Sharing Lessons from Pig Value Chain: South Asia &
South East Asia
Rameswar (Ram) Deka
International Symposium on Managing Risk in Pork Market
Hanoi, Vietnam
23rd to 25th April 2012

South & South East Asia

Pig Density
Source: FAO, 2006

Pig population & growth
South East Asia South Asia
Country Popul. (mil) Country Popul. (mil)
Myanmar 4.49 (5.7%) India 13.50 (3.5%)
Thailand 6.68 (3.7%) Nepal 0.93 (5.2%)
Laos 1.42 (-2.0%) Bhutan 0.04 (-0.1%)
Cambodia 2.11 (0.20) Sri Lanka 0.07 (-3.5%)
The Philippines 11.65 (4.1%) Bangladesh ?
Singapore 0.19 Pakistan ?
Vietnam 21.74 (4.9%) Afghanistan Zoo animal ?
Indonesia 6.00 (- 4.2%) Maldives ?
Malaysia 2.10 (-5.5%)
Source: FAO
Asia shares 43% of global pig output

Basic Comparison
Particulars S0uth East Asia SouthAsia
Pig rearing community All communities except Only few communities
few
Social- cultural value High High
(worshiping, sacrificial,
gift, fine etc.)
Livelihood importance High (20-40% of HH High (20-40% of HH
income ) income)
Government policy focus High Low
towards pig
Industrial pig production Yes No
Contract farming Yes No
(integrator)
Pig and pork is most important only in North Eastern
part of India in S Asia. The region have 3.8 mil pigs

Farming size
South East Asia South Asia
Vietnam/ Smallholders (1-10 India Smallholder (1-5
Philippines pigs): 75% pigs): 95%
/ Thailand/
Indonesia/ Medium Medium (5-300 pigs):
Malaysia (10-500 pigs): 15% 5%
Large (>500): 10% Large (>300): Nil
Laos/ Smallholders (1-10 Nepal/ Smallholders (1-5
Cambodia/ pigs): 85% Bhutan/ pigs): 98%
Myanmar Sri Lanka
Medium (10-500 Medium (5-300 pigs):
pigs): 15% 2%
There is lot of variation within & between the countries
and classifications are also different

Breeds & Breeding
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Indigenous pigs Mongcai, Ban, short year Doom, Madhuri, Bampudke,
(declining rapidly) pig, Moolatetc. Hurra, Dromfak etc.
Fatty, high productive Lean, low product
Exotic pigs (increasing LWY, LB, Landrace, Hampshire, LWY,
rapidly in SEA but very Duroc, Berkshire etc. LB, Saddleback, Tamworth,
slow growth in SA) (>15% exotic) Landrace, Duroc (< 2%)
Cross bred (increasing > 70% pig population >80% of India’s pig population
rapidly)
Preferred colour of pigs Preference varies Black
Strategic breeding Not sure No
programme at
smallholders level
Natural breeding (fee Popular in the villages Popular in the villages
based)
Artificial Insemination Available in well accessible Available only 2-3 areas
areas
Characterisation of indigenous breeds of pigs in S & SE Asia is
essential

Indigenous Pigs
Fig: MongCai pig, Vietnam Fig: Ban pig, Vietnam
Fig: Indigenous pig, Laos Fig: Indigenous (doom) pig,
India

Herd Type
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Breeding 25% 10%
Fattening 45% 80%
Breeding + Fattening 30% 10%
Inadequate availability of good breeding stock is
the major challenge for improvement of piggery
in S Asia. But in SE Asia, good quality piglets are
suppliers by industrial pig farms.

Feeds & Feeding
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Major ingredients Maize, rice bran, broken Residue of rice bear, rice
(smallholders) rice, cassava, sweet bran, wheat bran,
potato, legumes, banana kitchen waste, taro,
leaf, fish meal, soybean cassava, jungle forages,
meal, jungle forages maize
Production& distribution of High Negligible
concentrate feed
Cultivation of food-feed Popular Not popular
crops for feeding pigs.
Feed ingredients are mixed Common Common
& cooked
Smallholders pig feed- low True True
in protein but high in
energy
Competition of pig feed with High Low
human food

Housing
Fig: Pig sty , Vietnam Fig: Pig sty, Laos
Fig: Pig sty, Cambodia Fig: Pig sty, North East India

Diseases & Prevention
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Major diseases PRRS, CSF
CSF FMD No PRRS
FMD Swine Pox
Minor diseases Parasitic infestation Parasitic infestation,
Swine Dysentery, Piglet anaemia,
Erysipelas Piglet Diarrhoea,
Swine Influenza
Treatment 80% households near towns About 60% households near
& 30% in villages treat the towns and 10% in village treat
pigs the pig
Treatment is Mainly by farmers Mainly by farmers themselves
done themselves
Vaccination 30- 90% pigs are vaccinated <2% pigs are vaccinated against
against CSF CSF
Deworming 30-80% pigs are dewormed 5-20% pigs are dewormed
PRRS is the emerging threat for the pig population
of South Asia

Markets
Particuars SE Asia S Asia
Pork consumers Almost all communities Only certain communities
Transportation By motorbike By auto van or mini truck
mechanism
Paperwork for trading High Low
Premium price for pork Yes Yes
of indigenous pigs
Organised slaughter Available in major cities Scanty
infrastructure
Market demand at the Moderate High
farm gate
Market efficiency for Low High
smallholders
Market challenges for High Low
smallholders

Markets
Fig: Pig transported by motorbike Fig: Pork market, Hanoi
Fig: Pork market, Dimapur, India
Fig: Pork market, Northern Vietnam

Trend of consumption & growth
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Increased in consumption Vietnam, Thailand, The India, Nepal, Bhutan
of pork Philippines, Cambodia &
Myanmar
( growth 1.4- 5.0% year)
Decreased in Indonesia, Malaysia & Sri Lanka
consumption of pork Laos
Major exporter Vietnam, Thailand & -(Informal border trade)
Indonesia
Major importer The Philippines & - (Informal border trade)
Malaysia
Per capita consumption 6-15 kgs/ year 0.76 kg/year in India,
8.37 kg/year in Nagaland
(NE India)

Food Safety &Zoonosis
Particulars SE Asia S Asia
Disease animal sold Yes Yes
Use of soap, detergents, Poor (better in city) Poor
antiseptic, hot water, clean
dress during retailing
Transportation of carcass Without covering Without covering
Unsafe coliform count Above acceptable level Above acceptable level
(82% in Vietnam) (80% in Nagaland)
Total plate count Above acceptable level Above acceptable level
(50% in Vietnam)
Antibiotic residue in pork Yes (20% samples in
Nagaland)
Consumption of smoked pork ? Common in NE India
Important zoonotic diseases 1. Japanese Encephalitis 1. Japanese Encephalitis
2. Colibacillosis 2. Cysticercosis
3. Leptospirosis 3. Taeniasis

Main Lessons that S Asia can lean from
SE Asia
 Better feeding through cultivation of food-feed crops &
incorporation of concentrates.
 Popularisation of vaccination &deworming programme
among smallholders.
 Encouraging private investment for pig breeding & feed
milling.
 Govt. stimulation package & policy environment for the
investors.
 Smallholders pig transportation mechanism.
 Better hygiene prevails in pork retailing at major urban
centers.

Thanks for your Patience