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Increasing smallholder pig farmers' adaptive capacity: Low-cost balanced diets for East African pigs using livestock and plant co-products
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Presented by Natalie Carter, Catherine Dewey, Delia Grace, Ben Lukuyu and Cornelis F.M. de Lange at Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015.
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Increasing smallholder pig farmers' adaptive capacity: Low-cost balanced diets for East African pigs using livestock and plant co-products
- Increasing smallholder pig farmers' adaptive capacity: Low-cost balanced diets for East African pigs using livestock and plant co-products Natalie Carter1,2, Catherine Dewey1, Delia Grace2, Ben Lukuyu2 and Cornelis F.M. de Lange1 1University of Guelph 2International Livestock Research Institute Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015
- Central Region, Uganda Western Province, Kenya Photo: N.Carter Central Region Uganda www.geology.com explorersworldtravel.us; Western Province, Kenya
- Photo ILRI, Photo ILRI Pork consumption increased ten-fold in past 30 years Pig population increased from 200,000 to 3.2 million (UBOS 2011) Photo N.Carter
- , Dewey et al. 2011 • > 30% of East Africans are under-nourished (faostat.org) • Pork production = income and animal source protein Photo doomsteaddiner.org, Photo N.Carter Photo N.Carter
- Photo: N.Carter Average daily gain is low (130 + 2 grams/day) Carter, N. A., Dewey, C., Mutua, F., de Lange, C., & Grace, D. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2013;45 (7), 1533-1538. Photo: C. Dewey
- Rationale • Pigs growing slowly lack feed and balanced diets expensive commercial feed seasonal feed shortages and surpluses inadequate storage of surplus people and pigs compete for same food (Mutua et al. 2011; Mutua et al. 2012; Kagira et al. 2010) • Below-potential earnings • Better growth = more income (Levy et al. 2014) • Low-cost balanced diets – seasonal, local, co-products, free (Levy et al. 2014) • Randomized control study Levy, M., Dewey, C., Weersink, A., Mutua, F., Carter, N., Poljak, Zvonimir. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2014;46 (5), 797-808.
- Home-grown fresh feedstuffs Jackfruit Ripe avocado Sweet potato Pumpkin Banana Photo: C. Dewey Photo: N. Carter Photo: C. Dewey Photo: N. Carter Photo: C. Dewey
- Purchased feedstuffs Photo: C. Dewey Sun-dried fish Maize branCottonseed meal Iodized table salt Photo: hartstvillieoilmill.com Photo: tbf.tradeindia.com swfhealthandwellness.com
- Agricultural co-products Sweet potato vine Cassava peel Papaya leaf Banana leaf Photos: N. Carter
- Forage-based diet Forage-based diet Photo: N. Carter Ingredients in forage-based diet: sweet potato vine, cottonseed meal, maize bran, banana leaf, sun-dried fish, iodized table salt, ripe avocado, jackfruit, mineral and vitamin premix Photo: N. Carter
- Silage-based diet Silage-based diet Sweet potato tubers Sweet potato vinesPhotos: N. Carter Photo: N. Carter Photo: N. Carter Photo: N. Carter
- Making silage – compacting layers of sweet potato vines and tubers to remove air to enable fermentation Photo: N. Carter
- Commercial diet - control Photo: E. Smith
- Growth study Masaka, Uganda • 3 diets • Diet randomly assigned to pen –10 pens per diet • Pigs randomly assigned to pen • Each pen - 3 pigs of same sex and breed (n=90) • Local and crossbreed • Crossbreed = local crossed with Landrace and/or Large White and/or Camborough Photo: E. Smith
- Growth study- Masaka, Uganda Local breed pigs fed silage-based diet • Weighed every 21 days • 65 to 230 days of age • Mean starting bodyweight did not differ between diets • Commercial 6.8 + 2.12 kg • Forage-based 7.0 + 3.2 kg • Silage-based 6.7 + 1.9 kg t-test (p>0.5) Photo: N.Carter
- Average daily gain (g/day) newly–weaned vs. finisher 65 to 107 days of age 199 to 230 days of age Variable Coefficient P value Coefficient P value Interceptc 224 - 503 - Commercial diet (referent) - - - - Silage-based versus commercial diet -243 <0.001 - NS Weight at start of weigh period (kg) 10 0.008 4 0.004 Local breed versus crossbreed - - -95 0.002 Adjusted r2 0.8177 0.8433
- Average daily gain (g/day) newly-weaned pigs Diet and (bodyweight (BW) range (kg)) Mean BW (kg) 65 days old Mean BW (kg) 86 days old Mean ADG 65 - 86 days old Mean BW (kg) 107 days old Mean ADG 86 - 107 days old Mean BW (kg) 127 days old Mean ADG 107 - 127 days old Mean BW (kg) 140 days old Mean ADG 127 - 140 days old Commercial lightest 1/3 (4 to 5.2) 4.6 7.9 154 15.0 342 22.8 371 26.3 268 Silage-based lightest 1/3 (3.2 to 5.9) 4.7 4.5 -8 5.1 30 7.4 107 9.2 142
- Farmer training and feedback workshops Photo: N. Carter
- Farmer training and feedback workshops Photo: N. Carter Photo: N. Carter
- Conclusions • Suitable feedstuffs available • Seasonal shortages and human/pig competition • Silage-diet heavier (9.2 kg) pigs can achieve good growth Photo: C. Dewey
- Conclusions • Enable pigs to have better growth than is currently happening • Enable farmers to feed pigs even during seasonal shortages, weather shocks • Improve well-being of pigs • Improve resilience and well-being smallholder farm families Photo: N. CarterPhoto: ILRI
- Acknowledgements Dr. Cate Dewey Dr. Kees de Lange Dr. Sally Humphries Dr. Delia Grace Dr. Ben Lukuyu Karen Richardson Dr. Florence Mutua Dr. Eliza Smith Dr. Hector Martinez Julia (Culian) Zhu Village elders, farmers, research assistants Governments of Kenya and Uganda
- Questions Photo: C.Dewey
Editor's Notes
- 300-400kms Lake Victoria Identified by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) as area with both high poverty levels and high pig population (Thornton et al. 2002; Ouma et al. 2014).
- Need less land than bigger animals, less feed, less water, better feed efficiency (i.e. gain more per kg of feed consumed) than larger animals, culturally they are the domain of women and youth. African woman smallholder farmer about my age once told me that when she sold her first pig it was the first time in her life she had her own money to spend as she pleased. This is important because there are many widows and orphans due to high prevalence of HIV AIDS in this area and that many of them are resource-poor. Moreover women rarely own land in East Africa it is ideal that pigs require less land and less inputs.
- Seeds improve farms diversify resilience
- Better growth = better economic outcomes because total feeding costs would be lower (Levy et al. 2014). Many farmers are feeding diets that meet only the maintenance needs of a pig of a given size. Therefore the pig is unable to grow well. Hence the feed costs are high because the farmer is only feeding to maintain the pigs’ weight and not to enable pig growth (Levy et al. 2014b). MOVE THESE TO PICTURES IF IT FITS AND REMOVE WORDS HERE Test diets in a controlled study local and crossbreed east African pigs to assess their efficacy and to determine the growth potential of east African pigs that are similar to those raised on smallholder farms.
- The sample size requirement was calculated using a 2-sample t-test comparison with 80% power to detect a significant difference in per pen weight gain per day of 20 grams at the 5% confidence level. Variance of gain per day was estimated to be 240 grams. Ten pens per diet were required and each pen contained three pigs as replicates. More barrows (54) were used than gilts (36) because there were 5 pens per breed type so sexes could not be equally divided among pens. The breed composition of the sire and dam of each pig was determined by farmer recall because production records did not exist.
- Social and economic viability, seasonality, gender norms re decision making re pig care, sales, and how the money is spent, distribution of labour,
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