Livelihood assessment, decision-
making and institutions in the
Uganda smallholder pig value
chain
Results from descriptive analyses
Emily Ouma
“Workshop: In-depth smallholder pig value chain assessment and preliminary
identification of best-bet interventions, Kampala, 9-11 April 2013”

Outline
 Sources of livelihood.
 Crops grown and control by gender.
 Pattern of agricultural and pig income.
 Pig income control and decision-
making.
 Decision-making: pig enterprise
activities.
 Social capital.
 Institutions on livestock
(inc; pigs) and agricultural VC.

Common sources of livelihood
Men
 Pig production – 25 villages
 Crop production (coffee/pineapple)
– 28
 Other livestock (cattle/poultry) – 28
villages
 Retail business – 20 villages
 Construction work – 16 villages
New livelihood activities becoming
common in some sub-counties
• “Boda boda” riding.
• Brick-making.
• Mobile money business.
Women
Retail business – 31 villages
Pig production – 30 villages
Crop production (banana, maize)–
28 villages
Other livestock (poultry) – 29 villages
Craft-making – 17 villages
Casual labor – 8 villages
New livelihood activities
becoming common in some sub-
counties
Salon and tailoring business
Charcoal burning
Alcohol brewing

Livelihood source ranking –
contribution to household income: Men
only
Rural-Rural
Rural-
Urban
Urban-Urban
Livelihood
source
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Crop production 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.0 5.0 3.0
Pig production 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0
Other livestock 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.3 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 5.0
Construction N/A N/A 3.5 4.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0
Pig and crop production ranked highest in all V-C domains apart from Mukono TC and Goma.
Mukono TC – other livestock especially poultry. Goma and other urban VC– important role of
non agricultural activities.
Mean rankings of livelihood sources (1=highest rank)

Livelihood source ranking – contribution
to household income: Women only
Mean rankings of livelihood sources (1=highest rank)
Rural-Rural
Rural-
Urban
Urban-Urban
Livelihood
source Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Retail business 4.0 3.8 3.0 N/A 3.7 4.5 3.3 3.6 3.5 2.7 3.3 3.0 3.0
Crop production 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 2.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 N/A
Pig production 1.0 1.7 2.5 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
Other livestock 1.3 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 1.0
Pig and poultry production ranked highest by women in the urban-urban value ch
Important role of crop production in the rural-rural and rural-urban value chains.

Crops grown and production
objective
Crop No. of
villages
Objective of
production
Gender of main
decision maker
Banana 24 Food/Cash Men/women
Beans 28 Food Women
Cassava 16 Food Women
Coffee 14 Cash Men
Maize 25 Food/Cash Men
Sugarcane 2 Cash Men
Sweet
potatoes
24 Food Women
Cash crops largely in men’s domain, while food crops are largely controlled by w

Pattern of agricultural income
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
agricultural
income
Pattern of agricultural income, Masaka district
Kabonera
Katwe Butego
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Nyendo Senyange
Coffee harvest and sales Coffee harvest and sales
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
agricultural
ncome
Pattern of agricultural income, Kamuli district
Bugulumbya
Namwendwa
Kitayunjwa
Coffee, maize, bean and rice harvest

Pattern of agricultural income
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
agricultural
income
Pattern of agricultural income, Mukono district
Mukono TC
Goma
Kyampisi
Ntenjeru
Coffee income
No clear pattern apart from November, general rise in agricultural income –
coffee.
Other peaks associated with bananas and maize income.

Income from pigs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
pig
income
Pattern of pig income, Kamuli district
Bugulumbya
Namwendwa
Kitayunjwa
Local
demand
X-mas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
pig
income
Pattern of pig income, Mukono district
Mukono TC
Goma
Kyampisi
Ntenjeru
X-mas
Martyrs day in
Namugongo
Easter
Easter

Income from pigs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Index
of
pig
income
Pattern of pig income, Masaka district
Kabonera
Katwe Butego
Kimanya Kyabakuza
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Nyendo Senyange
X-mas
Local demand
Easter

Pig income control and
decision making
0
50 50
69
31
0 0
12
22
40
25
0
100
100
50 50
31
69
100 100
89
78
60
75
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban
Proportion
of
respondents
(%)
Male only Joint Female only
Men groups

Pig income control and
decision making
Women groups
3 0
13 13
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
13
3
0
25
63
7
3
28
23
33
20
0
21
88
94
100
63
25
90
95
72
77
67
80
100
76
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Proportion
of
respondents
(%)
Male only Joint Female only

Other pig enterprise activities
and decision-making
36 37
21
39 36 39 37
31 29
64
57
69
60
54
60 63
69
68
0
4 10
1
11
1 5
0
20
40
60
80
100 Input
purchase
Labor
hiring
Start
of
pig
enterprise
Pig
breeds
Pig
feeding
Pig
slaughtering
Sales
outlets
for
pigs/piglets
Pig
sales
Piglet
sales
Proportion
of
respondents
(%)
Male only Joint Female only
Men group

Perceptions
Men group- “The enterprise
benefits the whole family. Since
the man has to go out to look
for money, women are left at
home to take care of the pigs.
On the other hand, the men
know the market opportunities
better since they interact widely
and have to take the
responsibility of marketing”.

Other pig enterprise activities
and decision-making
Women group
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21 20 20 21 20 19 19 20 20
77 78 78 77 78 79 79 78 78
0
20
40
60
80
100
Input
purchase
Labor
hiring
Start
of
pig
enterprise
Pig
breeds
Pig
feeding
Pig
slaughtering
Sales
outlets
for
pigs/piglets
Pig
sales
Piglet
sales
Proportion
of
respondents
(%)
Male only Joint Female only

Activity clock – Men
6.00a.m.
2.00p.m.
10.00p.m.
8.00p.m.
6.00p.m.
1.00p.m.
11.00a.m. Mix feeds for pigs and
thereafter go for agro-trading or
other income generating
activities such as “boda-boda”
7.00a.m.
Sleep

Activity clock - Women
6.00a.m.
10.00p.m.
8.00p.m.
4.00p.m.
2.00p.m.
7.00a.m.
Farming, collect animal
feed, firewood and
family food
(vegetables) and
banana leaves; other
merchandising
activities
12.00p.m.
6.00p.m.
Sleep
Implication of women’s time constraints: Extension and interventions.
How much time do they have available?, How time-consuming and labor-intensive are the
innovations, How far can they travel for trainings?

Membership to pig producer
groups
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban
Proportion
of
respondents
(%)
Men Women

Membership to farmer groups
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kkingo
Kyanamukaka
Kitayunjwa
Namwendwa
Bugulumbya
Ntenjeru
Kabonera
Kyampisi
Kimanya-Kyabakuza
Katwe-Butego
Nyendo-Ssenyange
Mukono
TC
Goma
Rural-rural Rural-urban Urban-urban
Proportion
of
respondents
(%) Member of farmer group_Men Member of farmer group_women

Institutions working with the
communities on livestock and
agriculture VC
Value chain domain type
Urban-Urban Rural-Urban Rural-Rural
Masaka district
(i) Katwe-Butego: NAADS
(ii) Kimanya-Kyabakuza:
NAADS &BRAC
(iii) Nyendo-Ssenyange:
NAADS
Mukono district
(i) Goma: AMCALL &
NAADS
(ii) Mukono Town Council:
BRAC & Biyinzika
Development Group
Masaka district
(i) Kabonera: BRAC,
FINCA & World
Vision
Mukono district
(i) Kyampisi: FHU,
NAADS and Tujja
SACCO
Masaka district
(i) Kyanamukaka: World Vision &
NAADS
(ii) Kkingo: CO-SAVE & World
Vision
Mukono district
(i) Ntenjeru: Katosi Women’s
Trust
Kamuli district
(i) Bugulumbya: NAADS &
VEDCO
(ii) Namwendwa: UNAFA & BRAC
(iii) Kitayunjwa: NAADS

Example of institutional rankings
– venn diagrams

Summary
 Important role of pigs as a source of
livelihood – especially for women in UU.
 Contribution of crops and other livestock
(cattle and poultry) to household income.
 Gendered differences in pig enterprise
decision-making and labor burden.
 Social capital – not developed in some
locations.
 Limited existence of pig farmer groups
compared to crops. Willingness to
participate in such initiatives is high.
 Existence of institutions working on pig
value chains – potential for collaboration to
improve the VC.

Thank you