Assessing Highlander Zoonoses Risk
Associated with Livestock Production
Population EcoHealth Vulnerabilities and Emerging Food-Borne and
Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases in Asia
EcoHealth Conference, Kunming China 2012
1 1 2 3 4
Chalisa Kallayanamitra Manoj Potapohn Karin Hamilton Jennifer Steele Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
1
2 Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota
3
4 Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University

Trichinosis
More than 90% of Trichinosis cases
has occurred in highland areas.
Source: BOE Thailand (2003-2009)

Project Goals and Objectives
Project goal: To understand Trichinosis risk in the Borderland Highlanders as a basis
for prevention and control measures.
Overall objective: Use a transdisciplinary approach with an EcoHealth-One Health
approach to develop and answer research questions.
Research questions:
• What are key factors driving Trichinosis in the study areas?
• How do those factors shape pig management system?
• How do those factors and pig management system influence the risks
posed by Trichinosis?
System components: Animal husbandry, Food chain, Environment, and Economy
Specific objectives:
• Recruit a multidisciplinary team and informants
• Develop an integrative framework
• Identify research methods and tools
• Implement a pilot study

Methods
1. Construct Trichinosis risk framework:
- Literature review and expert opinion
Reason for choosing pig housing system Type of pig Accessibility of rat in feed storage Do you usually clean left over feed after feeding? Responsible person for pig health check up Reasons for not using deworming
Ethnicity of pig raiser Religion of pig raiser Type of feed Frequency of pig health check up What will you do with your sick pig Deworming
Awareness of housing system
Objectives of raising pig
Pig housing system Feed handling Animal health practices Waste management How often you clean pig place?
Time spent for pig raising:Total time spent on career Recognition about rat danger
Revenue received from pig raising:Total revenue Knowledge of pig raiser Formal education level of pig raiser
Source of pig Rearing practices Gender of pig raiser
Wet garbage handling Understanding relationship of pig housing and Trichinosis
Solid garbage handling Trichinosis recognition
Environment suitability for Trichinosis circulation Trichinosis risk in pig Experience in raising pig
Place to slaughter pig
Carcasses left over handling after slaughtering a pig Source of information
Dead animal (cat,dog,rat,etc.) handling Source of meat Possibility of being infected Trichinosis in human
Dead pig handling
Frequency of cleaning surrounding Income level Investment in pig raising Food Safety Level
Benefit from headman
Rat control Source of fund Family welfare Convenient products Benefit from teacher
Rat abundance Wildlife presence Environment cleanliness Risk of Eating Outside Benefit from pulic health officer
Benefit from private sector's and public sector services Benefit from animal health officer
Ethnicity of food preparing person Frequency eating outside Place of eating outside Benefit from local public health volunteer
Religion Benefit from local animal health volunteer
Frequency of having meat (Carnivore/omnivore) in a year
Benefit from police
Benefit from Heifer
Occasions for killing pig
Benefit from sub-district officer
Gender of food preparing person Raw/undercooked preference Meat Preparation
Reasons describing eating habit Benefit from district officer
Awareness of eating raw/undercooked meat
Frequency of police service Frequency of headman service
Formal education of food preparing person Frequency of Heifer service Frequency of teacher service
Knowledge of danger of having raw/undercooked meat Knowledge of food preparing person Frequency of district officer service Frequency of pulic health officer service
Frequency of sub-district officer service Frequency of animal health officer service
Frequency of local animal health volunteer service Frequency of local pulic health volunteer service

Methods
1. Construct Trichinosis risk framework:
- Literature review and expert opinion
Reason for choosing pig housing system Type of pig Accessibility of rat in feed storage Do you usually clean left over feed after feeding? Responsible person for pig health check up Reasons for not using deworming
Ethnicity of pig raiser Religion of pig raiser Type of feed Frequency of pig health check up What will you do with your sick pig Deworming
Awareness of housing system
Objectives of raising pig
Pig housing system Feed handling Animal health practices Waste management How often you clean pig place?
Time spent for pig raising:Total time spent on career
Revenue received from pig raising:Total revenue
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Knowledge of pig raiser
Recognition about rat danger
Formal education level of pig raiser
Source of pig Rearing practices Gender of pig raiser
Wet garbage handling Understanding relationship of pig housing and Trichinosis
Solid garbage handling Trichinosis recognition
Environment suitability for Trichinosis circulation Trichinosis risk in pig Experience in raising pig
Place to slaughter pig
Carcasses left over handling after slaughtering a pig Source of information
Dead animal (cat,dog,rat,etc.) handling Source of meat Possibility of being infected Trichinosis in human
ENVIRONMENT
Dead pig handling
Frequency of cleaning surrounding Income level Investment in pig raising Food Safety Level
Benefit from headman
Rat control Source of fund Family welfare Convenient products Benefit from teacher
Rat abundance Wildlife presence Environment cleanliness Risk of Eating Outside Benefit from pulic health officer
Benefit from private sector's and public sector services Benefit from animal health officer
Ethnicity of food preparing person Frequency eating outside Place of eating outside Benefit from local public health volunteer
Religion
FOOD CHAIN
Frequency of having meat (Carnivore/omnivore) in a year ECONOMY/WELFARE Benefit from local animal health volunteer
Benefit from police
Benefit from Heifer
Occasions for killing pig
Benefit from sub-district officer
Gender of food preparing person Raw/undercooked preference Meat Preparation
Reasons describing eating habit Benefit from district officer
Awareness of eating raw/undercooked meat
Frequency of police service Frequency of headman service
Formal education of food preparing person Frequency of Heifer service Frequency of teacher service
Knowledge of danger of having raw/undercooked meat Knowledge of food preparing person Frequency of district officer service Frequency of pulic health officer service
Frequency of sub-district officer service Frequency of animal health officer service
Frequency of local animal health volunteer service Frequency of local pulic health volunteer service

Methods
2. Identify study villages:
- A village with previous outbreak of Trichinosis and a village without
HCS: 84 HHs
HMF: 118 HHs
Total: 54 Randomized HHs
HCS: 23 (w/ pigs)+3 (w/o pigs)
HMF: 23 (w/ pigs)+5 (w/o pigs)
HCS: With outbreak (2004) HMF: Without outbreak

Methods
3. Develop, test and conduct survey instrument:
- Randomized household interview and Environmental Survey
- Institution interview

Data analysis
Bayesian Belief Network
Reason for choosing pig housing... Ethnicity of pig raiser Religion of pig raiser Type of pig Accessibility of rat in feed storage Type of feed Do you usually clean left ov er fe... Frequency of pig health check up Responsible person for pig healt... What will you do with your sick pig Reasons for not using deworming
Convenience 11.1 Mhong 12.5 Bhudhism 25.0 Boar 33.3 Yes 50.0 Food scrap 12.5 Yes 33.3 Never 25.0 Never check 20.0 Never been sick 16.7 Use 12.5
Save money 11.1 Karen 12.5 Christianism 25.0 Sow 33.3 No 50.0 Carcasses 12.5 Sometimes 33.3 Once a week 25.0 Yourself 20.0 Do nothing 16.7 Drug store is too far 12.5
Hygeinatic security 11.1 Lisu 12.5 Muslim 25.0 Piglet 33.3 Corn 12.5 No 33.3 Once a month 25.0 Neighbor 20.0 Consult expert 16.7 Expensive 12.5
Regulation 11.1 Black Lahu 12.5 Spiritualism 25.0 Rice chaff 12.5 Once a year 25.0 Animal health officer 20.0 Buy drug yourself 16.7 No need 12.5
T radition 11.1 Red Lahu 12.5 Banana trunk 12.5 Local public health ... 20.0 Use herbs 16.7 Do not know 12.5
Don't want pig to di... 11.1 Yao 12.5 Vegetable 12.5 Sell out 16.7 Pig is already healthy 12.5
Animal welfare Not ... 11.1 Akha 12.5 Instant feed 12.5 Pig is too old 12.5
Afraid of losing pig 11.1 Palong 12.5 Supplement 12.5 Pig is already big 12.5
Pig freedom 11.1
If suitable pig housing can keep ... Deworming
Pig housing system Yes 50.0 How often you clean pig place?
Yes 33.3 No 50.0
No 33.3 Free range 20.0 Feed handling Animal health practices Waste management T wice a day 14.3
Maybe 33.3 T ether 20.0 Everday once 14.3
Fense (under house) 20.0 Suitable 33.3 Suitable 33.3 Suitable 33.3 Every other day 14.3
Rat control Fense (outdoor) 20.0 Fair 33.3 Fair 33.3 Fair 33.3 2-3 days a week 14.3
Rat abundance Pen 20.0 Not suitable 33.3 Not suitable 33.3 Not suitable 33.3 Once a week 14.3
Yes 50.0 Rarely 14.3
None 25.0 No 50.0 Never 14.3
1-5 25.0
5-10 25.0
>10 25.0 Source of pig Rearing practices Knowledge of pig raiser Recognition about rat danger
Raise 33.3 Suitable 33.3 High 33.3 Yes 50.0
Wildlife presence Env ironment suitability for Trichi... Buy from neighbor 33.3 Fair 33.3 Medium 33.3
Buy from people out... 33.3 Not suitable 33.3 Low 33.3 No 50.0
Yes 50.0 Suitable 33.3
No 50.0 Fair 33.3 Formal education lev el of pig rai...
Not suitable 33.3
Wet garbage handling None 11.1
Sweep away 16.7 >P.3 11.1
Use as feed 16.7 P.3 11.1
Obj ectiv es of raising pig P.6 11.1
Bury 16.7 M.3 11.1
Burn 16.7 Consumption only 25.0 M.6 11.1
Put in the communi... 16.7 Commercial purpos... 25.0
T hrow in forest 16.7 Both consumption ... 25.0
Ritual ceremony 25.0
Trichinosis risk in pig Vocational certificate 11.1
High vocational cert... 11.1
Undergraduate 11.1
Solid garbage handling High 33.3 Experience in raising pig
Sweep away 14.3 Env ironment cleanliness Trichinosis recognition Understanding relationship of pi... Gender of pig raiser
Bury
Burn
14.3
14.3 Clean 33.3
Medium 33.3 <5 years
5-10 years
33.3
33.3 Yes 50.0 Yes 50.0 Male 50.0
Ratio ofrev enue receiv e from pi... Ratio of time spent for pig raisin... No 50.0 No 50.0 Female 50.0
Put in the communi... 14.3
T hrow in forest 14.3
Fair
Dirty
33.3
33.3 Low 33.3 Low 33.3 Low 33.3 >10 years 33.3
Sell 14.3 Medium 33.3 Medium 33.3
Reuse 14.3 High 33.3 High 33.3 Income lev el Benefit from headman
Inv estment in pig raising Source of information
< $400 20.0 Newspaper 12.5 None 20.0
Place to slaughter pig $400-2,000 20.0 No 20.0 Poor 20.0
$2,001-4,000 20.0 Buy new pigs 20.0 Radio 12.5 Fair 20.0
Never 25.0 $4,001-6,000 20.0 Buy deworming drug 20.0 TV 12.5 Good 20.0
Backyard 25.0 >$6,000 20.0 Increase hygiene 20.0 Public service anno... 12.5 Great 20.0
Local slaughterhouse 25.0 Buy feed 20.0 Magazine/Journal 12.5
Inside pen 25.0 Neighbor/others 12.5
Source of meat Internet 12.5 Benefit from teacher
Village headman 12.5 None 20.0
Carcasses left ov er handling aft... Raise 25.0 Poor 20.0
No left over 14.3 Buy from neighbor
Buy outside village
25.0
25.0
Possibility of being infected Trichinosis i... Source of fund
Fair 20.0
Sweep away 14.3 Hunt 25.0 Good 20.0
Dog feed 14.3 Great 20.0
Put in trash can
Pig feed
14.3
14.3
Infected 50.0 Neighbor
BAAC
12.5
12.5
Co-ops/Agriculturist... 12.5
Chicken feed
Bury
14.3
14.3 Non-infected 50.0 Community fund
Commercial bank
12.5
12.5
Benefit from pulic health officer
Food Safety Lev el Buy on credit 12.5 None 20.0
Private leasing 12.5 Poor 20.0
Dead animal (cat,dog,rat,etc.) ha... High 33.3 Fair 20.0
Medium 33.3 Informal leasing 12.5 Good 20.0
Bury 25.0 Low 33.3 Great from animal health officer
20.0
Burn 25.0 Benefit
T hrow in forest 25.0 Meat Preparation Family welfare
Do nothing 25.0 Benefit from priv ate sector's an... None 20.0
Well-cooked white ... 5.56 Good 33.3 Poor 20.0
Raw/undercooked w... 5.56 Fair 33.3 None 20.0 Fair 20.0
Dead pig handling Well-cooked native ... 5.56 Poor 33.3 Poor 20.0 Good 20.0
Raw/undercooked n... 5.56 Fair 20.0 Great 20.0
Never die 14.3 Well-cooked wild boar 5.56 Good 20.0
Bury 14.3 Frequency of hav ing meat (Carni... Risk of Eating Outside Great 20.0 Benefit from local public health ...
Burn 14.3 Raw/undercooked w... 5.56
Eat 14.3 Well-cooked varanus 5.56 <12 T imes 16.7 High 33.3 None 20.0
Eat and share to ne... 14.3 Raw/undercooked v... 5.56 12-30 T imes 16.7 Medium 33.3 Poor 20.0
Sell to neighbor 14.3 Well-cooked wild cat 5.56 31-50 T imes 16.7 Low 33.3 Fair 20.0
Sell to people other... 14.3 Raw/undercooked w... 5.56 51-100 T imes 16.7 Good 20.0
Well-cooked chicken 5.56 101-300 T imes 16.7 Conv enient products Great 20.0
Raw/undercooked c... 5.56 >300 T imes 16.7
Frequency of cleaning surrounding Well-cooked snake 5.56 TV 5.00
Raw/undercooked s... 5.56 Radio 5.00 Benefit from local animal health ...
Everyday 20.0 Well-cooked dog 5.56 Stove 5.00
Every other day 20.0 Frequency eating outside Place of eating outside None 20.0
Once a week 20.0 Raw/undercooked dog 5.56 Frige 5.00 Poor 20.0
Rarely 20.0 Well-cooked rat 5.56 Never 16.7 Never 16.7 Cooker 5.00 Fair 20.0
Never 20.0 Raw/undercooked rat 5.56 Everyday 16.7 Neighbor's house 16.7 VDO/VCD 5.00 Good 20.0
Every other day 16.7 Restaurant 16.7 Electric iron 5.00 Benefit from police
Once a week 16.7 Market 16.7 Electric fan 5.00 Great 20.0
Once a month 16.7 Church 16.7 Satellite dish 5.00 None 20.0
Gender of food preparing person Poor 20.0 Benefit from sub-district officer
Occasionally 16.7 Other village 16.7 Feed pump 5.00 Fair 20.0
Male 50.0 Electric generator 5.00 Good 20.0 None 20.0
Female 50.0 If you know eating raw/undercoo... Bike 5.00 Great 20.0 Poor 20.0
Motorgike 5.00 Fair 20.0
Never eat before 16.7 Car 5.00 Good 20.0
Reasons describing eating habit Will not eat again 16.7 Knowledge of food preparing per... Cellphone 5.00
Will eat occasionally 16.7 Washing machine 5.00 Great 20.0
Never have 9.09 Raw/undercooked preference High 33.3 Benefit from Heifer
T aste bad 9.09 Will eat as usual 16.7 Medium 33.3 Laptop 5.00
Yes 50.0 Will eat less 16.7 Electric pan 5.00 Benefit from district officer
T aste good 9.09 No 50.0 Not sure 16.7 Low 33.3 Water heater 5.00 None 20.0
T radition 9.09 Lawnmower 5.00 Poor 20.0 None 20.0
Afraid of danger 9.09 Fair 20.0 Poor 20.0
Make you tough 9.09 Good 20.0 Fair 20.0
Parents now allow 9.09 Formal education of food prepari... Frequency of district officer serv ... Frequency of Heifer serv ice Frequency of police serv ice Great 20.0 Good 20.0
Materials are expen... 9.09 Religion Great 20.0
Feel used to 9.09 Bhudhism 25.0 None 11.1 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0
Good with alcohol 9.09 Christianism 25.0 >P.3 11.1 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0
Feel cool 9.09 Muslim 25.0 P.3 11.1 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0
Spiritualism 25.0 P.6 11.1 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0
M.3 11.1 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0
Occasions for killing pig M.6 11.1
Never 10.0 Vocational certificate 11.1
Ethnicity of food preparing person High vocational cert... 11.1
As wanted 10.0 Undergraduate 11.1
Wedding 10.0 Mhong 12.5 Frequency of sub-district officer ... Frequency of local animal health ... Frequency of local pulic health v ... Frequency of animal health office... Frequency of pulic health officer ... Frequency of teacher serv ice Frequency of headman serv ice
Make a merit 10.0 Karen 12.5 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0 None 20.0
New year 10.0 Lisu 12.5 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0 Rarely 20.0
Sacrifice ceremony 10.0 Black Lahu 12.5 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0 Fair 20.0
Funeral 10.0 Red Lahu 12.5 Knowledge of danger of hav ing r... Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0 Frequent 20.0
Eating New Rice fe... 10.0 Yao 12.5 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0 Very frequent 20.0
Farming season 10.0 Akha 12.5 Yes 50.0
Blessing ceremony 10.0 Palong 12.5 No 50.0

Bayesian Belief Network
• It is a model
• It helps us to greater understand the issue we are modeling
• It allows us to make useful predictions about how the situation
will behave
• It is very helpful for policy making
• It is so adaptable. You can start them off small, with limited
knowledge and grow them as you acquire new knowledge. The
net will do as good as possible with available knowledge.
• It is one of the most powerful tools for qualitative data analysis

Preliminary Results
Animal Husbandry
Reason for choosing pig housing... Religion of pig raiser Type of pig If suitable pig housing can keep ... Ethnicity of pig raiser Source of information
Convenience 16.7 Bhudhism 1.75 Boar 25.0 Yes 58.7 Mhong 1.92 Newspaper 4.55
Financial issue 16.7 Christianism 17.5 Sow 31.2 No 34.8 Karen 1.92 Radio 4.55
Hygeinatic security 13.3 Muslim 77.2 Piglet 43.8 Maybe 6.52 Lisu 9.62 TV 40.9
Regulation 36.7 Spiritualism 3.51 Black Lahu 3.85 Public service anno... 13.6
T radition 6.67 Red Lahu 75.0 Magazine/Journal 4.55
Care others 3.33 Yao 1.92 Neighbor/others 22.7
Animal welfare 6.67 Akha 1.92 Internet 4.55
Palong 3.85 Village headman 4.55
Gender of pig raiser
Male 42.9
Female 57.1
Income lev el Formal education lev el of pig rai...
Inv estment in pig raising Pig housing system
< $400 6.78 Knowledge of pig raiser None 56.6
$400-2,000 62.7 No 24.6 Free range 20.0 >P.3 9.43
$2,001-4,000 22.0 Buy new pigs 20.3 T ether 20.0 High 33.3 P.3 7.55
$4,001-6,000 3.39 Buy deworming drug 21.8 Fense (under house) 20.0 Medium 33.3 P.6 9.43
>$6,000 5.08 Increase hygiene 15.1 Fense (outdoor) 20.0 Low 33.3 M.3 7.55
Buy feed 18.1 Pen 20.0 M.6 1.89
4290 ± 13000 Vocational certificate 3.77
High vocational cert... 1.89
Undergraduate 1.89
Obj ectiv es of raising pig
Source of fund Rearing practices
Consumption only 20.1
Neighbor 31.9 Commercial purpos... 7.96 Understanding relationship of pi...
BAAC 14.9 Both consumption ... 62.7 Suitable 33.3
Co-ops/Agriculturist... 14.9 Ritual ceremony 9.21 Fair 33.3 Yes 37.3
Community fund 2.13 Not suitable 33.3 No 56.9
Commercial bank 14.9 Don't know 5.88
Buy on credit 4.26
Private leasing 10.6
Informal leasing 6.38 Trichinosis recognition
Trichinosis risk in pig Yes
No
5.56
94.4
Ratio of time spent for pig raisin... Ratio ofrev enue receiv e from pi... High 33.3 Experience in raising pig
Low 92.5 Low 87.8
Medium
High
3.77
3.77
Medium
High
8.16
4.08
Medium 33.3 Recognition about rat danger
<5 years
5-10 years
46.9
18.4
0.19 ± 0.17 0.207 ± 0.19 Low 33.3 Yes
No
33.3
66.7
>10 years 34.7
17400 ± 29000
Pig housing system
Free range 3.45
Tether 3.45
Fense (under house) 20.7
Fense (outdoor) 6.90
Pen 65.5

Preliminary Results
Meat Preparation
Food chain Well-cooked white ... 10.0
Raw/undercooked w... 5.00
Well-cooked native ... 5.00
Raw/undercooked n... 5.00
Well-cooked wild boar 5.00
Raw/undercooked w... 5.00
Formal education of food prepari... Knowledge of danger of hav ing r... Well-cooked varanus 5.00
None
>P.3
57.1
12.7 Yes
No
26.9
73.1
Raw/undercooked v... 5.00
P.3
P.6
7.94
11.1 Well-cooked wild cat 5.00
M.3
M.6
4.76
1.59 Raw/undercooked w... 5.00
Vocational certificate 1.59
High vocational cert... 1.59 Well-cooked chicken 10.0
Undergraduate 1.59
Raise
Source of meat
12.5
Possibility of being infected Trichinosis i... Raw/undercooked c... 5.00
Buy from neighbor 25.0 Well-cooked snake 5.00
Buy outside village
Hunt
50.0
12.5 Infected 50.0 Raw/undercooked s... 5.00
Knowledge of food preparing per... Non-infected 50.0 Well-cooked dog 5.00
High
Medium
33.3
33.3
Raw/undercooked dog 5.00
Low 33.3 Meat Preparation Well-cooked rat 5.00
Well-cooked white ... 5.56
Raw/undercooked w... 5.56 Raw/undercooked rat 5.00
Well-cooked native ... 5.56
Raw/undercooked n... 5.56
If you know eating raw/undercoo... Well-cooked wild boar 5.56 Place of eating outside
Raw/undercooked w... 5.56
Never eat before 13.6 Well-cooked varanus 5.56 Food Safety Lev el Risk of Eating Outside Never 18.0
Will not eat again 49.2 Raw/undercooked v... 5.56 High 33.3 High 33.3 Neighbor's house 33.2
Will eat occasionally 16.9 Well-cooked wild cat 5.56 Medium 33.3 Medium 33.3 Restaurant 26.4
Will eat as usual 13.6 Raw/undercooked w... 5.56 Low 33.3 Low 33.3 Market 5.68
Will eat less 3.39 Well-cooked chicken 5.56 Church 7.52
Not sure 3.39 Raw/undercooked c... 5.56 Other village 9.10
Well-cooked snake 5.56
Raw/undercooked s... 5.56
Well-cooked dog 5.56
Raw/undercooked dog 5.56
Gender of food preparing person Well-cooked rat 5.56
Raw/undercooked rat 5.56
Male 30.4
Female 69.6 Frequency eating outside
Never 11.8
Everyday 7.31
Reasons describing eating habit Every other day 11.2
Never have 3.57 Once a week 11.2
T aste bad 21.4 Once a month 14.9
T aste good 35.7 Occasionally 43.5
T radition 7.14 Raw/undercooked preference Frequency of hav ing meat (Carni...
Afraid of danger 10.7 Yes 49.5 <12 T imes 10.0
Make you tough 3.57 No 50.5 12-30 T imes 11.2
Parents now allow 3.57 31-50 T imes 9.28
Materials are expen... 3.57 51-100 T imes 12.0
Feel used to 3.57 101-300 T imes 19.0
Good with alcohol 3.57 >300 T imes 38.5
Feel cool 3.57
361 ± 400
Occasions for killing pig
Never 19.0
As wanted 8.77
Wedding 8.60 Income lev el
Make a merit 8.60 < $400 6.78
New year 10.9 $400-2,000 62.7
Sacrifice ceremony 8.60 $2,001-4,000 22.0
Funeral 9.70 $4,001-6,000 3.39
Eating New Rice fe... 8.60 >$6,000 5.08
Farming season 8.60
Blessing ceremony 8.60 2050 ± 2000
Ethnicity of food preparing person
Mhong 1.61
Karen 1.61
Religion Lisu 12.9
Black Lahu 4.84
Bhudhism 73.7 Red Lahu 74.2
Christianism 22.8 Yao 1.61
Muslim 1.75 Akha 1.61
Spiritualism 1.75 Palong 1.61

Preliminary Results
Environment
Rat control
Yes 53.7
No 46.3
Solid garbage handling Rat abundance Wildlife presence
Sweep away 5.56 None 28.1 Yes 23.2
Bury 5.56 1-5 50.6 No 76.8
Burn 42.6 5-10 3.53
Put in the communi... 20.4 >10 17.8
T hrow in forest 13.0
Sell 9.26
Reuse 3.70
Wet garbage handling Trichinosis risk in pig
Sweep away 13.5 Env ironment suitability for Trichi...
Use as feed
Bury
34.6
5.77 Suitable 33.3 High 33.3
Fair 33.3
Burn 19.2
Put in the communi... 9.62 Not suitable 33.3 Medium 33.3
T hrow in forest 17.3
Low 33.3
Carcasses left ov er handling aft...
No left over 37.2
Sweep away 11.6 Env ironment cleanliness
Dog feed 41.9
Put in trash can 2.33 Clean 33.3
Pig feed 2.33 Fair 33.3
Chicken feed 2.33 Dirty 33.3
Bury 2.33
Place to slaughter pig
Never 15.5
Backyard 77.6
Local slaughterhouse 3.45
Inside pen 3.45
Dead pig handling
Never die 11.1 Frequency of cleaning surrounding
Dead animal (cat,dog,rat,etc.) ha... Bury 68.5
Bury 83.3 Burn 3.70 Everyday 32.2
Burn 3.70 Eat 5.56 Every other day 25.4
T hrow in forest 3.70 Eat and share to ne... 3.70 Once a week 25.4
Do nothing 9.26 Sell to neighbor 5.56 Rarely 15.3
Sell to people other... 1.85 Never 1.69