Lesson learned
Sanitary mandate contracting scheme (SMCS)
LVC/PPD experience under EVA grant
Samuel Mulat (DVM, MSc)
Deputy coordinator, LVC/PPD
HEARD Project Stakeholder Workshop−PPP Models for Veterinary Service Delivery, ILRI,
Addis Ababa, 20 June 2019

Introduction to PPP
Sanitary Mandate
Sanitary Mandate experience of LVC/PPD
Taking points
Lessons learned from the Piloted SMCS
Summary of the pilot experience
Critical factor for sustainability of SMCS

1. Introduction to PPP
• Definition
• Public-Private Partnership(PPP) is a contractual agreement between a
public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity/sector for
the Provision of a Public Good or Service by the privet.
• Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and
private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the
general public.
• In addition to the sharing of resources, each party shares in the risks
and rewards potential in the delivery of the service and/or facility.

Intro conti...
 PPPs are a collaborative approach in which the public and private sector share
• resources,
• responsibilities and risks to increase resources,
• capacities and capabilities
to achieve common objectives and mutual benefits in a sustainable manner.

Intro conti...
All PPPs incorporate three key characteristics:
A contractual agreement defining the roles and responsibilities of
the parties;
Sensible risk-sharing among the public and the private sector
partners, and
Financial rewards to the private party commensurate with the
achievement of pre-specified outputs.
1
2
3

• Potential sectors of PPP arrangement in the livestock sector , include
(World Bank, 163):
Intro conti...
 Clinical interventions
 Preventive vaccinations
 Veterinary surveillance
Provision of veterinary supplies
Artificial insemination
Slaughterhouses
Live animal market yards
Feed quality analysis
 Laboratory services
Quarantine services

2. Sanitary Mandate
 The term sanitary mandate has been used to describe
• A contractual arrangement whereby the state contracts the private sector to
implement certain animal health services which are carried out in the
national interest and usually at a cost to the state.
• It is a contract to perform a specific service in a specific locality during a
specific time period.

Sanitary conti...
• .
Sanitary
Mandate
Public sector private sector
Relieve the Govt from the
day to day management
of service provision and
focus more on its quality
assurance, regulatory and
monitoring roles, which
matter most.
• reduce the huge gap in the
demand and actual delivery
of veterinary services to
livestock owners in terms of
quality and quantity
• Create Job opportunity and
Sustainable income for
graduates
Quality assurance is a very
important factor
Consumers must value the
ethical approach, professional
commitment, and technical skills
of private service providers

3. Sanitary Mandate experience of LVC/PPD
• Sanitary mandate contract scheme for the veterinary service implementation
was the new system in Ethiopia
• The EU funded, under 10th EDF, LVC/PPD project Under EVA grant, was in
a position to pilot in 2 regions at 6 selected weredas;
• And on 2 disease
• Pest des petits ruminants (PPR)
• Sheep and goat pox (SGP)

SM experience conti...
• Overall Objective SMCS
• To accelerate the efforts towards establishing a functional Public-
Private Partnership in the Delivery of Veterinary Services in Ethiopia
• Specific objectives
Build the capacity of private veterinary service providing networks in
pastoral & interface areas in order to enable them to takeover some
public good services in remote areas

SM experience conti...
Support the efforts of the government to rationalize veterinary services
nationally
Contribute to the national strategy for the progressive control (PPR, SGP)
through testing and showing evidence-based best model (SMCS) in the
implementation of the strategy
Demonstrate that the private sector can takeover responsibilities from the
public to provide routine animal health services such as clinical, prophylaxis,
etc
Take lessons from this small size pilot program with the aim to extrapolate in
other areas and for other livestock diseases

3.1 Procedural Actions taken for implementation of SMCS
• International Consultant was identified and higher, who provide training, prepare
required documentation and share experience
• National experts recruited who based at EVA was identified and contracted
• Different consultative meeting ( Government institutions, NGOS etc) and
experience sharing missions were conducted to see the existing situation at field
level.
• Establish contacts with other national parties to learn their experience with
application of public private partnership in Ethiopia
• Potential Privet practitioners were tried to identify in collaboration with regional
Animal health bureaus in pilot areas etc

Bidding and Selection of Privet practitioners
 Potential veterinary networks of the selected regions were contacted and
briefed about the program in collaboration with the respective regional
and zonal Veterinary service Bureau, , training facilitated etc
 Bidding was conducted and awarded for potential practitioners, training
facilitated etc
 Signature of their contract agreement and delivery of the required
vaccination inputs including field kits, utilities and vaccines
Procedural Actions conti...

All activities, including wereda selection, were done in consultation
with VSD and regional Bureaus;
 Criteria for wereda selection,
• special emphasis to agro-ecology (pastoral & interface),
• Livestock population size
• disease distribution
• occurrence frequency and accessibility
• Convenience of areas for the activity (accessible and
cost effective)
3.2 Implementation weredas selection

Selected woredas of both regional states, with small ruminant population
Regional State Woreda Estimated Population
sheep Goat Total
Oromia
Regional State
(Borena Zone)
Yabello 197,011 122,779 319,790
Arero 149691 126,293 275984
Teltelle 145283 177057 322340
Somali
Regional State
Jigjiga 688,685 484,651 1,173,336
Awabere 513,880 434,855 948,735
Kebribeyah 719,849 649,702 1,369,551
2,414,399 1,995,337 4,409,736
Criteria for conti...

During this pilot SMCS program a total of 4,252,248 small ruminants
(2,241,376 sheep and 2,010,872 goats) vaccinated against the two
priority diseases (PPR & SGP) in six selected pilot woredas
3.2 Result Achieved of SMCS

3. Post Implementation Phase
• Post Implementation Phase
 Major activities conducted in post implementation phase were:
• Sero-monitoring
• Evaluation
 NAHDIC conducted a two round sample collection (pre-vaccination
sero-surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring) and the two
results were computed
It is well noticeable that the average population protection (immunity level) raised
from the baseline 55% to 92% which is well higher than the acceptable 80%.
Result Achieved conti...

Result Achieved conti...

• Strong Sides of the program
• Wide-ranging coverage (almost all), even door to
door vaccination service was given
• population protection (immunity level) raised from
the baseline 55% to 92%/ efficient vaccination
• Extensive announcement and mobilization
• Safe handling of animals (welfare)
• Proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants
• Timely provision of service and use of proper
calendar for the vaccination (after rain)
• Use power generators to prevent vaccine damage due
to the frequent interruption of public electric power
4. Lessons learned from the Piloted SMCS
• Could be due to Nature of Contract
where payment based on;
• performance/ Sero-monitoring,
• Number of Vaccinated animals
• Approval from the regional
government on service quality

• Strong Sides of the program
• Strong linkage and collaboration
between EVA, VSD, regional vet
labs, regional and woreda public
offices and private contractors
• Efficient regulation and monitoring
of the cold chain system (vaccine
transportation and distribution)
Lessons learned conti...
• High commitment from all
stockholders to see the pilot
result
• Good coordination capacity of
EVA, VSD and Regions
• Good allocation of budget from
the project

• Challenges Faced in the Process
• Almost all private veterinary networks were mainly engaged in operating
veterinary pharmacy and providing mobile clinical services on call basis, which
didn’t fully comply with the criteria’s designed for selection
• Wrong perception of some public veterinary staffs to use the SMCS as a
unique opportunity, where Conflict of interest observed among responsible
bodies (attempt to work for both the private contractors and contracting
authority).
• Different level of educational background and conscious level among
veterinary service network members that sometimes led to conflict and
misunderstandings.
Lessons learned conti...

• Challenges Faced in the Process
• Limited skill and experience of private veterinary networks (contractors) on
this type of PPP models (Sanitary Mandate Contracting Scheme).
• Attempt of data distortion (inflated no of vaccinated animals) by contractors to
get undesirable benefit.
• Unfair imposition by regional bureaus and local authorities to get free animal
health services from contractors besides to the target diseases.
• In some agro-pastoral areas (Yabello town) some reluctance to bring animals
for vaccination
Lessons learned conti...

5. Summary of the pilot experience
• The pilot SMCS aimed to lay a foundation for public private partnership service
delivery system was observed to be very satisfactory and promising because of;
• Almost Full coverage of the service expected,
• Quality of service provided,
• strong monitoring close follow-up and timely rendered technical back up
• motivation and initiation of private professionals
• high level beneficiary satisfaction, etc.
• So, with all the experience and challenges encountered throughout the implementation
process it deliver a very good show case that can be adopted as required

6. Critical factors for sustainability of SMCS
IS the piloted SMCS is continuing after the pilot?
To my knowledge, It was not continued after that?
WHY?

Critical factors conti...
By Definition
• SMCS –is a contractual arrangement whereby the state contracts the private
sector to implement certain animal health services which are carried out in the
national interest and usually at a cost to the state.
Budget to run
SMCS is critical
Who is going to cover
that sustainably ?
1. Government
2. projects
3. Livestock Owners
???- lack of Budget
? - sustainability
Yes but where?

In areas where National and or Regional disease control program or if any
other public interest is there and the public is willing to cover the cost of
SMCS in anyway
Critical factors conti...
1. Government
?

• High potential areas where the economic value of individual animal is high and
animal owners are willing to pay for the service
Dairy belt areas
Commercial fattening and feedlot areas
Small scale or commercial poultry production areas
In cities where pet animal owners are well aware, willing to pay and or forced for
AH service like rabies vaccination by government etc.
Critical factors conti...
3. Livestock Owners Yes but where?

• However, the public sector should deliver animal health services in
areas that are not attractive to private operators.
Example,
• Low potential areas where the economic value of individual animal is low
• To poor livestock keepers who are unable to pay for privately provided
services.
Critical factors conti...