1.
Functions in Pythonarguments, lambdas, decorators, generators

2.
Defining simple functions:>>> def my_func():... print "Inside my function"...>>> my_func()Inside my function

3.
Function with arguments - basics>>> def func_with_args(a, b):... print a: , a... print b: , b...>>> func_with_args(5, c)a: 5b: c

4.
Two types of arguments● positional - arguments order matters >>> func_with_args(5, c) a: 5 b: c● keyword - argument name matters func_with_args(b=5, a=c) a: c b: 5

5.
Mixing position and keywordarguments>>> def func_with_args(a, b, c):... print a, b, c...>>> func_with_args(1, c=3, b=2)123>>> func_with_args(a=1, 3, b=2) File "<stdin>", line 1SyntaxError: non-keyword arg after keyword arg

6.
Passing attributes - old style>>> func_with_args(1, 2, 3) # standart call123>>> apply(func_with_args, [1, 2, 3]) # positional123>>> apply(func_with_args, [], {a: 1, c: 3, b: 2}) # keywords123>>> apply(func_with_args, [1], {c: 3, b: 2}) # mixed123

7.
Passing attributes - new style>>> func_with_args(*[1, 2, 3]) # positional123>>> func_with_args(**{b: 2, a: 1, c: 3}) # keywords123>>> func_with_args(*[1], **{b: 2, c: 3}) # mixed123>>> func_with_args(*[1], **{b: 2, a: 1, c: 3})TypeError: func_with_args() got multiple values for keywordargument a

8.
Function arguments revisited>>> def f(*args, **kwargs):... print args... print kwargs>>> f()(){}>>> f(1,2,3)(1, 2, 3){}>>> f(a=1, c=3, b=2)(){a: 1, c: 3, b: 2}>>> f(1, b=2, c=3)(1,){c: 3, b: 2}

9.
Default arguments>>> def func(a=5):... print a>>> func()5>>> func(6)6>>> func()5

10.
Default arguments - part II>>> def func(a=[]):... print a>>> func()[]>>> func([a])[a]>>> func()[]

11.
Default arguments - part III>>> def func(a=[]):... a = a * 5... print a>>> func()[]>>> func()[]>>> func([1])[1, 1, 1, 1, 1]>>> func()[]

12.
Default arguments - part IV - problem>>> def func(a=[]):... a.append(2)... print a>>> func()[2]>>> func()[2, 2]>>> func([1])[1, 2]>>> func()[2, 2, 2]

13.
Default arguments - part V - solution>>> def func(a=None):... a = a or []... a.append(2)... print a...>>> func()[2]>>> func()[2]

14.
Preloading arguments>>> def func(a, b, c):... print a, b, c>>> import functools>>> func_preloader = functools.partial(func, a=5, c=3)>>> func_preloader()TypeError: func() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given)>>> func_preloader(b=2)523

15.
Preloading arguments - mixing>>> def func(a, b, c):... print a, b, c>>> import functools>>> func_preloader = functools.partial(func, a=5, c=3)>>> func_preloader(2)TypeError: func() got multiple values for keyword argument a

16.
Python introspection""" In computing, type introspection is the ability of aprogram to examine the type or properties of an objectat runtime. """ Wikipedia - Type Introspection

17.
Introspection basics>>> def func(a, b, c):... """ Just an example how introspection works """... pass>>> help(func)Help on function func in module __main__:func(a, b, c) Just an example how introspection works

18.
Methods related to introspection● type(var) # show the type of the object● dir(var) # lists objects methods and attributes● id(var) # return object specific identificator● getattr(obj, <attribute name>, <default value>)● hasattr(obj, <attribute name>)● globals()● locals()● callable(obj) # returns True if the object is callable

19.
Lambda functions>>> f = lambda x,y: x+y>>> f(1,2)3>>> f = lambda x,y=[]: x+y>>> f([1])[1]>>> f([1], [2])[1, 2]

20.
Lambdas and print# Python 2.7.3>>> a = lambda x: print x # print is a statement File "<stdin>", line 1 a = lambda x: print xLambdas can not contain statements# Python 3.2.3>>> f = lambda x: print(x) # print is a function>>> f(5)5

21.
Lambdas usage>>> map(lambda x: x**2, range(5))[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]>>> [x**2 for x in range(5)][0, 1, 4, 9, 16]>>> reduce(lambda a, x: a+x, range(5))10Avoid using lambdas and check Guido van Rossums visionfor lambdas http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=98196

22.
Generatorsyield x # Generator function send protocol>>> def a():... yield 5... yield 6... yield 7>>> a()<generator object a at 0x158caa0>>>> a()<generator object a at 0x158caa0>

23.
Generators - range vs xrange>>> range(10**10)Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>MemoryError>>> xrange(10**10)xrange(10000000000)# range has been replaced by xrange in Python 3.x

24.
Creating generators>>> def fib():... a, b = 0, 1... while True:... yield a, b... a, b = b, a+b...>>> g = fib()>>> g<generator object fib at 0x19b4be0>

25.
Creating generators>>> g.next()(0, 1)>>> g.next()(1, 1)>>> g.next()(1, 2)>>> g.next()(2, 3)

26.
Exhausting generators>>> def cubes(n):... for i in range(n):... yield i**3>>> c = cubes(3)>>> c.next() # 0>>> c.next() # 1>>> c.next() # 8>>> c.next()Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>StopIteration

27.
Generators and comprehension lists>>> def cubes(n):... for i in range(n):... yield i**3...>>> [a for a in cubes(3)][0, 1, 8]

28.
Generators and the send method>>> def waiting_for_input():... i = 0... while True:... i = yield i**3...>>> f = waiting_for_input()>>> f.next() # 0>>> f.send(8) # 512>>> f.send(10) # 1000>>> f.send(12) # 1728

29.
Decorators>>> def decorator(func):... print Entering decorator... return func...>>> @decorator... def f():... print Executing F...Entering decorator>>> f()Executing F

30.
Decorators simplified>>> def decorator(func):... print Entering decorator... return func...>>> @decorator... def f():... print Executing F# Using the decorator above is the same as using:>>> f = decorator(f)

31.
Functions as Decorators>>> def decorator(func):... def wrap():... print Calling function %s % func.__name__... func()... print Exiting decorator... return wrap...>>> @decorator... def f():... print Executing F...>>> f()Calling function fExecuting FExiting decorator

32.
Functions as decorators - part II>>> def decorator(func):... def wrap(a, b, c):... print Function f called with %s, %s, %s % (a, b, c)... return func(a, b, c)... return wrap...>>> @decorator... def f(a, b, c):... return a + b + c...>>> f(1, 2, 3)Function f called with 1, 2, 36

33.
Classes as decorators>>> class decorator(object):... def __init__(self, func):... print Initializing decorator... self.func = func... def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):... print Calling method... return self.func(*args, **kwargs)>>> @decorator... def f(a, b, c):... return a + b + c...Initializing decorator>>> f(1, 2, 3)Calling method6

34.
Decorators with arguments>>> def decorator(debug=False):... def wrap(func):... def f_wrap(a, b, c):... if debug:... print Function f called with %s, %s, %s % (a,b, c)... return func(a, b, c)... return f_wrap... return wrap

35.
Decorators with arguments>>> @decorator(debug=True)... def f(a, b, c):... return a + b + c...>>> f(1, 2, 3)Function f called with 1, 2, 36>>> @decorator(debug=False)... def f(a, b, c):... return a + b + c...>>> f(1, 2, 3)6

36.
Q&A

37.
Problems to solve1) Create a function that accept both positional andkeyword arguments and returns their sum2) Create a generator that implements a dice that "brokes"after the 10th roll3) Create a decorator that converts letters to numberaccording to their position in the alphabet and combine itwith the solution of problem #1. When converting letters tonumbers make them lowercase and count from 0 i.e. a==0,b==1.

38.
About Meeng. Ilian Iliev● Web Developer for 9+ years● Python/Django fan for 3+ years● ilian@i-n-i.org● http://ilian.i-n-i.org● https://github.com/IlianIliev/