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Better lives through livestock
The value of vaccines in One Health
Arshnee Moodley, a.moodley@cgiar.org
Antimicrobial Resistance Team Lead
Animal and Human Heath Program
BactiVac Network Meeting
Kilifi, Kenya, 10 November 2022

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Disclaimer: Don’t know much (if anything) about immunology

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E.g. Human
health partner

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How could we address AMR in the livestock sector in LMICs?
1. Changing and improving the
system (entire ecosystem) =
working on strategic opportunities
2. Changing and improving farmers
behaviours = what is desired
behaviour and to trigger farmers to
do them

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What is One Health?
One Health approach
• Interdisciplinary
• Multi-sectoral
• Collaborative
• Towards a common goal
You cannot protect the health of humans without protecting the
health of other beings
OHHLEP, 2022

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OHHLEP, 2022

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Business case for One Health
Sharing health resources
between sectors
Controlling zoonoses in
animal reservoirs
Early outbreak detection
Pandemic prevention Research & Development
D. Grace, 2014
Investment
Benefit

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One Health at ILRI
Select four technical themes (“problems”)
• Outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics
• Endemic zoonoses
• Foodborne disease
• Antimicrobial resistance
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/125264
UNEP-ILRI, 2020

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Earliest example of vaccines and One Health in action
• Mild cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox
• vaccinia virus being the source of the smallpox
(varicola virus) vaccine
Edward Jenner
(1749–1823)

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Vaccines and One Health
• Prevent disease emergence
• Restrict pathogen spread
• Control zoonotic pathogen transmission
Additional benefits of
• Improve livestock productivity (impacts on livelihoods
and food security)
• Effects on climate change
• Reduction in AMU ⇢reduction in AMR (less selection and
reduced population size?)

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Vaccines and One Health: Some examples
Livestock vaccine
↑Productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
↓ GHG emissions (per kg food)
Combi- vaccines targeting >2 diseases
↑productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
Animal vaccine
↓zoonoses
↑human health ↑Productivity
e.g. rabies, brucellosis
Livestock vaccine delivery
↑productivity
↑livelihoods & food security
Vaccination
↓AMU and AMR
↑human and animal health
↑Productivity
Single cross-species vaccine
↑human and animal health
↓zoonoses
e.g. RVF, TB

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Single cross-species vaccine for multiple susceptible hosts
• BCG vaccine in a wide range of animal
species is safe
• vaccination to control TB in domestic
livestock and wildlife (opposed to test
and cull & wildlife reservoir)
• Using adenovirus vaccine platform with
established human and livestock safety
profile + RVFV antigens
• Effectiveness in sheep, cattle and
camels
• Potential to be used in humans

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Animal vaccination to reduce zoonoses e.g. rabies
• Mass dog vaccinations to break the dog–dog
and dog–human transmission cycles
• Louis Pasteur’s live attenuated vaccine was
protective in dogs and humans
• Now different vaccines used
• Another example livestock vaccination against
brucellosis
• reduces the incidence of human brucellosis
• improve milk production (livelihoods, food
security, climate impact)

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Vaccines and reducing AMU but increasing productivity in DK
Important to note
-No new veterinary
antibiotics
-need to preserve what
we have
DANMAP, 2021

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NORM-VET, 2021
Norway eradicated the need for antibiotics through
effective use of vaccines and focus on fish welfare

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How much would it cost to vaccinate vs. treat poultry in Kenya?
• Tetracycline = $3/100g
• Mix in 150L water for 750 birds (assuming
each bird consumes 0.2L/day)
• Newcastle Disease Vaccine (subsidized
vaccine) = $0.035/dose (mixed in water)
• For 750 birds = $26.25
• Often given with vitamins (additional costs)
• Combination vaccine ($0.09/vaccine + $0.05
vet= $0.14)
• For 750 birds = $105
Antibiotics are quick fixes
Willis & Chandler, 2019

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Addressing vaccine delivery challenges
• Concurrent administration of different vaccines against different diseases
in small ruminants can reduce vaccination costs by 70%
• Assessed the effect of co-administration of vaccines vs individual
vaccines: PPR, CCPP and goat/sheep pox (longitudinal blood sampling)
• Conclusions: No adverse effects to the co-administration and adequate
seroconversion
Manuscript submitted

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Operationalization of One Health on the ground
• HEAL: Gender sensitive, mobile One Health Units:
• front line workers providing human and veterinary health and natural resource
management services to vulnerable communities in pastoralist and agro-
pastoralist areas of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya.
• HEARD: increased involvement of the private sector in the veterinary
service delivery
• Private vaccination service
• Community based women vaccinators
• Mobile clinical services, etc

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Role of vaccination in climate smart livestock production
antibodies in saliva that enters the rumen and
suppress the growth and function of
methanogens
Investigating effects of helmith infection and assess effects
on enteric methane emissions and productivity
Sick animal → lower productivity → higher GHG emissions/
kg animal source food produced

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Thank you very much
Acknowledge
• My colleagues
• Our funders
• Our partners
https://www.ilri.org/
Better lives through livestock

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THANK YOU