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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. III (May. – Jun. 2016), PP 01-11
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid through Fifteen-
Level Inverter
J. Percy Divya1
, Dr. N. Visali 2
1
(Department of EEE, JNTUACEP, India)
2
(Department of EEE, JNTUACEP, India)
Abstract: In this paper, a fifteen-level inverter is developed and applied for injecting the real power of the
renewable power into the grid to reduce the switching power loss, harmonic distortion and electromagnetic
interference caused by the switching operation of power electronic devices. The input of the dual-buck converter
is two dc capacitor voltage sources. The objective is to develop a low cost, reliable and efficient photovoltaic
power supply unit for domestic applications. A fifteen level cascaded H-Bridge configuration using low voltage
MOSFETs as switching devices is used. This configuration results in sinusoidal output voltages with step
modulation and fundamental frequency switching. The proposed configuration will reduce conduction loss and
switching loss. Simple gate drive circuit is designed using commonly available integrated circuit components.
The output voltage of the dual-buck converter supplies to the full-bridge inverter. The fifteen-level output
waveforms are very nearer to the pure sinusoidal output waveforms. The power electronic switches of the full-
bridge inverter are switched in low frequency synchronous with the utility voltage to convert the output voltage
of the dual-buck converter to a fifteen-level ac voltage. The output current of the fifteen-level inverter is
controlled to generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to inject into the grid. The
simulation is done by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Keywords: Cascaded multilevel inverter, Developed H-bridge, Harmonic distortion, inverters, power
electronics, multilevel inverter.
I. Introduction
The full-bridge inverter is configured by two power electronic arms. The popular modulation strategies
or the full-bridge inverter are bipolar modulation and uni-polar modulation. The dc bus voltage of the full-bridge
inverter must be higher than the peak voltage of the output ac voltage. The output ac voltage of the full-bridge
inverter is two levels if the bipolar modulation is used and three levels if the uni-polar modulation is used. The
conventional single-phase inverter topologies for grid connection include half-bridge and full bridge. The half-
bridge inverter is configured by one capacitor arm and one power electronic arm. The dc bus voltage of the
half-bridge inverter must be higher than double of the peak voltage of the output ac voltage. The output ac
voltage of the half-bridge inverter is two levels. The voltage jump of each switching is the dc bus voltage of the
inverter.
Multilevel inverter can effectively reduce the voltage jump of each switching operation to reduce the
switching loss and increase power efficiency. The number of power electronic switches used in the multilevel
inverter is larger than that used in the conventional half-bridge and full-bridge inverters. Moreover, its control
circuit is more complicated. Thus, both the performance and complexity should be considered in designing the
multilevel inverter. However, interest in the multilevel inverter has been aroused due to its advantages of better
power efficiency, lower switching harmonics, and a smaller filter inductor compared with the conventional half-
bridge and full-bridge inverters. The voltage jump of each switching is double the dc bus voltage of the inverter
if the bipolar modulation is used, and it is the dc bus voltage of the inverter if the uni-polar modulation is used.
All power electronic switches operate in high switching frequency in both half-bridge and full bridge inverters.
The switching operation will result in switching loss. The loss of power electronic switch includes the
switching loss and the conduction loss. The conduction loss depends on the handling power of power electronic
switch. The switching loss is proportional to the switching frequency, voltage jump of each switching and the
current of the power electronic switches. The power efficiency can be advanced if the switching loss of the dc–
ac inverter is reduced.Two diodes are used to conduct the current loop and four power electronic switches are
used to control the voltage levels. Fig. 1(a) shows the circuit configuration of the basic cascade H-bridge
multilevel inverter with five-level inverter. Fig. 1(b) shows the circuit configuration of the basic cascade H-
bridge multilevel inverter with fifteen-level inverter.
Multilevel inverters can synthesize higher voltages using devices of lower voltage rating. An N- level
inverter output phase voltage will have N levels. The wave shape and the THD of the output voltage improve as
the number of levels increase. Multilevel inverters can be used as an alternative configuration for the dc to ac
inverter in photovoltaic applications. Diode clamp inverter, cascaded H-bridge inverter and flying capacitor type
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
inverter are the three widely used configurations of multilevel inverters [1]. Cascaded H –bridge inverter power
circuit is simple and uses least number of power circuit components among these three configurations. Also
cascaded H –bridge is ideally suited for systems such as photovoltaic where isolated input dc source is available
(a)
(b)
Fig.1. Circuit configuration of conventional single-phase Cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. (a)Five-level.
(b)Fifteen-level.
The fifteen-level inverter generates an output voltage with fifteen levels and applies in the output stage
of the renewable power generation system to generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to
inject into the grid. The power electronic switches of the dual-buck converter are switched in high frequency to
generate a three-level voltage and balance the two input dc voltages. The power electronic switches of the full-
bridge inverter are switched in low frequency synchronous with the utility to convert the output voltage of the
dual-buck converter to a fifteen-level ac voltage. Therefore, the switching power loss, harmonic distortion, and
electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by the switching operation of power electronic devices can be
reduced, and the control circuit is simplified. Besides, the capacity of output filter can be reduced.
Circuit diagram of a fifteen-level proposed inverter is shown in fig.1 (b). It has twenty switches and
seven voltage sources. Required fifteen-level is generated by switches S1 to S16 and required polarity (fifteen-
level output voltage with positive or negative polarity) is generated by switches S17 to S20. Switches S17 and
S18 will produce positive half cycle output voltage and the switches S19 and S20 will produce negative half
cycle output voltage.
II. Circuit Configuration
Fig. 2 shows the circuit configuration of the fifteen-level inverter applied to a photovoltaic power
generation system. As can be seen, it is configured by a solar cell array, a dc–dc converter, a fifteen-level
inverter, two switches and a digital signal processor (DSP)-based controller. Switches SW1 and SW2 are
placed between the fifteen-level inverter and the utility andwhen islanding operation occurs, they are used to
disconnect the photovoltaic power generation system from the utility. The load is placed between switches
SW1 and SW2.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
Fig.2.Circuit configuration of the developed photovoltaic power generation system.
The output of the solar cell array is connected to the input port of the dc–dc converter. The output
port of the dc–dc converter is connected to the fifteen-level inverter. The dc–dc converter is a boost converter,
which performs the functions of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and boosting the output voltage of
the solar cell array. This fifteen-level inverter is configured by two dc capacitors, a buck converter, a full-
bridge inverter and a filter. An inductor is placed at the output of the fullbridge inverter to form as a filter
inductor for filtering out thehigh-frequency switching harmonic generated by the buckconverter.
III. Operation Principle Of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter
3.1. Working Principle
Fig.3 shows the single cell of multilevel-cascaded H-bridge configuration. The output of this cell will
have three levels namely +V, 0 and –V. The switch position and the output voltage and the state of the H-
Bridge are given in table I. using one single H-Bridge, a three level inverter can be realized. These H-Bridge
cells can be connected in cascade to obtain multilevel-cascaded H-Bridge inverter. If V is the dc voltage of
each H –bridge cell, then a five level inverter phase voltage will have five levels namely +2V, +V, 0, -V and –
2V. Similarly seven level inverter will have +3V, +2V, +V, 0, -V, -2V and -3V. A five-level cascaded H-
Bridge inverter requires two H-Bridges. A seven-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter requires three H-Bridges.
In general N-level inverter requires (N-1)/2 H-Bridge cells in each phase and phase voltage will have N
levels.
Fig.3. Power circuit of single H-Bridge cell
TABLE I: SWITCH STATUS AND STATE OF H-BRIDGE
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
3.2. Features of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter
 Higher voltage levels can be synthesized using devices of low voltage rating. If V is the dc voltage of
each of the H-Bridge cell, then each device will experience a off state voltage of V volts and a N-level
cascaded H–Bridge can synthesize peak-to-peak voltage of (N*V) volts.
 Phase voltage of an N–level cascaded H-Bridge will have N levels; hence wave shape will be improved
and will result in improved THD.
 Improved wave shape can be obtained even with fundamental frequency switching and step modulation.
Low switching frequency will result in reduced switching loss in the devices. The switching angle of each
cell can be selected to eliminate some of the lower order harmonics.
 In the above explanation, cascaded H-bridge will equal voltages are employed. However cells with
different voltages can also be used. By proper selection of the voltage levels, some of the lower order
harmonics can be eliminated.
 Modular structure makes the power circuit design simple and reliable. Under fault conditions, faulty cells
can be bypassed and still the inverter will function with reduced output voltage levels. Since the cells are
identical, faulty unit can be replaced quickly and downtime of the inverter can be reduced; hence high
reliability can be achieved.
 Since the voltage across each cell is V volt, low voltage MOSFETs with high current rating can be used.
Low voltage rating MOSFETs will have low𝑅 𝐷𝑆(𝑜𝑛), so the conduction loss will be low.
3.3. Modulation Technique
The conventional photovoltaic power supply systems use two level inverters. The two level inverters
employ PWM technique and generally switched at high frequency to get improved output voltage waveform.
High switching frequency will result in increased switching losses in the device and also give rise to EMI
problems. Compared to two-level inverter, multilevel inverter can generate near sinusoidal output voltages at
fundamental frequency switching with step modulation.
Fig.4. Output voltage and load current of the three-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter with step modulation
and fundamental frequency switching
In order to study the harmonics and the THD of the output voltage and load current, multilevel
inverters with N (where N is odd) varying from 3 to 21 are simulated using MATLABSIMULINK toolbox.
Step modulation with fundamental frequency switching is employed. Single-phase 2KVA R-L load with 0.8
power factor is assumed. The output waveforms of three-level is shown in fig. 4.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Fig.5. Power Circuit of fifteen level cascaded H –bridge inverter
Taking into consideration the voltage levels of the photovoltaic cell and the storage batteries of the
proposed system, a fifteen level-cascaded H-Bridge inverter is proposed. The power circuit of the proposed
fifteen level cascaded H-Bridge inverter is shown in Fig.5. The weighted THD of the phase voltage,𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 ,
defined in (1), can be taken as a measure of waveform quality. In (1), 𝑉1 is the rms value of the fundamental, h
is the harmonic order and 𝑉ℎ is the rms value of the ℎ𝑡ℎ
harmonic component.
𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 =
𝑉ℎ ℎ 2
𝑉1
(1)
From the FFT data the𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 of the phase voltage is computed using (1). It can be observed that
𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 is less than 0.5% for N>11.
IV. Control Block Diagram
The developed photovoltaic power generation system consists of a dc–dc power converter and the
fifteen-level inverter. The dc–dc converter boosts the output voltage of the solar cell array and performs the
MPPT to extract the maximum output power of the solar cell array. The controllers of both the dc–dc
converter and the fifteen-level inverter are explained as follows.
4.1. Fifteen-Level Inverter
Fig. 6 shows the control block diagram of fifteen-level inverter. Besides, the fifteen-level inverter
must generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to be injected into the utility. The
subtracted result is sent to a P-I controller.
As seen in Fig. 6, the utility current is detected and sent to an RMS detection circuit. The output of
the RMS detection circuit is sent to a hysteresis comparator that contains a low threshold value and a high
threshold value. The output of the hysteresis comparator is sent to a signal generator. The utility voltage is
detected and then sent to a phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit to generate a unity-amplitude sinusoidal signal
whose phase is in phase with the utility voltage. The outputs of the multiplier and the PLL circuit are sent to
the other multiplier. The output of the current-mode controller is sent to a PWM circuit to generate a PWM
signal. Therefore, the fifteen-level inverter can reduce the switching loss effectively.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Fig.6. Control block diagram of fifteen-level inverter.
4.2. DC–DC Converter
Fig. 7 shows the control block of the dc–dc converter. The input of the dc–dc converter is the output
of the solar cell array. The function of MPPT will be degraded, while the output voltage of solar cell array
contains a ripple voltage. Since the output voltage of the dc–dc converter is the dc bus voltage that is
controlled to be a constant voltage by the fifteen-level inverter, the outer voltage control loop is used to
regulate the output voltage of the solar cell array. The perturbation and observation method is adopted to
obtain the function of MPPT, and it is incorporated into the controller of the dc–dc converter. The output of
the MPPT controller is the desired output voltage of the solar cell array, and it is the reference voltage of the
outer voltage control loop.
Fig.7. Control block of the dc–dc converter.
The detected output voltage and desired output voltage of the solar cell array are sent to a subtractor,
and the subtracted result is sent to a P-I controller. The output of the P-I controller is the reference signal of
the inner current control loop. The reference signal and the detected inductor current are sent to a subtractor,
and the subtracted result is sent to an amplifier to complete the inner current control loop. The output of the
amplifier is sent to the PWM circuit. The output signal of the PWM circuit is the driving signal for the power
electronic switch of the dc–dc converter.
V. Simulation Results
The proposed fifteen-level inverter is simulated in MATLAB-SIMULINK toolbox. The main
parameters of the simulation are listed in Table II. The solar cell array consists of two strings and each string
contains eight solar modules connected in series. The capacity of solar cell array is 1.2 kW.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
TABLE II: MAJOR PARAMETERS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS
Fig.8. Matlab circuit diagram for proposed fifteen-level inverter
Fig.9. Matlab control circuit diagram for fifteen-level inverter and DC-DC converter
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Fig.10. Simulation results of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Utility voltage. (b) Output current of the fifteen-
level inverter. (c) DC capacitor voltage VC2. (d) DC capacitor voltageVC3
Fig.11. Simulation results for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic power generation system. (a)
Voltage ripples of dc capacitor C2. (b) Voltage ripples of dc capacitor C3. (c) Output voltage ripple of solar
cell array. (d) Inductor current ripple of dc–dc converter.
Fig.12. Simulation results for full-bridge inverter of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Output current of the full-
bridge inverter io. (b) Input current of the full bridge inverter idc. (c) Driver signal of S4.(d) Driver signal ofS5.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Fig.13. Simulation results of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Utility voltage. (b) Output voltage of the full-bridge
inverter. (c) Output voltage of the dual buck converter.
Fig.14. Simulation results for the developed photovoltaic power generation system under the distorted utility
voltage. (a) Utility Voltage. (b) Output current of the fifteen-level inverter.
Fig.15. Harmonic spectra of utility voltage (peak value) of fifteen – level cascaded H-Bridge inverter
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Fig.16. Harmonic spectra of output current(peak value) of fifteen – level cascaded H-Bridge inverter
Fig. 10(b) shows the output current of the nine-level inverter is sinusoidal and in phase with the utility
voltage. The total harmonic distortion (THD %) of the utility voltage and the output current of the fifteen-level
inverter are 0.03 and 0.53%, respectively. As seen in Fig 10(c) and 10(d), both dc capacitor voltages VC2 and
VC3 remain in balance and their voltage is about 42.5V, respectively. Therefore, the dc bus voltage is regulated
at 85 V. This verifies the fifteen-level inverter can perform the functions of converting solar power to ac power
with unity power factor, low THD%, and balancing two dc capacitor voltages effectively. Since dc capacitors
C2 and C3 perform the function of energy buffers, both dc capacitor voltages VC2 and VC3 contain a 120-Hz
voltage ripple.
Fig. 11 shows the simulation results for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic power
generation system. Fig. 11(a) and 11(b) show the peak-to-peak value of the voltage ripple at dc capacitors C2
and C3 are about 4V. As seen in Fig. 11(c), the peak-to-peak value of the voltage ripple at the solar cell array is
only about 1.6 V. Fig. 11(d) shows the ripple of the inductor current is very small due to the use of the current
mode control. In this way, the output voltage of the solar cell array can be more stable.
This verifies that the developed control method for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic
power generation system can effectively block the voltage ripple of fifteen -level inverter delivering to the
output voltage of the solar cell array. Fig. 12 shows the simulation results for the full-bridge inverter of the
fifteen-level inverter. As can be seen, the input current idc of the full-bridge inverter shown in Fig. 12(b) is the
absolute of the output current of the full-bridge inverter shown in Fig. 12(a). As seen in Fig. 12(c)and 12(d), the
switch frequency of the power electronic switches S10 and S11 is 60 Hz. This verifies the power electronic
switches of the full-bridge inverter are switched in low frequency, and the full-bridge inverter can convert the dc
power into ac power by commutating.
Fig. 13 shows the simulation voltage of the fifteen -level inverter. As seen in Fig. 13(c), the dual-buck
converter outputs a DC voltage with nine levels 4Vdc, 3Vdc, 2Vdc, Vdc, 0, -Vdc, -2Vdc, -3Vdc and -4Vdc Fig.
13(b) shows the output voltage of the buck converter is further converted to an ac voltage with fifteen voltage
levels 7Vdc, 6Vdc, 5Vdc, 4Vdc, 3Vdc, 2Vdc, Vdc, 0, -Vdc, -2Vdc, -3Vdc, -4Vdc, -5Vdc, -6Vdc, and -7Vdc by
the full-bridge inverter. The voltage variation of each level is Vdc. This verified that the fifteen -level inverter
can generate a fifteen-level output ac voltage according to the utility voltage and only the power electronic
switches of the buck Converter is switched in high frequency. Fig. 13 shows the simulation results for the
developed photovoltaic power generation system under the distorted utility voltage.
As seen in Fig.14 (a), the utility voltage is distorted, .As seen in Fig. 14(b), the output current of the
five-level inverter is still close to sinusoidal, and its THD% is only 053% and the power factor is 0.99. This
project verifies the five-level inverter can control the output current with low THD% even when the utility
voltage is distorted.As seen in Fig.15 THD% of utility voltage is 0.03% and in Fig.16 output current THD% of
fifteen-level inverter is 0.53%. By using fifteen-level inverter for conversion of power, THD% of output current
and utility voltage decreases.
Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
VI. Conclusion
A fifteen-level cascaded H-Bridge based power supply unit is proposed. The simulation results are
presented. A photovoltaic power generation system with a fifteen-level inverter is developed in this paper.
The fifteen-level inverter can perform the functions of regulating the dc bus voltage, converting solar power to
ac power with sinusoidal current and in phase with the utility voltage, balancing the two dc capacitor voltages,
and detecting islanding operation. Output voltage has fifteen-level and the wave shape is near sinusoidal. The
simulation results verify the developed photovoltaic power generation system, and the fifteen-level inverter
achieves the expected performance. Modular structure will help in duplicating each unit. Hence for higher
power rating a three phase cascaded H-Bridge can be realized. The total harmonic distortion (THD %) of the
utility voltage and the output current of the five-level inverter are 4.1% and 3.3%, respectively. But, the total
harmonic distortion (THD %) of the utility voltage and the output current of the fifteen-level inverter are
0.03% and 0.53%, respectively.
References
[1] D. Puyal, L. A. Barragan, J. Acero, J. M. Burdio, and I. Millan, “An FPGA-based digital modulator for full- or half-bridge
inverter control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1479–1483, Sep. 2006.
[2] O. Lopez, F. D. Freijedo, A. G. Yepes, P. Fernandez-Comesaa, J. Malvar, R. Teodorescu, and J. Doval-Gandoy, “Eliminating
ground current in a transformer less photovoltaic application, ”IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 140–147, Mar.
2010.
[3] B. R. Lin and C. L. Huang, “Implementation of a Shunt-series compensator for nonlinear and voltage sensitive load,” in Proc.
IEEE Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., 2006, pp. 1–5.
[4] U. S. Selamogullari, D. A. Torrey, and S. Salon, “A systems approach for a stand-alone residential fuel cell power inverter
design,”IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 741–749, Sep. 2010.
[5] J. Gafford, M. Mazzola, J. Robbins, and G. Molen, “A multi-kilowatt highfrequency ac-link inverter for conversion of low-
voltage dc to utility power voltages,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2008, pp. 3707–3712.
[6] T. H. Ai, J. F. Chen, and T. J. Liang, “A random switching method for HPWM full-bridge inverter,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 595–597, Jun. 2002.
[7] C. Y. Chen, Y. H. Lin, J. F. Chen, and R. L. Lin, “Design and implementation of DSP-based voltage frequency conversion
system,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Comput. Commun. Control Autom., May 2010, pp. 435–438.
[8] M. Chithra and S. G. B. Dasan, “Analysis of cascaded H bridge multilevel inverters with photovoltaic arrays,” in Proc. Int. Conf.
Emerging Trends Elect. Comput. Technol., Mar. 2011, pp. 442–447.
[9] N. Yousefpoor, S. H. Fathi, N. Farokhnia, and S. H. Sadeghi, “Application of OHSW technique in cascaded multi-level inverter
with adjustable dc sources,” inProc. Int. Conf. Electric Power Energy Convers. Syst., 2009, pp. 1–6.
[10] S. De, D. Banerjee, K. Siva Kumar, K. Gopakumar, R. Ramchand, and C. Patel, “Multilevel inverters for low-power application,
”IET Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 384–392, Apr. 2011.

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A1103030111

  • 1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. III (May. – Jun. 2016), PP 01-11 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid through Fifteen- Level Inverter J. Percy Divya1 , Dr. N. Visali 2 1 (Department of EEE, JNTUACEP, India) 2 (Department of EEE, JNTUACEP, India) Abstract: In this paper, a fifteen-level inverter is developed and applied for injecting the real power of the renewable power into the grid to reduce the switching power loss, harmonic distortion and electromagnetic interference caused by the switching operation of power electronic devices. The input of the dual-buck converter is two dc capacitor voltage sources. The objective is to develop a low cost, reliable and efficient photovoltaic power supply unit for domestic applications. A fifteen level cascaded H-Bridge configuration using low voltage MOSFETs as switching devices is used. This configuration results in sinusoidal output voltages with step modulation and fundamental frequency switching. The proposed configuration will reduce conduction loss and switching loss. Simple gate drive circuit is designed using commonly available integrated circuit components. The output voltage of the dual-buck converter supplies to the full-bridge inverter. The fifteen-level output waveforms are very nearer to the pure sinusoidal output waveforms. The power electronic switches of the full- bridge inverter are switched in low frequency synchronous with the utility voltage to convert the output voltage of the dual-buck converter to a fifteen-level ac voltage. The output current of the fifteen-level inverter is controlled to generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to inject into the grid. The simulation is done by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Keywords: Cascaded multilevel inverter, Developed H-bridge, Harmonic distortion, inverters, power electronics, multilevel inverter. I. Introduction The full-bridge inverter is configured by two power electronic arms. The popular modulation strategies or the full-bridge inverter are bipolar modulation and uni-polar modulation. The dc bus voltage of the full-bridge inverter must be higher than the peak voltage of the output ac voltage. The output ac voltage of the full-bridge inverter is two levels if the bipolar modulation is used and three levels if the uni-polar modulation is used. The conventional single-phase inverter topologies for grid connection include half-bridge and full bridge. The half- bridge inverter is configured by one capacitor arm and one power electronic arm. The dc bus voltage of the half-bridge inverter must be higher than double of the peak voltage of the output ac voltage. The output ac voltage of the half-bridge inverter is two levels. The voltage jump of each switching is the dc bus voltage of the inverter. Multilevel inverter can effectively reduce the voltage jump of each switching operation to reduce the switching loss and increase power efficiency. The number of power electronic switches used in the multilevel inverter is larger than that used in the conventional half-bridge and full-bridge inverters. Moreover, its control circuit is more complicated. Thus, both the performance and complexity should be considered in designing the multilevel inverter. However, interest in the multilevel inverter has been aroused due to its advantages of better power efficiency, lower switching harmonics, and a smaller filter inductor compared with the conventional half- bridge and full-bridge inverters. The voltage jump of each switching is double the dc bus voltage of the inverter if the bipolar modulation is used, and it is the dc bus voltage of the inverter if the uni-polar modulation is used. All power electronic switches operate in high switching frequency in both half-bridge and full bridge inverters. The switching operation will result in switching loss. The loss of power electronic switch includes the switching loss and the conduction loss. The conduction loss depends on the handling power of power electronic switch. The switching loss is proportional to the switching frequency, voltage jump of each switching and the current of the power electronic switches. The power efficiency can be advanced if the switching loss of the dc– ac inverter is reduced.Two diodes are used to conduct the current loop and four power electronic switches are used to control the voltage levels. Fig. 1(a) shows the circuit configuration of the basic cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter with five-level inverter. Fig. 1(b) shows the circuit configuration of the basic cascade H- bridge multilevel inverter with fifteen-level inverter. Multilevel inverters can synthesize higher voltages using devices of lower voltage rating. An N- level inverter output phase voltage will have N levels. The wave shape and the THD of the output voltage improve as the number of levels increase. Multilevel inverters can be used as an alternative configuration for the dc to ac inverter in photovoltaic applications. Diode clamp inverter, cascaded H-bridge inverter and flying capacitor type
  • 2. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page inverter are the three widely used configurations of multilevel inverters [1]. Cascaded H –bridge inverter power circuit is simple and uses least number of power circuit components among these three configurations. Also cascaded H –bridge is ideally suited for systems such as photovoltaic where isolated input dc source is available (a) (b) Fig.1. Circuit configuration of conventional single-phase Cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. (a)Five-level. (b)Fifteen-level. The fifteen-level inverter generates an output voltage with fifteen levels and applies in the output stage of the renewable power generation system to generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to inject into the grid. The power electronic switches of the dual-buck converter are switched in high frequency to generate a three-level voltage and balance the two input dc voltages. The power electronic switches of the full- bridge inverter are switched in low frequency synchronous with the utility to convert the output voltage of the dual-buck converter to a fifteen-level ac voltage. Therefore, the switching power loss, harmonic distortion, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by the switching operation of power electronic devices can be reduced, and the control circuit is simplified. Besides, the capacity of output filter can be reduced. Circuit diagram of a fifteen-level proposed inverter is shown in fig.1 (b). It has twenty switches and seven voltage sources. Required fifteen-level is generated by switches S1 to S16 and required polarity (fifteen- level output voltage with positive or negative polarity) is generated by switches S17 to S20. Switches S17 and S18 will produce positive half cycle output voltage and the switches S19 and S20 will produce negative half cycle output voltage. II. Circuit Configuration Fig. 2 shows the circuit configuration of the fifteen-level inverter applied to a photovoltaic power generation system. As can be seen, it is configured by a solar cell array, a dc–dc converter, a fifteen-level inverter, two switches and a digital signal processor (DSP)-based controller. Switches SW1 and SW2 are placed between the fifteen-level inverter and the utility andwhen islanding operation occurs, they are used to disconnect the photovoltaic power generation system from the utility. The load is placed between switches SW1 and SW2.
  • 3. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page Fig.2.Circuit configuration of the developed photovoltaic power generation system. The output of the solar cell array is connected to the input port of the dc–dc converter. The output port of the dc–dc converter is connected to the fifteen-level inverter. The dc–dc converter is a boost converter, which performs the functions of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and boosting the output voltage of the solar cell array. This fifteen-level inverter is configured by two dc capacitors, a buck converter, a full- bridge inverter and a filter. An inductor is placed at the output of the fullbridge inverter to form as a filter inductor for filtering out thehigh-frequency switching harmonic generated by the buckconverter. III. Operation Principle Of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter 3.1. Working Principle Fig.3 shows the single cell of multilevel-cascaded H-bridge configuration. The output of this cell will have three levels namely +V, 0 and –V. The switch position and the output voltage and the state of the H- Bridge are given in table I. using one single H-Bridge, a three level inverter can be realized. These H-Bridge cells can be connected in cascade to obtain multilevel-cascaded H-Bridge inverter. If V is the dc voltage of each H –bridge cell, then a five level inverter phase voltage will have five levels namely +2V, +V, 0, -V and – 2V. Similarly seven level inverter will have +3V, +2V, +V, 0, -V, -2V and -3V. A five-level cascaded H- Bridge inverter requires two H-Bridges. A seven-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter requires three H-Bridges. In general N-level inverter requires (N-1)/2 H-Bridge cells in each phase and phase voltage will have N levels. Fig.3. Power circuit of single H-Bridge cell TABLE I: SWITCH STATUS AND STATE OF H-BRIDGE
  • 4. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page 3.2. Features of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter  Higher voltage levels can be synthesized using devices of low voltage rating. If V is the dc voltage of each of the H-Bridge cell, then each device will experience a off state voltage of V volts and a N-level cascaded H–Bridge can synthesize peak-to-peak voltage of (N*V) volts.  Phase voltage of an N–level cascaded H-Bridge will have N levels; hence wave shape will be improved and will result in improved THD.  Improved wave shape can be obtained even with fundamental frequency switching and step modulation. Low switching frequency will result in reduced switching loss in the devices. The switching angle of each cell can be selected to eliminate some of the lower order harmonics.  In the above explanation, cascaded H-bridge will equal voltages are employed. However cells with different voltages can also be used. By proper selection of the voltage levels, some of the lower order harmonics can be eliminated.  Modular structure makes the power circuit design simple and reliable. Under fault conditions, faulty cells can be bypassed and still the inverter will function with reduced output voltage levels. Since the cells are identical, faulty unit can be replaced quickly and downtime of the inverter can be reduced; hence high reliability can be achieved.  Since the voltage across each cell is V volt, low voltage MOSFETs with high current rating can be used. Low voltage rating MOSFETs will have low𝑅 𝐷𝑆(𝑜𝑛), so the conduction loss will be low. 3.3. Modulation Technique The conventional photovoltaic power supply systems use two level inverters. The two level inverters employ PWM technique and generally switched at high frequency to get improved output voltage waveform. High switching frequency will result in increased switching losses in the device and also give rise to EMI problems. Compared to two-level inverter, multilevel inverter can generate near sinusoidal output voltages at fundamental frequency switching with step modulation. Fig.4. Output voltage and load current of the three-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter with step modulation and fundamental frequency switching In order to study the harmonics and the THD of the output voltage and load current, multilevel inverters with N (where N is odd) varying from 3 to 21 are simulated using MATLABSIMULINK toolbox. Step modulation with fundamental frequency switching is employed. Single-phase 2KVA R-L load with 0.8 power factor is assumed. The output waveforms of three-level is shown in fig. 4.
  • 5. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page Fig.5. Power Circuit of fifteen level cascaded H –bridge inverter Taking into consideration the voltage levels of the photovoltaic cell and the storage batteries of the proposed system, a fifteen level-cascaded H-Bridge inverter is proposed. The power circuit of the proposed fifteen level cascaded H-Bridge inverter is shown in Fig.5. The weighted THD of the phase voltage,𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 , defined in (1), can be taken as a measure of waveform quality. In (1), 𝑉1 is the rms value of the fundamental, h is the harmonic order and 𝑉ℎ is the rms value of the ℎ𝑡ℎ harmonic component. 𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 = 𝑉ℎ ℎ 2 𝑉1 (1) From the FFT data the𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 of the phase voltage is computed using (1). It can be observed that 𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝐻𝐷 is less than 0.5% for N>11. IV. Control Block Diagram The developed photovoltaic power generation system consists of a dc–dc power converter and the fifteen-level inverter. The dc–dc converter boosts the output voltage of the solar cell array and performs the MPPT to extract the maximum output power of the solar cell array. The controllers of both the dc–dc converter and the fifteen-level inverter are explained as follows. 4.1. Fifteen-Level Inverter Fig. 6 shows the control block diagram of fifteen-level inverter. Besides, the fifteen-level inverter must generate a sinusoidal current in phase with the utility voltage to be injected into the utility. The subtracted result is sent to a P-I controller. As seen in Fig. 6, the utility current is detected and sent to an RMS detection circuit. The output of the RMS detection circuit is sent to a hysteresis comparator that contains a low threshold value and a high threshold value. The output of the hysteresis comparator is sent to a signal generator. The utility voltage is detected and then sent to a phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit to generate a unity-amplitude sinusoidal signal whose phase is in phase with the utility voltage. The outputs of the multiplier and the PLL circuit are sent to the other multiplier. The output of the current-mode controller is sent to a PWM circuit to generate a PWM signal. Therefore, the fifteen-level inverter can reduce the switching loss effectively.
  • 6. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page Fig.6. Control block diagram of fifteen-level inverter. 4.2. DC–DC Converter Fig. 7 shows the control block of the dc–dc converter. The input of the dc–dc converter is the output of the solar cell array. The function of MPPT will be degraded, while the output voltage of solar cell array contains a ripple voltage. Since the output voltage of the dc–dc converter is the dc bus voltage that is controlled to be a constant voltage by the fifteen-level inverter, the outer voltage control loop is used to regulate the output voltage of the solar cell array. The perturbation and observation method is adopted to obtain the function of MPPT, and it is incorporated into the controller of the dc–dc converter. The output of the MPPT controller is the desired output voltage of the solar cell array, and it is the reference voltage of the outer voltage control loop. Fig.7. Control block of the dc–dc converter. The detected output voltage and desired output voltage of the solar cell array are sent to a subtractor, and the subtracted result is sent to a P-I controller. The output of the P-I controller is the reference signal of the inner current control loop. The reference signal and the detected inductor current are sent to a subtractor, and the subtracted result is sent to an amplifier to complete the inner current control loop. The output of the amplifier is sent to the PWM circuit. The output signal of the PWM circuit is the driving signal for the power electronic switch of the dc–dc converter. V. Simulation Results The proposed fifteen-level inverter is simulated in MATLAB-SIMULINK toolbox. The main parameters of the simulation are listed in Table II. The solar cell array consists of two strings and each string contains eight solar modules connected in series. The capacity of solar cell array is 1.2 kW.
  • 7. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page TABLE II: MAJOR PARAMETERS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS Fig.8. Matlab circuit diagram for proposed fifteen-level inverter Fig.9. Matlab control circuit diagram for fifteen-level inverter and DC-DC converter
  • 8. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page Fig.10. Simulation results of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Utility voltage. (b) Output current of the fifteen- level inverter. (c) DC capacitor voltage VC2. (d) DC capacitor voltageVC3 Fig.11. Simulation results for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic power generation system. (a) Voltage ripples of dc capacitor C2. (b) Voltage ripples of dc capacitor C3. (c) Output voltage ripple of solar cell array. (d) Inductor current ripple of dc–dc converter. Fig.12. Simulation results for full-bridge inverter of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Output current of the full- bridge inverter io. (b) Input current of the full bridge inverter idc. (c) Driver signal of S4.(d) Driver signal ofS5.
  • 9. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page Fig.13. Simulation results of the fifteen-level inverter. (a) Utility voltage. (b) Output voltage of the full-bridge inverter. (c) Output voltage of the dual buck converter. Fig.14. Simulation results for the developed photovoltaic power generation system under the distorted utility voltage. (a) Utility Voltage. (b) Output current of the fifteen-level inverter. Fig.15. Harmonic spectra of utility voltage (peak value) of fifteen – level cascaded H-Bridge inverter
  • 10. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page Fig.16. Harmonic spectra of output current(peak value) of fifteen – level cascaded H-Bridge inverter Fig. 10(b) shows the output current of the nine-level inverter is sinusoidal and in phase with the utility voltage. The total harmonic distortion (THD %) of the utility voltage and the output current of the fifteen-level inverter are 0.03 and 0.53%, respectively. As seen in Fig 10(c) and 10(d), both dc capacitor voltages VC2 and VC3 remain in balance and their voltage is about 42.5V, respectively. Therefore, the dc bus voltage is regulated at 85 V. This verifies the fifteen-level inverter can perform the functions of converting solar power to ac power with unity power factor, low THD%, and balancing two dc capacitor voltages effectively. Since dc capacitors C2 and C3 perform the function of energy buffers, both dc capacitor voltages VC2 and VC3 contain a 120-Hz voltage ripple. Fig. 11 shows the simulation results for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic power generation system. Fig. 11(a) and 11(b) show the peak-to-peak value of the voltage ripple at dc capacitors C2 and C3 are about 4V. As seen in Fig. 11(c), the peak-to-peak value of the voltage ripple at the solar cell array is only about 1.6 V. Fig. 11(d) shows the ripple of the inductor current is very small due to the use of the current mode control. In this way, the output voltage of the solar cell array can be more stable. This verifies that the developed control method for the dc–dc converter of the developed photovoltaic power generation system can effectively block the voltage ripple of fifteen -level inverter delivering to the output voltage of the solar cell array. Fig. 12 shows the simulation results for the full-bridge inverter of the fifteen-level inverter. As can be seen, the input current idc of the full-bridge inverter shown in Fig. 12(b) is the absolute of the output current of the full-bridge inverter shown in Fig. 12(a). As seen in Fig. 12(c)and 12(d), the switch frequency of the power electronic switches S10 and S11 is 60 Hz. This verifies the power electronic switches of the full-bridge inverter are switched in low frequency, and the full-bridge inverter can convert the dc power into ac power by commutating. Fig. 13 shows the simulation voltage of the fifteen -level inverter. As seen in Fig. 13(c), the dual-buck converter outputs a DC voltage with nine levels 4Vdc, 3Vdc, 2Vdc, Vdc, 0, -Vdc, -2Vdc, -3Vdc and -4Vdc Fig. 13(b) shows the output voltage of the buck converter is further converted to an ac voltage with fifteen voltage levels 7Vdc, 6Vdc, 5Vdc, 4Vdc, 3Vdc, 2Vdc, Vdc, 0, -Vdc, -2Vdc, -3Vdc, -4Vdc, -5Vdc, -6Vdc, and -7Vdc by the full-bridge inverter. The voltage variation of each level is Vdc. This verified that the fifteen -level inverter can generate a fifteen-level output ac voltage according to the utility voltage and only the power electronic switches of the buck Converter is switched in high frequency. Fig. 13 shows the simulation results for the developed photovoltaic power generation system under the distorted utility voltage. As seen in Fig.14 (a), the utility voltage is distorted, .As seen in Fig. 14(b), the output current of the five-level inverter is still close to sinusoidal, and its THD% is only 053% and the power factor is 0.99. This project verifies the five-level inverter can control the output current with low THD% even when the utility voltage is distorted.As seen in Fig.15 THD% of utility voltage is 0.03% and in Fig.16 output current THD% of fifteen-level inverter is 0.53%. By using fifteen-level inverter for conversion of power, THD% of output current and utility voltage decreases.
  • 11. Transmission of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Through Fifteen-Level Inverter DOI: 10.9790/1676-1103030111 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page VI. Conclusion A fifteen-level cascaded H-Bridge based power supply unit is proposed. The simulation results are presented. A photovoltaic power generation system with a fifteen-level inverter is developed in this paper. The fifteen-level inverter can perform the functions of regulating the dc bus voltage, converting solar power to ac power with sinusoidal current and in phase with the utility voltage, balancing the two dc capacitor voltages, and detecting islanding operation. Output voltage has fifteen-level and the wave shape is near sinusoidal. The simulation results verify the developed photovoltaic power generation system, and the fifteen-level inverter achieves the expected performance. Modular structure will help in duplicating each unit. Hence for higher power rating a three phase cascaded H-Bridge can be realized. The total harmonic distortion (THD %) of the utility voltage and the output current of the five-level inverter are 4.1% and 3.3%, respectively. But, the total harmonic distortion (THD %) of the utility voltage and the output current of the fifteen-level inverter are 0.03% and 0.53%, respectively. References [1] D. Puyal, L. A. Barragan, J. Acero, J. M. Burdio, and I. Millan, “An FPGA-based digital modulator for full- or half-bridge inverter control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1479–1483, Sep. 2006. [2] O. Lopez, F. D. Freijedo, A. G. Yepes, P. Fernandez-Comesaa, J. Malvar, R. Teodorescu, and J. Doval-Gandoy, “Eliminating ground current in a transformer less photovoltaic application, ”IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 140–147, Mar. 2010. [3] B. R. Lin and C. L. Huang, “Implementation of a Shunt-series compensator for nonlinear and voltage sensitive load,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., 2006, pp. 1–5. [4] U. S. Selamogullari, D. A. Torrey, and S. Salon, “A systems approach for a stand-alone residential fuel cell power inverter design,”IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 741–749, Sep. 2010. [5] J. Gafford, M. Mazzola, J. Robbins, and G. Molen, “A multi-kilowatt highfrequency ac-link inverter for conversion of low- voltage dc to utility power voltages,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2008, pp. 3707–3712. [6] T. H. Ai, J. F. Chen, and T. J. Liang, “A random switching method for HPWM full-bridge inverter,”IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 595–597, Jun. 2002. [7] C. Y. Chen, Y. H. Lin, J. F. Chen, and R. L. Lin, “Design and implementation of DSP-based voltage frequency conversion system,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Comput. Commun. Control Autom., May 2010, pp. 435–438. [8] M. Chithra and S. G. B. Dasan, “Analysis of cascaded H bridge multilevel inverters with photovoltaic arrays,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Emerging Trends Elect. Comput. Technol., Mar. 2011, pp. 442–447. [9] N. Yousefpoor, S. H. Fathi, N. Farokhnia, and S. H. Sadeghi, “Application of OHSW technique in cascaded multi-level inverter with adjustable dc sources,” inProc. Int. Conf. Electric Power Energy Convers. Syst., 2009, pp. 1–6. [10] S. De, D. Banerjee, K. Siva Kumar, K. Gopakumar, R. Ramchand, and C. Patel, “Multilevel inverters for low-power application, ”IET Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 384–392, Apr. 2011.