Newcastle disease (ND) is a constraint to the livelihoods of poultry farmers, especially smallholders. Vaccination
with lentogenic strains is the primary strategy farmers can use to protect flocks, but uptake can be limited by
inefficient vaccine delivery systems. This study compared villages in Kenya and Tanzania where interventions to
support ND vaccine delivery had been active to those without supportive vaccine delivery systems to understand
factors affecting ND vaccine uptake.
What are the effects of a supportive animal
vaccine delivery system?
How poultry vaccination interventions change farmers’ attitudes and knowledge
Materials & Methods
Introduction
Results
Key messages
• Providing village-level vaccination support can significantly increase uptake of the ND vaccine
• Knowledge about ND and about how vaccines work can create positive attitudes towards vaccine use
• In order for a short-time intervention to have long-term effects, knowledge dissemination is fundamental
Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire from 1 to 3 October 2013
Kibwezi district, Kenya
• Organisation supporting ND vaccination:
Farm Input Promotions Africa (current)
• Sample: 5 villages with support and 5 villages
without support were randomly selected
• Questionnaires administered to 316 randomly
selected households
Chamwino district, Tanzania
• Organisation supporting ND vaccination: Southern
African ND Control Project (SANDCP) (2002-2005)
• Sample: 4 villages with support and 4 villages
without support were randomly selected
• Questionnaires administered to 457 randomly
selected households
1. International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya
2. Kyeema Foundation, Australia
5. International Food Policy Research Institute, USA
6. State Veterinary Services, Tanzania
109 (45%)
132 (55%)
Tanzania
Villages with support
Never used
vaccine
Used vaccine
154 (99%)
2 (1%)
Never used vaccine
Used vaccine
• Tanzania: Significantly (p<0.001) more households
in supported villages (58.3%) reported continued
use of the vaccine, compared to 45.1% in villages
without support
• Kenya: 72.9% of households reported continued
use of the vaccine.
Key terms
Supported village:
Kenya: village where a village-based
advisor had been promoting
vaccination
Tanzania: village in the SANDCP
project, or where SANDCP trained
extension officer had been active
Multivariable analyses Tanzania Kenya
Ever having used the ND vaccine
Supportive delivery system  
Increasing household flock size 
Knowing vaccines protect against specific diseases
Supportive delivery system  
Ever had used the ND vaccine 
Household head is male 
Increasing number of chickens lost to ND in previous year 
Knowledge of clinical signs associated with ND 
Positive attitudes towards the ND vaccine, among ever users
General knowledge about vaccines  
Knowledge about the ND vaccine in particular 
Increasing household flock size 
Factors associated with vaccine use, knowledge, and attitudes (p<0.05)
Households that reported having used ND vaccine
Kenya: Significantly (p<0.001) higher proportion of male-headed households
than female headed had used ND vaccine in univariable analysis.
Tanzania
Villages without support
Tanzania
Villages with support
Kenya
Villages without support
Kenya
Villages with support
Photo: B. Bagnol
Photo: J. Lindahl
Photo: J. Lindahl
3. Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia
4. Anthropology, Wits University, South Africa
Lindahl J1, Young J1, Young M 2, Alders R 2,3 , Bagnol B 2,4, Wyatt A5, Kibaya A6,Grace D1