematically develop a plan for short-term results: It was shown the progress of the graphic interface of the Blog, also wrote in a contest which won third place. 5.2.7 Error 7. Thinking about Victory too soon: The Educational Blog of the Unidad Educativa Bolivariana "Genarina Dugarte Contreras" is in a continuous process of construction and administration, as it lacks three to five years to achieve real consolidation and deep in all participants Institutional community (including students). 5.2.8 Error 8. Not recognize the changes in the culture of the organization: this is why it’s continuously spreading the importance of Education Blog for the Unit, because is part of the institution, using advertising billboards and social information network to show the importance of this tool and show how slogan is: Without the Educational Blog, Genarina is incomplete. Finally, it’s important to have a vision of the technological change process to reduce the proportion of errors. Making fewer mistakes usually makes the difference between success and failure [1]. 6 How to enable long-term success? To make a lasting success is important to have values and essential purposes that remain constant, while the strategies and practices must be adapted to a changing world [3]. Core values are important and durable statements of an organization, which have an intrinsic value and importance to its members, usually only takes three to five of them, for example Walt Disney has the following: No cynicism. Promote and disseminate the "American integrity values" Creativity, dreams and imagination. Obsessive attention to consistency and details. Conservation and Control of Disney magic [3]. For its part, the Educational Blog of the institution has as essential values: Permanent work Creativity and initiative Commitment to Education. It is necessary that the organization has a essential purpose, the main reason of the organization; in other words, the soul of the company, for example Walt Disney aims to make people happy [3]. While the purpose of Institutional Education Blog is: communicate information and share educational materials for a common benefit. A key aspect is setting BIG BOLD AND CRAZY goals (BBAC), based on a clearly articulated objective as an effective tool for stimulating progress and thus to obtain the commitment of everyone in the process because it is tangible, energizing, extraordinarily oriented achievement, so we wanted to make the transformation in a rural community of difficult access and communication problems. It is noteworthy that they should not to be confusion between core values and essential purposes and the latter with the BBAC [6]. To conclude, a key aspect of success is that the people involved trust the messages communicated, this is achieved through valid, precise, accurate and reliable means. Informal meetings were held and requested that questions be made in writing, answering all of them, even those with no logic (because as an agent of change must be responsive and patient at all times) and this it was achieved by increasing staff commitment to technological change [10]. 7 Balance in Change Management It is surprising that there are survivors of the conversion, in other words a change passed over them without they have passed through the change. It was amazing the change of thought when it was used Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 100
  • 5. the Blog as managers of technological restructuring, because members of the Educational Institution began to think and do things differently, so it can be stated that management was conceived to be handled differently than learning for using a machine or cure of the body disorders; it was handled within the framework of enabling a connection and balance of all elements of the proposed conversion [6]. It is essential to manage change so as to maintain constant conversations among people who lead the project and the organizations in which they are expected to put into practice new strategies, then it is essential to create an organizational environment which may cause the changes, considering the emotional connections that are commonly removed from the workplace but are essential for successful transformation [1]. According to popular wisdom, when you begin to work with personal that accept the vision, automatically it will be followed an achievement and a change in their behaviors and attitudes that will bring transformation commitment to the organization and the spiral of success will continue in the time. It’s possible that this has occurred in a institution, but is usual that not good effects occur, therefore we must involve all participants, for making possible the interest and winning attitude to the project, so that when announcing the program gets love, care and affection, ie, creating the new vision [3]. In the order of the previous ideas, it should be noted the existence of basic responsibilities among all participants which should safely assume these activities that are: setting the context for change and provide guidance, stimulate conversation, provide adequate resources to ensure consistency of messages, activities, policies and behaviors, provide opportunities for joint development, anticipate, identify and address personal problems, and develop the critical mass [1]. The REALITY is another matter, because there are employees who are unmotivated and skeptical of technological innovation, that is why the blog as a manager of restructuring was continuing a process of discussion with stakeholders of the institution, which was very difficult, especially with teachers who have been working there for more than fifteen years and the maintenance personnel, the former because they have rooted many beliefs and tricks, second by fear to use existing technologies, this produces a resistance to change , which was attacked in a meticulous [6]. 8 Conclusions The Blog as manager of corporate technological change led to the understanding of the origin and organizational learning process, based on the principle that the planned restructuring is not complete [5]. Consequently, it is noteworthy organizational learning in the perspective of transformation. Dixon difference between two models, considering that organizations can change in two ways: following a planned or static model. This was adopted by the institution at the beginning, but in the course of the project it was adopted a continuous model, because some of the things that characterizes the latter, according to the author, is the ability of continuous organizational restructuring resulting from the learning capacity of the organization, this implies that the Education Unit became a high learning ability, since it changed and will be continuously changing and not through specific exchange episodes, which is what characterizes organizations that are in accordance with planned model [2]. Blog mainstreaming in the educational institution allowed managing technological changes, stimulating the creativity of those involved, to put into play the initiative and expertise in a climate different from this common and encourages decision- making autonomy and control. The task was not and will not be easy, however the use of various strategies will help facilitate the learning processes involved and the greater reward is that there is and there will be a significant transformation for all participants of this beautiful project [7]. It is essential to consider that managing technological change means balancing a continuous system that changes through time. The difficulty is how to do it and how everyone will share a view about how they should interact the components in order to all members of the institution will trust that this transformation will bring a real and functional restructuring [3]. Finally, the change management in an educational institution within the framework of the Information Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 101
  • 6. and Communication Technologies should be possible, because we are currently in the Information and Knowledge Society, therefore it is learning the way for overcoming barriers. Learning hoe to learn and learning how to unlearn, and not having resistance to the changes needed to be adapted with the current dynamic, growing the project, with suggestions, trust, commitment with oneself, with the teaching, learning and education; do it with dedication and feeling, creativity and initiative, hard work, in conclusion make a joint effort and love which results in excellent results. References [1] Beer, M., Gestionar el Cambio y la Transición, Harvard Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto, Barcelona, 2003. [2] Dixon, N., The Organizational Learning Cycle, McGraw-Hill, 1994. [3] Gross, T., Pascale, R., Athos, A., Kotter, J., Collins, J., Porras, J., Duck, J., Martin, R., Strebel, P., Augustine, N., Schaffer, R. y Thomson, H., Gestión del cambio, Harvard Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto, Barcelona, 2000. [4] Kotter, J. y Cohen, D., Las claves del cambio, Harvard Business Essentials, Ediciones Deusto, España, 2003. [5] Kleiner A. y Roth G., El cambio basado en el aprendizaje, Oxford University Press México, México, 2001. [6] Richard Tanner Pascale, "Managing on the Edge: How the Smartest Companies Use Conflict to Stay Ahead" Touchstone Books, 1991. [7] Rojas O., Alonso J., Antúnez J., Orihuela J., Varela, J., Blogs. La conversación en Internet que está revolucionando medios, empresas y ciudadanos, Editorial ESIC, Madrid, 2005. [8] Stuart, B., Sistemas de Gestión del Conocimiento, Thomson Editores, Madrid, 2002. [9] Waddell, D. y Sohal, A., Resistance: a constructive tool for change management, Management Decision, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1998, pp.543-548. [10] Potts, R. y Lamarsh J., Cómo gestionar el cambio con éxito, BLUME EMPRESA, Singapur, 2004. Advances in E-Activities, Information Security and Privacy ISBN: 978-960-474-258-5 102