Resource utilization and managing conflict in the pastoral community of Ethiopia." Presented by Dr Tilhaun Amede for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.

CPWF aims to increase water productivity and resilience of social and ecological systems Through its broad partnerships, it conducts research that leads to local impact and political change

CPWF Consortium Members AREO

Phase 2

Climate Change Mitigation and adaptation through better water management Mitigation is about gases. Adaptation is about water.

Water Scarcity by 2020

Make Choices : Scenarios to 2050 Based on WaterSim analysis for the CA Today CA Scenario Without productivity improvements CA Scenario: Policies for productivity gains, upgrading rainfed, revitalized irrigation, trade

Rainfall –Runoff distribution High rainfall variability & unreliability; significant runoff variability Considerable spatial and temporal redistribution is needed for meaningful development

Rainfall variability affecting economies Zimbabwe Ethiopia

Nile

Source, Ahmad et al., 2007

Mega woreda, pastoralists in a focus group discussion (Pantuliano and Wekesa, 2008) “ Food relief is the opium of pastoralists, given by the government and donor agencies to ensure that pastoralists do not think of alternative livelihoods and become dependent on food aid so that they can be easily controlled by the international community and the regional government. It is expensive and it does not help make pastoralists stronger in the long term” Lack of investments in resources development and management; food aid

Conflict with agro-pastoral and crop-livestock systems The need for forage banks and reserves Need for developing crop and pasture fields Need for payment for environmental services Stronger upstream-downstream relationships e.g. irrigation in uplands

“ Over the past Gada, we have lost two months of rain. Now the rain is not coming at the right time: it is starting later and finishing before long. My daughter is now five years old and she has not seen a good harvest yet. ” Lars Naess, 2009

Investing in Irrigation Irrigated Area Food price index World Bank lending for irrigation 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 Dependency effect?

Increased Storage Capacity

Water Saving for Multiple Use Hydroflume replacing feeder canals and siphons

Building on traditional innovations (water management) Photo Courtesy: Mr Admasu

Micro dose Zai

Identifying where water saving could be at farm and landscape scales? High unproductive water losses = indicator of productivity gap

~ ¾ of energy spent on maintenance Livestock energy budget 67% of feed from crop residues low quality: 5.8 – 7.4 MJ ME kg -1 Productivity gaps and losses..

E.g. Watering Points for Improved Livestock Production Energy for walking is reduced from 1956 MJ ME / TLU to 584 MJ ME / TLU per year (Milk equivalent of 252 litre) Survey: milk production increased from 343 liter to 463 liter per lactation per cow Water: no change in water depleted for feed production Milk water productivity per cow improves by 35% (survey)

Reducing Livestock Mortality (diseases) Source: Asfaw and Jabar, 2007 14 34 9 % Others 34 22 66 % Sales 6 8 5 % Others 8 8 3 % Purchases 86 84 92 % Births Incoming Species 52 44 25 % Deaths Outgoing Goat Sheep Cattle Herd Parameter

Cattle mortality rates for poor and better-off farmers 0.10 0.05 Adult (males) 0.15 0.10 Sub-adults (males) 0.15 0.10 Adult (females) 0.22 0.15 Sub-adults (females) 0.22 0.09 Juveniles (males and females Better off farmers Poor farmers Cattle classes

Causes of cattle deaths for poor and better-off farmers 100.0% 25 Total 4.0% 1 fell in a ditch 4.0% 1 bad weather conditions 4.0% 1 plant poisoning 88.0% 22 disease cattle cause deaths Better-off [KD1] 100.0% 58 Total 1.7% 1 beaten by herders 10.3% 6 plant poisoning 8.6% 5 feed shortage / drought 79.3% 46 disease cattle cause deaths Poor Percent N Responses Farmer category

More information http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/20/pid/6106.htm

Thank you ! “ These aid and research organizations belong to us, and it is our responsibility to make them work... We are able to do so only when the weather is not disturbing. If the climate keeps changing we will pack and they will pack. ”

Human and livestock population in the pastoralist systems of Ethiopia