Mapping the interface of poverty, emerging
markets and zoonoses
EcoHealth Conference, Kunming China 2012
Delia Grace
International Livestock Research Institute

International Livestock Research Institute
•a member of the CGIAR Consortium, ILRI conducts livestock, food and
environmental research
 to help alleviate poverty
 and improve food security, health & nutrition,
 while protecting the natural resource base.
India
Mali
 700 full time staff-1000 total
 100 scientists & researchers
 54% from 22 developing
countries China
 more than 30 scientific Vietnam
disciplines
 2012 budget USD 60 million
Laos
 ILRI works with a range of
Nigeria
research & development
partners Mozambique
 across 7 CGIAR research
Kenya
programs
Ethiopia Thailand

Mapping poverty and zoonoses
hotspots
• To present data and expert knowledge on
poverty and zoonoses hotspots
…….to prioritise study areas in emerging
livestock systems in the developing world,
……where prevention of zoonotic disease
might bring greatest benefit to poor people.
Commissioned by DFID

Methods
• Update global maps of poor livestock keeper
• Map rapidly emerging livestock systems
• Update map of emerging infectious diseases
(Jones et al., Nature)
• Develop first global maps of priority zoonoses
– Criteria based identification of most important
zoonoses
– Review official zoonoses reporting systems
– Systematic literature review of prevalence and burden
in Africa and Asia

• One billion PLK depend on 19 billion livestock
• 4 countries have 44% of PLK
• 75% rural, 25% urban poor depend on livestock
• Typically 2-33% income
• Typically 6-36% protein

• Poultry in South and East Asia
• > poultry in South America
• > bovines in South and East Asia
• > poultry in sub Saharan Africa
• = pigs in sub Saharan Africa

• West USA & west Europe hotspots
• Last decade: S America & SE Asia

Top Zoonoses (multiple burdens)
Deaths - annual
• Assessed 56 zoonoses from 6 listings:
140000
responsible 2.7 billion cases, 2.5 million deaths
120000
• “Unlucky 13” responsible for 2.2 billion
100000
illnesses and 2.4 million deaths
80000
– All 13 have a wildlife interface
60000
– 9 have a major impact on livestock
40000
20000
– All 13 amenable to on-farm intervention
0

Official reporting systems
Reporting Zoonoses Scope
system
WAHID 33 Animal
TAD Info 2 Animal
Pro Med All All
GLEWS 19 All
Health All All
Map
Africa
• 253 million SLU
• 25 million losses annually
• Around ½ from notifiable disease
• 80,000 reported == 99.8% un-reported

Systematic literature review
• Identify databases – PubMed, AJOL, CABDirect,
Google
• Develop criteria, search algorithms
• Screen abstracts, retrieve papers, extract
information
• Map data
• Embedded case-study to compare yield of
databases with grey literature & library search

Greatest burden of endemic zoonoses falls on one
billion poor livestock keepers
• Unlucky 13 zoonoses sicken 2.4 billion
people, kill 2.2 people and affect more
than 1 in 7 livestock each year

Impacts of zoonoses
currently or in the last year
• 12% of animals have brucellosis, reducing production by 8%
• 10% of livestock in Africa have HAT, reducing their production by 15%
• 7% of livestock have TB, reducing their production by 6% and from 3-10%
of human TB cases may be caused by zoonotic TB
• 17% of smallholder pigs have cysticercosis, reducing their value and
creating the enormous burden of human cysticercosis
• 27% of livestock have bacterial food-borne disease, a major source of food
contamination and illness in people
• 26% of livestock have leptospirosis reducing production and acting as a
reservoir for infection
• 25% of livestock have Q fever, and are a major source of infection of
farmers and consumers

Hotspots
• PLK: S. Asia 600 m, SSA 300 m
• LS intensification: India, Myan., Bang., Pak.,
• ZEID: W Europe, W USA
• Zoonoses: S. Asia > EC Africa
• BIG SIX
– S Asia: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan
– Africa: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Congo

Conclusions
• Here and now burden of NZDs is much higher
than EIDs
• ……..but EIDs in a pathogenic milieu can be
civilisation altering
• There are opportunities for better linking
research & management of EIDs and NZDs
• The high production burden of NZDs can be a
lever for changing practice

Research team
• Delia Grace, ILRI
• Russ Kruska, Consultant
• Kate Jones, Institute of Zoology
• Liam Brierley, Institute of Zoology
• Florence Mutua, ILRI Acknowledgements
• Pamela Ochungo, ILRI
• Lucy Lapar, ILRI
• Mohamed Said, ILRI Funding: DFID, UK
• Mario Herrero, ILRI
• Pham Duc Phuc, Hanoi School of
Public Health, Vietnam
• Nguyen Bich Thao, Hanoi School of
Public Health, Vietnam
• Isaiah Akuku, ILRI intern
• Fred Ogutu, ILRI intern

Agriculture for improved nutrition and health
www.ilri.org