SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL
PRODUCTIVITY FOR
LIVELIHOODS,
NUTRITION AND
GENDER INCLUSION
(SAPLING)
Esther Njuguna-Mungai, ILRI
Uganda Best Entry Points for Youth-Enumerator trainings, Kampala, Uganda
November 29 to December 2, 2022

INTRODUCTIONS
Youth Enumerator trainings

SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL
PRODUCTIVITY FOR
LIVELIHOODS, NUTRITION
AND GENDER INCLUSION
(SAPLING)
Lead: Isabelle Baltenweck (ILRI)
Co-lead: Mourad Rekik (ICARDA)

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50 YEARS CGIAR
 The world's largest publicly funded
agricultural research network
 Global presence across four continents
with 10,000 staff of 135 nationalities
 Local presence in over 100 countries
 3000+ partners
 50 years experience responding to
emerging development issues
 Transition to One CGIAR

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FIVE IMPACT AREAS FOR THE ONECGIAR
Nutrition,
health and
food security
Poverty
reduction,
livelihoods
and jobs
Gender
equality, youth
and inclusion
Climate
Adaptation
and Mitigation
Environmental
health and
biodiversity

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SAPLING- WHY A FOCUS ON LIVESTOCK
Livelihoods Demand Women empowerment

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WHY SAPLING?
 Productivity
 Environment
 Value chain governance
 Impact at Scale
 Support
 Engagement
What is the problem and why is it persisting?

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COUNTRIES AND VALUE CHAINS

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WHAT IS SAPLING?

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SAPLING IN UGANDA
• Building from Livestock CRP efforts to
scale tested and validated innovations
o opportunities for pro-poor development
• Stakeholder prioritization – 14th July virtual
meeting with stakeholders during
SAPLING consultation meeting
• Donor interest – African Dairy Genetic Gain
project
• Aligns with NDPIII – the Agro-
industrialization program – improving
agricultural productivity and
competitiveness
Pigs
Cattle (beef and
dairy)

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THEORY OF CHANGE – PIG VALUE CHAINS
Target Population
Women and men actors
in the pig value chain in
Uganda
Vision
A vibrant, inclusive,
profitable, and resilient pig
value chain in Uganda by
2032 for improved
livelihoods of pork
producers and other value
chain actors and enhanced
food and nutritional security
Problem
The pig value chain is highly informal,
characterized by inefficient input and output
markets, poor governance (lack of collectives),
low productivity and gender norms that are not
favorable for participation of women and youth
which collectively contribute to vulnerability
and unsustainability of the pig system (sector)
in Uganda.
Long-term Outcomes
1. Improved pig value chain efficiency
2. Improved pig productivity
3. Increased consumption of livestock derived foods as part of nutrition diverse diets
4. Increased incomes from piggery for farmers and other pig value chain actors
5. Increased investment by the private sector into infrastructure, processing and value addition
6. Increase gainful participation of women and youth in the pig industry/ value chain
Intervention: Masaka,
Mpigi, Wakiso and
Mukono districts

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THEORY OF CHANGE – PIG VALUE CHAINS
Innovation Package 1: Integrated
technology and best-practices package +
innovative Capdev for improved pig health
and productivity
Innovation Package 2: Business models for
enhanced inclusivity and strengthened
linkages between farmers and
inputs/services and output market
Innovation Package 3: Improved human
nutrition through SBCC on LDF consumption
+ pork safety
Innovation Package 5: Enhancing the
visibility of the pig sector + policies for more
sustainable pig production
Innovation Package 4: Piggery innovation
challenge for business development
services for women and youth in the pig
value chains
Immediate outcomes
IO1: Input and service providers (vets, feed
producers, extensionists) have strengthened
capacities and are utilising the digital as
support tools to promote the integrated
packages
102: Pig aggregators, farmer coops, input and
service providers, MIS and financial
institutions buy in and participate in business
models for strengthening value chain linkages
IO3: Women and men pig farmers have
increased capacities in the integrated
technology and best practices package and
has translated into improved practices
IO4: Piggery innovation programme
for women and youth in pig value chain
established and business skills enhanced
IO5: Policy makers and decision makers are
interested and use evidence generated to
inform decisions
Short-term Outcomes – End of initiative
SO1. Integrated technology package
adopted by men and women pig farmers
resulting in a 30% increase in pig
productivity
SO2: Improved value chain linkages,
transparency, and relationships, coupled
with improved business skills resulting in
increased income
SO3: Improved dietary diversity for
livestock keeping households integrating
LDFs in diets
SO4: Increased gainful participation of
women and youth in the pig industry/
value chain
SO5: Increased investment by the public
and private sector in the pig value chains
SO6: Integrated technologies promoted
by scaling partners

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COUNTRY TEAM
• Emily Ouma – SAPLING country lead/ Inclusion of LDFs in diets (WP2)/Value chain competitiveness (WP4)
• Ben Lukuyu - Feeds and Forages research (WP1 and WP4)
• Karen Marshall – Genetics (WP1 and WP4)
• Peter Oba, Michel Dione, Emmanuel Hasahya – Herd Health (WP1 and WP4)
• Christopher Mukasa – ADGG
• Jim Hammond, Esther Omosa, Mark Caulfield, Esther Achandi (WP2)
• Esther Mungai Njuguna, Jane Namatovu, Esther Achandi, Immaculate Omondi, Nelly Njiru, Eunice
Kariuki, – Gender and Youth (WP3)
• An Notenbaert – Evidence, engagement strategies and alliances for scaling (WP5)
• Close collaboration – with central government and district local governments, private sector, NGOs,
academia

YOUTH STUDIES

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BEST ENTRY POINTS FOR YOUTH IN PIGS VC
1. Characterization of youth in pigs value
chains in Masaka and Mukono
districts’
Key informant interviews with stakeholders
(implemented by ILRI team in 2022)
2. What are the aspirations , opportunities and
challenges that the youth experience in the pig
value chains
-Focus group discussions with men and women youth in
urban and rural locations in each district (48 respondents
per district) (implemented by ILRI team in 2022)
3. What are potential business
opportunities that the youth can engage
in the pig value chains, businesses’
-Consultancy with a business oriented supplier in
2022/2023
4. Workshops and visits to expose as many youths as possible on results from 1,2,3 above, highlighting opportunities for business and challenging them to ‘self
organize and submit business proposals for review’ (the Youth Innovation Challenge). The proposals can be by a male youth group, female youth group or a
mixed youth group. The most feasible proposals will be selected.(Multi disciplinary team of business specialists, feeds/forages specialists, gender specialists,
market specialists, government officials from relevant ministries, potential donors of the incubation step e.g. Mastercard, SAPLING officials) end of 2022 or
beginning of 2023
5. Business incubation and mentoring for the winning teams and
implementation of the winning ideas
- Business incubation suppliers with backstopping from feeds and forages team
(technical aspects), gender specialists (inclusion aspects )– 2023 to 2024.
6. monitoring and evaluation of youth
empowerment
- Implemented by ILRI gender specialists (tool
on youth empowerment 2022-2024)

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OUR CONTRIBUTION
• Youth diagnostic studies
• Characterization of youth in pigs value chains in Masaka
and Mukono districts’ – Key informant
interviews_Intersectionality lens
• What are the aspirations , opportunities and challenges that
the youth experience in the pig value chains – Focus group
discussions – intersectionality lens

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INTERSECTIONALITY 101
• Group discussion ‘What did you understand from the paper I
shared’?

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INTERSECTIONALITY 101
• Key elements to note
• Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how
aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create
different modes of discrimination and privilege. Intersectionality
identifies multiple factors of advantage and disadvantage
• Complexity, oppression,

Principles of intersectionality – by Hankivsky, 2014
Guiding
principles of
intersectionality
Intersecting
categories
Multi-level
analysis
Power
Reflexivity
Diverse
knowledge
Time and
space
Social
Justice
Equity

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SUMMARY OF QUALITATIVE ANALYTICAL PROCESS
Lofgren, K. Qualitative Analysis of interview Data: A step by step
guide
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRL4PF2u9XA

KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW
TOOL

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WHO ARE KEY INFORMANTS
• They are members of a community,
usually at the meso or macro level
• They have specialized knowledge
• They represent a larger group eg
professionals, technocrats, leaders
• They are influential
• They are gate-keepers

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BIASES IN SELECTING THE KII RESPONDENTS
• Lack of balance, such
that the respondents
don’t reflect the
population
• Hearing only a
stereotyped message
– dominant narratives

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KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE/TOOL
• An instrument that a researcher uses when
conducting indepth interviews with key
informants
• Contains a series of open-ended questions
and instructions to prmpt further information
• It is designed to be flexible to allow
respondents to use his/her own words

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THE KII GUIDE
• Let’s understand our KII tool
• Role plays…
• We need to know the tool by heart
• Do we need to translate some key terms to
‘Baganda’?

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INFORMED CONSENT
Serves to
- Introduce the study
- Explain the purpose of the study
- Explain what you expect of the respondents in terms of time, scope
of discussion, etc
- Explain to the respondent what they can expect out of participating
with you
- Obtain consent of the respondents to participate in the study
- Give an opportunity to the respondents to ask questions
- Important at publication stage – confirms the ethical standards
followed for the study
- Let’s read our consent statement.

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GOOD PRACTICES FOR INTERVIEWING
Team
introductions
and greetings
(Covid-19,
Ebola)

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GOOD PRACTICES FOR INTERVIEWING
Be a good listener
1
Be mindful of the
context
2
Be sensitive to the
respondent’s mood,
body language, time
constraints, cultural
norms
3
Be sensitive to the
interviewing
environment –
especially for women
4

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GOOD PRACTICES FOR INTERVIEWING
Ask open ended questions
Avoid multilayered questions
Flexibility in ordering of your questions (don’t
ask questions that have already been answered
unless you are probing further)
Be clear and simple

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PHOTOES
- Take good photos
- Get the right labelling for photos (who are in the photo, where
was the photo taken, date the photo was taken)
- Get the right photo credits too

CELL PHONE
PHOTOGRAPHY TIPS
(BY RUTH N, CBCC)

TIP 1: CLEAN YOUR LENSES
Whether you use a
smartphone or a
DSLR, wipe the
camera lens down
before you

Portrait
Landscape Square
TIP 2: CHOOSE YOUR FORMAT
Think about where your image will be used. Portrait is best for social media
stories(eg, Instagram). Landsacape and square will fit almost anywhere

TIP 3: CHOSE YOUR BACKGROUND
A clean
background
allows the viewer
to focus on the
subject instead of
being distracted
by everything that
is happening in
the background.

TIP 4: UNDERSTAND YOUR LIGHT SOURCE
Subject
Light Source
Photographer

If the light source(e.g. the sun ) is behind your subjects, your subject will not be seen as the
camera will focus on the light.

TIP 5: WHAT’S YOUR ANGLE?

TIP 6: CHOOSE YOUR SHOT

Medium shot
The medium shot is used to reveal more details on the subject, capturing them from the
waist up. As it includes the subject’s hands and part of their surroundings, it’s the best way to
capture actions in detail, while maintaining a general view. This is why the medium shot is
one of the most popular types of shots.
Full shot
The full shot takes a picture of someone from Head to toe
and captures bit of their surrounding.

Close-up shot
A close-up shot tightly frames the subject’s face in order to focus on
their emotions. These types of shots are great to connect with the
audience, as there are no elements distracting them from the subject’s
gestures and reactions.
Medium close-up shot
The medium close-up shot frames the subject from the chest up. It is generally used
to capture enough detail on the subject’s face, while still keeping them within their
surroundings.

TIP 6: DON’T JUST SNAP, FOCUS
Make sure your subjects/ objects are in focus when you take any photo

Tap on your screen to adjust
the focus
In case of shaky hands, tuck
your elbows into your sides
and hold the camera tight to
your chest to stabilize shots.

TIP 7: ARRANGE YOUR SUBJECTS

TIP 8: MAINTAIN PICTURE
QUALITY WHILE SHARING
To maintain high quality images while sharing:
• Share through email
• Share through We transfer
• Include complete captions (Use the Who? What?
Where? When? Why? and how? to develop the
captions)
• Use ‘attach document’ Function to share to Social
Media Team via whatsapp

END OF DAY 1

DAY 2

RECAP OF DAY 1.
2 THINGS THAT WENT WELL
2 THINGS THAT NEED IMPROVEMENT IN
PRESENTATION OF KII NOTES
SCHEDULE FOR DAY 2

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FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
- A focused and interactive discussion with a small
group where everyone gets a chance to talk and
large enough to provide diversity of opinions
- Focus group discussions are defined and narrow
- The group is homogenous on key characteristics
relevant for the study e.g. young men, young
women
- Focus group discussions provide rich and in-depth
data

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FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
Focus group discussions can be used to
interrogate:
- peoples' perceptions
- Social cultural norms
- Peoples' practices
- challenges
- Actions/interventions to address identified
challenges
-

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FGD TOOL/GUIDE
- Is an instrument that guides the conduct of a
focus group discussion
- It should have broad open-ended questions (or
a checklist of topics) that trigger a discussion
- Below each broad question there are few
probing sub-questions
- Enables a broad understanding of an issue in
the community i.e. does not provide for personal
views but group views – consensus and
diverging views

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TYPE OF FGD QUESTIONS
1. Opening/engagement questions
Introduce the participants and make them
comfortable with the topic of discussion
2. Exploration questions
Get to the gist of the discussion
3. Exit questions
Check to see whether anything was
missed in the discussion

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FGD – INTRODUCTIONS AND REGISTRATION
• Introduce yourselves to the community
members
• Give a chance to the community members
to introduce themselves
• Explain the purpose of the research
• Seek consent as part of good research
ethical practice
• Registration sheet with social
demographic information, location of the
interview, name of the interview, start and
end time.

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FGD – INTRODUCTIONS AND REGISTRATION
• Explain the process of engagement/ground
rules
• Get the tape recorders and switch them on as
the interview starts
• Thank the group for participating; let them
know how the results will be used
• If a report will be produced, let them know
when it might be available and how they can
obtain a copy

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DURATION AND NUMBER OF QUESTIONS
• Avoid fatiguing the respondents
• Ensure depth and engagement of all – have
a few questions that allow all present to
contribute meaningfully
• Don’t go beyond 2 hours (but 30 minutes
will be too brief)

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FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
• Let’s understand our FGD tool
• Role plays…
• We need to know the tool by heart
• Do we need to translate some key
terms to ‘Baganda’?

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NOTE TAKING AND TRANSCRIPTION
- Note taking is a process of documenting the conversations you have had in
the field (either through KII or through the FGD’s). This can be written or
recorded using an audio recorder.
- Transcription is a translation between forms of data. In the social sciences,
converting audio recordings of interviews or discussions to text format.
- Whilst audio-transcription is often part of the analysis process, it also
enhances the sharing and reuse potential of qualitative research data.
- Transcription is the action of providing a written account of spoken words.
In qualitative research, transcription is generally written verbatim (exactly
word-for- word).

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DON’TS IN NOTE TAKING/TRANSCRIPTION
Don’t
summarize
Don’t
analyze
Don’t add your
own voice
Don’t
exaggerate
Don’t edit out
statements even
when they don’t
make sense to
you
Don’t
leave out
emotions,
body
language

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IMPORTANT FOR TRANSCRIPTS
- Name of the research project (SAPLING_YEPUg)
- Type of interview FGD_WYUrban or FGD_MYRural Or KII
- Date and time of the interview (EG 30112022)
- Context and setting of the interview (e.g. KII with the head of caritas maddo, youth
development program in Masaka district. Carried out at the catholic church compound in
Masaka city).
- Codes for the facilitators Brenda – FB; Moreen_FM; John_FJ and Kizza_FK, FS-Stella
- Naming of files (word files or audio files) e.g
- FB_SAPLING_YEPUg_KII_DCDO_Masaka_29112022
- FK_SAPLING_YEPUg_FGD_WYUrban_Masaka_30112022
-

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EXAMPLE OF A TRANSCRIPT
FK: How old were you when you first started to realize you were having
problems with your digestion?
R1: I was, uh, 21 and a half, to be exact, yeah [b laughs shyly]
FK: And do you suffer from celiac or, how would you define your discomfort?
R1: My colonoscopy says no celiac and not inflammatory bowel disease. My
blood marker test says I have inflammatory bowel disease. I would label myself
definitely gluten intolerant.
FK: And for the record, can you describe what that means? Gluten intolerance?
As you would describe it.
-

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EXAMPLE OF A TRANSCRIPT – CONT’D
R1: Gluten intolerance means that you, your body just does not digest or break down or
really absorb gluten. And that is a protein that is found in wheat. I would also say that I don’t
handle processed wheat well either. Um, and the symptoms are across the board. For me
personally, um, I get, I’ll get joint pains, exhaustion, um, and I just feel incredibly full. After four
or five bites, if I’m having, say, pasta or something where it’s just, after four or five bites, I
can’t eat anymore, feel nauseous. That’s actually where the symptoms really first started.
FK: Was there anything else beyond that? Say migraine headaches or …
R1: Headaches. I have, and it’s gotten a lot better, I had, um, pretty bad hormonal acne, is
what they would call it. Went across the board trying to treat it. I tried creams and antibiotics,
retin-As, all that stuff. When I started to cut out gluten and wheats, my skin cleared up the
best it’s ever been. I even went on Accutane and, I was on Accutane for five months and that
is exactly when my symptoms would appear. I’ve been completely healthy my entire life.
-

Role of facilitator
• Guide the discussion using leading questions
• Allow free-flowing discussion/conversation
• Use open-ended questions first and then ‘probes’
• Encourage all participants to speak (even the ‘quiet’
ones)
• Allow for some silence
• Summarize the discussion at appropriate points
• Remind participants to start with ‘R1:…’; R2; R3…
• Keep time
• Ensure tables are full and forms signed
• Take pictures of all produced documents

Good facilitators
• Encourage discussion; follow up a statement with:
– “Please, tell me more about it…”
– “What do others think?”
– “Are there other opinions or experiences?”
• Refrain from offering own opinion and respect all views
• Keep the focus on relevant issues but….…Encourage divergent opinions to
emerge
• Manage controversy but do not try to resolve conflict
• Probe when an interesting issue comes up (e.g. ‘if I had good forage I would be
empowered…’ ‘interesting! Tell me more about it…’)

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DAY 3: PLANNING FOR THE PRETESTING
Logistics for the pretesting field trip
- One KII each
- One FGD per pair –
- Transcription of the KII and FGD
- What time we leave for Mpigi district

RECAP OF DAY 2 AND 3.
2 THINGS THAT WENT WELL
2 THINGS THAT NEED IMPROVEMENT
PRESENTATION OF KII NOTES
SCHEDULE FOR DAY 4

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FEEDBACK FROM THE PRE-TESTING
-
-

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PLANNING FOR THE DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
Working in pairs (sex disaggregated pairs)
- Two KII per person, one FGD per pair in the morning
- In the afternoon, write out the KII transcript and email to esmungai1@gmail.com; cc
E.Njuguna@cgiar.org; J.Namatovu@cgiar.org
- Download an audio file and send to esmungai1@gmail.com; cc E.Njuguna@cgiar.org;
J.Namatovu@cgiar.org
- Share photos on whatsapp daily (254725896158)
- We will have a zoom call at 6pm after each day in the field for de-briefing (any insights,
any exciting findings, any challenges)

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TIME IN THE FIELD -
Date Day Activity District
29th Nov- Tuesday Training of facilitators ILRI Offices Done
30th Nov Wednesday Training of facilitators ILRI Offices Done
1st Dec Thursday Pretesting Mpigi Done
2nd Dec Friday Training: Trascription and notetaking session ILRI Offices Done
Weekend
5th Dec Monday Conduct 8 KII (Two KII each) Mukono
6th Dec Tuesday Transcption of KII and consolidation of notes Mukono
Send files
to EMN
7th Dec Wednesday conduct 8 KII Mukono
8th Dec Thursday Transcription and compilation of KII notes Mukono
Send files
to EMN
9th Dec Friday conduct 2 FGD Mukono
10th Saturday Saturday Transcription and compilation of FGD notes
Send files to EMN;
Brenda says bye

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TIME IN THE FIELD -
Date Day Activity District
11th Dec Sunday Travel to Masaka
12th Dec Monday conduct 8KII Masaka
13th Dec Tuesday Transcription of KII and consolidation of field notes Masaka
Send files
to EMN
14th Dec Wednesday conduct 8 KII Masaka
15th Dec Thursday Transcription KII Masaka
Send files
to EMN
16th Dec Friday conduct 2 FGD Masaka
17th Dec Saturday Transcription of 2 FGDs Masaka
Send files
to EMN
18th Dec Sunday Trave to Kampala
19th Dec Monday Online exit meeting -
Virtual,
Esther to
share a zoom
link

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TIME IN THE FIELD – BLOGS?
Are you fascinated by something in the field?
- Write a blog, submit to Esther NJUGUNA.

About 620 ILRI staff work in Africa and Asia to enhance incomes and livelihoods, improve food security, and reduce
disease and environmental degradation. Australian animal scientist and Nobel Prize laureate Peter Doherty serves as
ILRI’s patron. Organizations that fund ILRI through their contributions to CGIAR make ILRI’s work possible.
Organizations that partner ILRI in its mission make livestock research for development a reality.
www.ilri.org
This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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