Improving pig productivity and incomes through an
environmentally sustainable and gender inclusive integrated
intervention package in Uganda
Input and service providers scoping study results
Christopher Sebatta1, Sebatta Namazzi2, Emily Ouma3, Ben Lukuyu3 and Michel Dione3
1Makerere University Kampala
2Independent Consultant
3International Livestock Research Institute
Face to face meeting of the Phase II Uganda Pig Value chain project, Kampala, 19 February 2020

Integrated technology and best practices
innovations basket
Input and service
providers
Producers Pig collectors, traders,
wholesalers Pork joints Consumers
PigSmartPlatform
Aggregators
Aggregators
Market arrangements
- pricing terms
- supply quantities
- supply quality
- timing
Institutional innovation in the form of market
arrangements to improve market linkages and
relationships to support the VC system
Market pull
Recap – integrated technological and institutional
innovation package

Objectives of the scoping studies
 Product profiling of veterinary drugs and feeds supplied to
smallholder pig farmers in the study sites
 Profiling of veterinary practitioners in study sites
 Profiling of pig aggregators to understand the networks
through which aggregators source or obtain pigs and their
business model

Scoping results: veterinary drug stockists

Common livestock types served
100 100
82.35 82.35
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cattle(n=17) Pigs(n=17) Poultry(n=14) Shoats(n=14) Rabbits(n=0)
%ofvetdrugstockists
Type of livestock/poultry

Pig diseases that drugs were dispensed for by stockists in the
last 6 months
5.88
11.76
11.76
52.94
70.59
82.35
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lumpy skin
Swine Erysipelas
Swine Pneumonia
Mange
Worms
Swine fever
% of stockists
Pigdisease

Cattle diseases that drugs were dispensed for by
stockists in the last 6 months
Cattle disease
% of drug stockists
(n=17)
East cost fever 100
Trypanosomiasis 47.1
Anaplasmosis 35.3
Worms 29.4
Mastitis 17.7
Babesiosis 17.7
Mange 11.8
FMD 11.8
Bloat 5.9

Poultry diseases that drugs were dispensed for by
stockists in the last 6 months
94.12
70.59
58.82
29.41 29.41
17.65
5.88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%ofdrugstockists

Main pig drugs and supplements stocked by stockists
88
41
18
12
12
12
59
18
18
18
12
12
71
29
29
24
24
71
29
12
6
- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ivamectin
Levamizol
Albendazole (Liquid)
Piperazin
Normectin
Liverside
Armitrazin
Nortraz
Cypermethrin
Streptomycin
Dualdip
Vectocid
Oxytetracyclin
Tetracycline
Gentamycin
Penicilin
Penstrep
Multivitamin
Ferrum/Iron
Tonimix
Premix
AnthelminthicArachnidicidesAntibiotics
Vitamins/Iro
n
supplement
Percent

Frequency of inspection of vet drug stockists by
National Drug Authority
Overall sample(n=17)
Frequency of inspection % Frequency
Quarterly 35.29 6
Monthly 23.53 4
Once a year 23.53 4
Five (5) times a year 5.88 1
Half year 5.88 1
Once every two months 5.88 1

Use of credit among drug stockists
District
Have you used credit to boost
your business? (Frequency)
No Yes Total
Kampala (n=1) 1 0 1
Masaka (n=4) 2 2 4
Mukono (n=3) 3 0 3
Wakiso (n=9) 8 1 9
Overall sample (n=17) 14 3 17
• Credit is sourced from MFIs (1) & Banks (2)
• 6/17 (35%) reported credit is easily accessible
• Low capital base, high interest & lack of collateral were cited as
key barriers of access to credit

Main infrastructural barriers that affect drug stockist
businesses
Constraints facing drug stockists
 Poor roads:
 Delays in delivery of drugs due to poor roads
 High taxation and license fees:
 High cost of operations
 Unreliable energy supply: Poor supply of power/electricity
(load shading)
 Spoilage of drugs that need refrigeration
Suggested potential solutions
 Ensure stable and reliable energy
 Reduce energy tariffs for small businesses

Main operational barriers that affect drug distributors
 Relax conditions for establishing Class B Pharmacy to
necessitate pharmacists to work hand in hand with
veterinary doctors.
 Streamline conflicting roles between NDA & UNBS regarding
inspection of drugs
 Government should revise the taxes levied on veterinary
drug distributors
 Organise veterinarians into an Associations
 Provide additional trainings in veterinary drug management
and disease investigation
 Scrap off none effective drugs

Scoping results: veterinary practitioners

Sample size
 Total sample size of 20
o 16 males
o 4 females
 Mean age:
o 30 years for females
o 36 years for males

Year of experience of veterinarians
2 2
9
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0-1 2-4 5-10 More than
10 years
Experience in years

Main pig drugs used by veterinarians
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kampala(n=1) Wakiso(n=8) Total (n=20) Masaka(n=6) Mukono(n=5)
Percentageofdrugs
District
Anthelminthic
Arachnidicides
(“Drugs against
ectoparasites”)
Antibiotics
Vitamins/Iron
supplement

Technical services
 Only 15% belong to veterinary associations
 16 out of 20 veterinary services have access to technical services on
disease diagnosis, treatment, feed formulation and vaccination
 Providers of technical services include ; drug companies, NARO, MAAIF,
Internet, Kuku chick, FAO, Fellow vets, district Vet officers
 Special support required:
 more trainings,
 provision of transport means,
 insurance to insure against travel and disease risks,
 better tools and equipment and equipped laboratories for proper and timely
disease diagnosis

Use of credit among veterinarians
 Only 2 out of 20 veterinary practioners received credit
 Veterinary practioners usually offer credit to farmers 80%
(Deferred payments)
 12 out of 20 veterinary practioners receive credit from suppliers
0
1
0
1
2
1
5 5
7
18
1
6 5
8
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Kampala Masaka Mukono Wakiso Total
Frequency
District
Yes
No
Total

Constraints
Client oriented
 Defaulting
 Negative perception that drugs are given free by government
 Self treatment
 Unreliable farmers in the business
 Lack of experience in livestock management
 Resistance to vaccinations
Policy oriented
 High cost and taxes on drugs
 Delayed response to new outbreaks
 Lack of vaccines on market for African swine fever
 Poor roads
 Exploitation of farmers by un qualified paravets

Main Government policies/interventions that affect
veterinarians
Which policy
affects you the
most?
How has it affected your business? Which changes would you
propose to overcome
such problem?
Transport • Poor roads limit movement
• Increased cost of services
• Untimely access to farmers
• Limits on number of clients
• Upgrade the roads
• Lower fuel prices
• Using phone calls to
diagnosis
water supply Hinders animal production Reduce cost of water
Energy It lowers profits for the business
High taxation Reduces on incomes

Scoping results: feed processors/stockists

Nature of feed business
50
10
30
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Feed milling and
mixing
Feed milling only Feed ingredients
seller only
Commercial feed
manufacturer
Percentange
Nature of Feed business

Commercial feed production business model
Feed producers
Wholesalers
Suppliers of feed
ingredients
Feed producers Feed consumers
Processing
factories
Farmers
Retailers
Importers
Fishing
Feed exporters
Poultry farmers
Pig farmers
Dairy/goat farmers
Oil processing factories
Drug strickists
Feed
distributors/transporter
Concentrates
Fats/Oils

Nature of feed business by gender
Type of business Female% (n) Male
Feed milling and
mixing
45 (9) 55 (11)
Feed mixing only 50 (2) 50 (2)
Commercial feed
manufacturer
50 (2) 50 (2)
Feed ingredients
supplier only
seller
16.7 (2) 83.3 (10)
Overall (n=40) 37.5 (15) 62.5 (25)

Business characteristics
Business characteristics Percentage
Registered 77.5
Own feed processing operation 67.5
Possess retail outlet 50.0
Own storage facility 77.5
Membership in producer association 10.0
Training in feed processing 67.5

Demographic characteristics of the respondents
Study site Mean Age of
respondent
Mean Years of
existence of
business
Mean
Experience of
the
respondent
Kampala 41.5 9.3 6.5
Wakiso 35.5 6.2 5.1
Masaka 37.3 6.7 4.8
Mukono 35.7 5.8 4.8
Overall 37.6 6.9 5.3

Type of livestock feeds traded
42.5
87.5
72.5
2.5
10
45.4
75
60
5
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cattle Poultry Pigs Fish Rabbits
Percentange
Type of livestock feed traded
Rawmaterial Processed feeds

Type of raw materials purchased by feeds
businesses
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
Maize grain Soyabean Silverfish Shells
Meanquantitiespurchased/kg
Type of raw material purchased per feed business type
Feed milling and Mixing Feed mixing only
Commercial feed manufacturer Feed ingredients only seller

Type of raw material for direct sale/mixing
purchased in last 12 months
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Sunflower Cotton seed
cake
concentrates Maizebran Limestone Booster
Quantitiespurchasedinpast12months(Kg)
Type of raw material purchased for direct sale/mixing
Feed milling and Mixing Feed mixing only Commercial feed manufacturer Feed ingredients only seller

Source of raw materials for mixing or direct sale
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Source
Maizegrain Soybean Silverfish Sunflower

Source of raw materials for mixing or direct sale
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage
Source
Limestone Maizebran Cottonseedcake Concentrate Shells

Factors influencing choice of raw materials
Factor Percentage
Quality 34.3
Cost 24.5
Consumer
preference
15.7
Longer shelf life 8.8
Availability 7.8
Bulk quantity 3.9
Others 5.0
Most important
 Quality
 Cost
 Consumer
preference
 Longer shelf life
Quality
determinants
 Texture
 Colour
 Appearance
 Aroma
 Experimentation
 Clean

Sales channel used by feed processors
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Retail traders Wholesale
traders
Small scale
farmers
Large scale
farmers
Feed
producers
Dairy
cooperatives
Frequency
Sales channel
Pigs Cattle Poultry Shoats

Innovation in the feeds industry
Technical Advice offered by feed processors
 Feed formulation, feeding requirements for different livestock, feed storage,
proper housing hygiene, proper feeding regimes, disease management and
bio safety measures
Strategies to cope with changes in the market
 Maintaining quality of products sold
 Adapting to prevailing market situations by dealing with new innovative
products on the market such as concentrates
Technical support services
 Received annually
 Offered by manufacturers of concentrates
 Topics include; feed formulation, feed mixing, feed quality management
and storage.

Constraints to Feed business
Policy issues
 Adulteration of feeds
 Use of inappropriate feed formula resulting into poor quality feeds.
 Highly priced commercial feed ingredients e.g concentrates
 Price fluctuations
 Competition from imported products
Technical know how
 Lack of knowledge about feeds and ingredients
 Limited purchasing power of commercially formulated feeds by most farmers
resulting from own farmer formulations
 Insufficient information on the nutrient composition of commercial
concentrates and other compounded feeds

Suggested solutions
 Government to enact the feed bill to regulate the feeds industry
 Need to conduct nutrient analysis of all commercial
compounded feeds and concentrates
 Government to regulate export of maize
 Government to reduce taxes of imported feed ingredients
 Government to effect its’ policy on supporting traders to stock
raw materials and set up a price ceiling
 Screening of farmers for credit and entering into contractual
agreements
 Increased farmer sensitisation on proper feed formulation

Scoping results: pig aggregators

Typical live pig aggregator business model
Fresh
cuts
Village
middlemen
Butchers
Traders
Consumer
Small
Farmers
Large
Farmers

Typical pork aggregator /butchery business Model
PORK JOINT
(Butchery)
Small
Abattoirs
Large
Abattoirs
Consumers
Small pork
trader

Ownership of aggregators’ businesses by sex
 Pig & pork businesses are mainly owned by males
making up > 86%
Frequency (percentage) of sampled aggregators by sex
District Male(n=56) Female(n=9)
Kampala((n=13) 12(92.3) 1(7.7)
Wakiso(n=15) 14(93.3) 1(6.7)
Masaka(n=22) 21(95.5) 1(4.6)
Mukono(n=15) 9(60) 6(40)
Pooled sample(n=65) 56(86.2) 9(13.9)

Level of involvement in the live pig value chain
73
64
36
36
5
73
53
33
40
7
80
73
27
20
20
92
69
54
31
15
- 20 40 60 80 100
Buy from farmers
Transport
Slaughter pigs on farm
Slaughter pigs off farm
Sell to traders
% of aggregators
Kampala((n=13)
Wakiso(n=15)
Mukono(n=15)
Masaka(n=22)

Level of aggregator involvement in the pork value chain
Percentage of aggregators within the pork value chain
District
Buy pigs
(from
farmers)
Buy (from
traders)
Transp
ort
Sell
(to
traders)
Roast/
fry
pork
Sell fresh
pork to
consumer
Kampala((n=13) 92.3 30.8 38.5 61.5 53.9 61.5
Wakiso(n=15) 78.6 40.0 40.0 60.0 33.3 60.0
Masaka(n=22) 72.7 50.0 50.0 22.7 100.0 100.0
Mukono(n=15) 71.4 53.3 26.7 13.3 86.7 93.3
Pooled
sample(n=65)
77.8 44.6 40.0 36.9 72.3 81.5

Aggregator business experience
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Numberofaggregators
Year Business started
Pork Aggregator
Live Pig aggregator
Over 95% of the aggregators operate sole proprietorships
& only 22% are in associations

Main pig supply routes and suppliers to Kampala & Wakiso

Main pig supply routes and suppliers to Masaka & Mukono

Pig supplies to aggregators
Average number of live pigs purchased monthly per aggregator
Pig farmers Village based middlemen
Mean SD Mean SD
Kampala
122.7 137.4
85.0 91.9
Wakiso
271.5 511.6 7.5
3.5
Masaka
50.9 37.4
- -
Mukono
57.3 56.9
- -

Quantity of pork supplies
Average monthly quantity (Kg) of pork purchased from farmers and pork traders per
aggregator
867 800
200
2,000
834
1,320
482
608
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Wakiso Kampala Masaka Mukono
Amountofpork(Kg)
District
Farmers Large traders pork traders

Access to market related information
Sampled aggregators who received market information in the last 12 months
54.6
60
100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Masaka Mukono Kampala Wakiso
Percentageofaggregators
Location

Aspects of the information received by aggregators
Percentage of aggregators by type of information accessed
Market information type
Kampala
(n=13)
Wakiso
(n=15)
Masaka
(n=22)
Mukono
(n=15)
Pooled
sample
(n=65)
Location of customers 92.31 100 9.09 0.00 44.62
Customer preferences 100 86.67 27.27 20 53.85
Pig and pork prices 92.31 93.33 45.45 46.67 66.15
Input market prices 61.54 40 0.00 0.00 21.54
Location of input providers
53.85 33.33 9.09 26.67 27.69

END
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

CGIAR Research Program on Livestock
livestock.cgiar.org
The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock aims to increase the productivity and profitability of livestock agri-food
systems in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and eggs more available and affordable across the developing world.
This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
The program thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the
CGIAR Trust Fund