Towards an understanding of livestock water productivity in the Nile River Basin A. Astatke, D. Peden, K. Sonder, A. Ayalneh, G. Tadesse, G.H. Kiwuwa, F. Ahmed, M. Abdel-Meguid, and T. Kumsa CPWF Workshop, Entebbe 27 November to 1 December 2005

Livestock use of water resources: A preliminary Nile-wide overview (Assume 450 m 3 /TLU/day) A Based on cattle, sheep, goats and camels B Refers to water needed to produce maintenance feed only, but more is needed for growth, reproduction, work, etc. 26.2 58.4 TOTAL <0.1 0.1 D.R. Congo 2.3 5.2 Uganda 0.1 0.3 Burundi 2.4 5.3 Kenya 0.3 0.6 Eritrea 2.9 6.5 Egypt 0.3 0.6 Rwanda 5.3 11.7 Ethiopia 2.2 4.8 Tanzania 10.4 23.2 Sudan H 2 0 for feed B (km 3 /year) Million TLU A Country H 2 0 for feed B (km 3 /year) Million TLU A Country

Ground & soil water recharge Infiltration Evaporation Discharge/flood Contamination & Degradation Transpiration A water accounting approach to LWP Ground water In - flow Surf-ace Rain Driver of all agriculture & agro ecosystem services Drinking Livestock drinking is a vital internal process within agro-ecosystem, but not part of LWP Depletion = Water lost & not re-usable within agro ecosystems

In - flow Surf-ace Rain Ground & soil water recharge Infiltration Evaporation Discharge/flood Contamination & Degradation Ground water Drinking LWP = ∑(Beneficial outputs) ∑ (Depleted water) Depleted water Beneficial animal outputs: Meat, milk, hides, farm power, manure, wealth savings, & cultural values Tree fodder Pasture/range Grain Feed crops Transpiration Residue Food crops

In - flow Surf-ace Rain Ground & soil water recharge Infiltration Evaporation Discharge/flood Contamination & Degradation Tree fodder Pasture/range Grain Feed crops Transpiration Resid . Food crops STRATEGIES TO INCREASE LWP Gr. water Drinking Beneficial animal outputs: Meat, milk, hides, farm power, manure, wealth savings, & cultural values Imported feed Feed Sourcing Feed/forage crop improvement & selection Enhancing Production Breeding, vet health, nutrition, adding value, market Water conserving Veg., soil, water, watering, Managing waste & hygiene

Feed sourcing and estimating LWP 1US = 8.7 Birr Estimated livestock water productivity (LWP) LWP HIGHER IN NON-IRRIGATOR HOUSEHOLDS – WHY? 0.24 0.14 0.30 0.18 LWP (US/ m 3 ) 2.05 1.20 2.62 1.50 LWP (Birr/m 3 ) 1611 3087 936 1551 Water required for livestock feed (m 3 /hh) 3306 3668 2453 2315 Total 200 200 200 200 Livestock products consumed 228 - - 200 Livestock & products sales 457 685 310 393 Manure 684 699 466 392 Threshing 1155 1290 1035 480 Transport 582 794 442 650 Draught Non-irrigator Irrigator Non-irrigator Irrigator Batu Degaga Doni Estimated Parameters

Feed sourcing - Ethiopia The relation of crop residue available and LPW Livestock production based on use of crop residue and by-products requires no extra water for feed production

Conserving water: watering Crowded watering contaminates wells, ground water, rivers, & lakes enhancing human and animal disease risk SUDAN ETHIOPIA Improved watering can reduce degradation of water resources and wetlands.

Thank You! Pastoralists in Sudan store water in Baobab trees for use in dry season