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Recommendations for improving vaccination coverage in the Bali dog population
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Presented by Arief, R.A., Jatikusumah, A., Widyastuti, M.D.W., Sunandar, Basri, C., Putra, A.A.G., Willyanto, I., Estoepangestie, S., Mardiana, I., Gilbert, J. and Hampson, K. at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
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Recommendations for improving vaccination coverage in the Bali dog population
- Recommendations for Improving Vaccination Coverage in the Bali Dog Population Ecohealth 2012 conference, Kunming, China,15-18 October 2012 Arief, R.A.1, Jatikusumah, A.1, Widyastuti, M.D.W.1, Sunandar1, Basri, C.1,2, Putra, A.A.G.3, Willyanto, I.4, Estoepangestie, S.5, Mardiana, I.6, Gilbert, J.7 and Hampson, K.8 1
- Affiliation 1. Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies 2. Bogor Agricultural University 3. Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar 4. InI Veterinary Service 5. Airlangga University 6. Bali Provincial Livestock and Animal Health Office 7. International Livestock Research Institute 8. University of Glasgow 2
- Introduction • Rabies in the island of Bali is widespread • 3 island-wide vaccination campaigns, the latest just recently finished • Maintaining high coverage is key to successful rabies control • Mass dog vaccination is difficult and population turnover erodes coverage 3
- Dog Population in Bali Restrained Free Roaming Un- Owned Dogs owned Dogs 4
- Method Household survey owned dog population Banjar transects free-roaming population Foto Survei Door to Door 5
- Map of Bali = observed villages 6
- Results 7
- Household Survey 17,376 owned dogs; 8,588 owners Category Urban Suburban Rural Overall Gender 1. Male 63.0% 72.2% 76.2% 70.4% 2. Female 37.0% 27.8% 23.8% 29.6% Age 1. Adult 81.7% 87.5% 83.1% 83.5% 2. Juvenile 18.3% 12.5% 16.9% 16.5% Restraining of dogs 1. Restrained 71.2% 16.1% 8.0% 33.6% 2. Free-roaming 28.8% 83.9% 92.0% 66.4% Vaccination coverage 88.8% 83.7% 78.7% 83.6% 8
- Vaccination in Owned Dogs 100% 10% 100% 9% 20% 80% 80% 56% 60% 60% 90% 91% 40% 80% 40% 44% 20% 20% 0% 0% Restrained Free-roaming Adult Juvenile Vaccinated No Vaccinated No • 10% higher coverage in restrained dogs • significantly higher coverage in adults (91%) than juveniles (<1yr, 44%) 9
- Banjar Transect 1,972 free-roaming dogs Category Urban Suburban Rural Overall Gender 1. Male 70.3% 80.8% 82.2% 76.8% 2. Female 29.7% 19.2% 17.8% 23.1% Age 1. Adult 97.0% 94.9% 96.7% 96.6% 2. Juvenile 3.0% 5.1% 3.3% 3.4% Vaccination coverage 37.5% 21.4% 27.8% 30.9% 10
- Why is Coverage in Free-Roaming Dogs Low? • Also include unowned or difficult to vaccinate dogs. • Status inferred from collar: – Known to fall off – Difficult dogs only painted Underestimation 11
- Effects of Culling • 4 villages had culled dogs in the last 3 months 84% No 84% Vaccination 16% Adult Juvenile 83% Culling 79% 21% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Owned Dog Population 12
- Effects of Culling (2) 28% 97% No 3% Vaccination Adult Juvenile 49% 97% Culling 3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Free-Roaming Dog Population 13
- Effects of Culling (3) • Culling only stimulates population turnover and culled dogs will likely be replaced with unvaccinated new adults. • In long term, there is no positive benefit of culling. Dog sterilization would have more benefits as it could stabilize coverage by reducing births. 14
- Recommendation • Put more effort to vaccinate free-roaming dogs in suburban and rural areas. • Target juveniles through better planning, advertisement and public awareness. • Adopt other methods for population control, such as sterilization. • Improve collar endurance for better identification of vaccinated animals and reassure communities of campaign achievements. 15
- Acknowledgement • International Development Research Centre (IDRC) • International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) • Bali Provincial Livestock and Animal Health Office 16
- THANK YOU 17
Editor's Notes
- This is an illustration of the dog population in Bali. Most dogs are owned, but a high portion of dogs owned by people are allowed to free-roam. A small portion of dogs are not owned.
- Briefly explain how the DTD andPCR method, describe what is meant by “banjar”. Household survey approach villagers door to door and collect information on the dogs they own.Banjar transects transect 4 randomly selected banjars in each village for 4 consecutive days, taking pictures of all free-roaming dogs within 25 meters, and later identifying new dogs from previously photographed dogs.Banjar is a term for subvillages, it is community units that build up a village. One village can have as few as 4 banjars and as many as 17.
- Briefly describe why we selected Denpasar, Gianyar, and Karangasem districts.We surveyed a total of 37 villages in Denpasar city, Gianyar district, and Karangasem district. Villages were randomly selected. Later, we determined the urban, suburban, and rural status of villages based on main occupation of villagers.
- Average dog ownership : 2 dogs/ownerOverall, people prefer to own male dogs compared to females. This view is strongly adopted in suburban and rural villages observed, but milder in urban areas. A significantly large amount of dogs owned are adults, over 80%, while less than 20% are juveniles. Juveniles are dogs less than 1 years old. Dog restraining practices is very different between urban vs suburban and rural areas. In urban villages, most owners restrain their dogs, either by leashing, containing the dogs within the boundaries of the house, or caging them. Meanwhile, in suburban and rural areas almost all dogs are allowed to free-roam. The overall vaccination coverage is above 80%, with the highest in urban villages and lowest in rural villages.DefinisteknisDibawahsatutahun
- Interestingly, vaccination coverage is higher in restrained dogs by 10%. As was also shown before, dogs in urban villages were mostly restrained and had the highest coverage. When broken down to age groups, over 90% of adults had been vaccinated, but less than 50% of juveniles received vaccination. A related fecundity study found that most owners do not report the presence of juveniles or puppies. More effort should be put in vaccinating juveniles.
- Similar to the demography of owned dogs, most of the free-roaming dogs observed are male. Likewise, in urban villages, there are more females than in suburban and rural areas. Very few juveniles were observed roaming, almost all free-roaming dogs are adults. The vaccination coverage in free-roaming dogs is very low, very different from owned dogs, which was around 80%.
- Remind the audience about the dog population structure in Bali.Unfortunately the percentage of collar loss and use of paint on dogs during vaccination is unknown to the author, hence the extent of coverage underestimation could not be predicted.
- Culling seems to affect the age distribution of owned dogs in the village. The proportion of adults in culled villages is 5% smaller and the vaccination coverage is marginally lower if not unaffected.
- In free-roaming dogs, a 20% higher coverage was observed in villages with recent culling. The adult and juvenile proportion seems unaffected as juveniles rarely roam.
- Penandauntukanjing-anjignyangmudauntukdivaksin
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