Better lives through livestock
Formative Research- Animal-Inclusive Community Led Total
Sanitation Project - Preliminary findings and implications
(Animal component)
Michel Dione, Ahmadou Sow, Elizabeth
Thomas, Laura Kwong, Hazara Ouedraogo,
Jacques Hlaibi, Natalie De la Cruz, Kirk
Dearden and USCET team
3rd June 2021

2
Background
• Predominantly small ruminants (sheep and goats)
• Ethnical groups: Fulani and Bambara
• Ongoing CLTS activities
Village Commune
Distance from
main road (kms)
Literacy rate per
commune Men
Literacy rate per
commune Women
% of houses with
electricity
Sheep/Goat Cat/Dog Donkey/Horse Poultry Guinea pig
KAKORO WERE Boidie 19 53 47 20 xx x x x x
FARABOUGOU Konobougou 20 90.19 70.11 66 xx x x x x
WELAKOURA Konobougou 3 90.19 70.11 57 xx x x x x
SOMO WERE 2 Somo 14 52 48 85 xx x x x x
DENINKOURA Tamani 1.5 54 46 90 xx x xx x x

3
1. Key informant interviews (health programs)
2. Key informant interviews (animal health officers)
3. Group discussion on animals, animal sickness, and animal feces
4. Group discussion on children's activities and feces disposal
5. Seasonal calendar
6. Participatory Mapping of Livestock Resources and Movements
7. Individual interview (animal, animal sickness, and animal feces)
8. Individual interview (children’s activities and feces disposal)
9. Individual interview (village leaders)
10. A-CLTS unstructured observations form
Data collection toolkit

4
Training of enumerators and field testing
• Location: Tamani, Ségou
• 6 USCET staff (1 sociologist, 1 vet, 2 project managers , 1
lawyer and 1 economist)
• Objectives:
• Acquire skills in group facilitation and note taking
• Become familiar with concepts of behavioral change, beliefs,
opinions, emotions, and often conflicting relationships between
individuals during group meeting.
• Challenges
• Understanding of some technical terminologies and difficulty in
their translation into local language.
• Difficulty in mobilizing participants for the field testing, especially
women and organizing the group's environment given that
meetings took places in houses, hence interruptions by family
members and neighbors could not be avoided.

5
Data collection
• Site selection criteria: ethnical group diversity and livestock
population
• Nine (9) Key informant interviews
• 15 group discussions (3 per village; men-group, women-
group, and women caregiver)
• 30 individual interviews were conducted in each village, (6
per village)
• 15 households observed ( 3 per village; child category of 6-
11 months; 12-23 months; 24-35 months and 36 -59
months)

6
Results – Ranking the importance of animals by
community members
Acteurs/Village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FGD_WBD_SDB Cattle Sheep Goat Donkey Poultry Dog/cat -
FGD_WBD_SDW Ovins Goat Donkey Poultry Chien/Chat - -
FGD_WBD_SPL Sheep/goat Poultry Donkey Cattle - - -
FDG_MBD_SDB Cattle Sheep Goat Donkey Poultry Horse -
FGD_MBD_SDW Cattle Sheep Goat Donkey Poultry Horse Dog/cat
FGD_MBD_SPL Cattle Sheep Donkey Poultry Dog Cat Horse
Poultry: chicken, Guinea fowl, duck, pigeon
• Small ruminants (sheep and goats) ate very important
• Women tend to raise small ruminants and poultry, while men
tend to focus on cattle
• Poultry also important but less than small ruminants
especially for women

7
Results – Roles of animal keeping
Species Roles (Women) Roles (men)
Cattle - Monetary value (high investment)
- Milk
- Monetary value (high investment)
- Milk
- Labor
- Manure
Sheep - Easy to manage
- Manure for gardiens
- Meat during social events (Eid)
- Mean for income
- Mean of income
- Expenses for social events
- Manure for gardens and crops
- Milk
Goat - Mean of income for children's clothes
- Milk
- Manure
- Meat (consumption)
- Income
- Meat for guests
Donkey - Transport (wood, vegetables)
- Manure
- Transport of goods to markets
- Transport (manure and goods)
- Manure
- Traction (water for cattle)
Horse - - Un-common (prestige)
Poultry - Income for small expenses (soap,
clothes)
- Source of income for small expendirures
(USD 10 – USD 20) ; School fees, clothes
and spicies
- Home consomption (for guests)
Guinea fowl - Source of income (sale of eggs ; small
expenses – spicies for cooking, clothes,
soap, shoes)
- Community savings
Duck - Home consomption
- Source of income
Pigeons - Source of income for kids (during
holidays)
Dog - Security
- Hunting (rabbits and monkeys)
- Security
- Hunting (rabbits and monkeys
Cat - Hunting (mouse) - Hunting (mouse)
Livestock is a living bank

8
Results – Animal management practices
• Feeding: livestock feed on pasture during rainy season and crop
residues during dray seasons. Oxen, pregnant pre-calving cows and
milking cows benefit from concentrate supplements. Poultry
scavenge and dogs/cats are fed by women on left over food in the
Household.
• Women feed poultry, dogs and cats and water small
ruminants, donkeys at home
• Adult men and children: look after livestock in pastures
• Children take care of pigeons
• Watering: wells or boreholes during the dry season and from
temporary water points such as rivers and stagnant water points
during the rainy season.
• Milking: men are responsible for milking cows, while women are
responsible for milking small ruminants;
• Slaughtering practices:
• Home slaughter: men are responsible for slaughter; children process offal's
and women cook the food
• Slaughter slabs: thy are very few and not maintained well

9
Results – Confinement strategies
Chicken house Goat enclosure
Sheep enclosure
Cattle enclosure
near the
household
Cattle enclosure
away from the
household
Donkey enclosure

10
Results – Scavenging practices
Scavenging chicken
Scavenging donkey
Scavenging goat
Scavenging sheep

11
Results – Animal Health Management
• Disease occurrence
• Cattle: distomatosis (high mortality) , Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD),
Trypanosomiasis, Anthrax (zoonose- high mortality); Lumpy skin disease (LSD) (high
morbidity), les skin affections and Contagious Bovine Peri-Pneumonia (CBPP)
• Small ruminants: pest des Petits Ruminants (PPR), internal parasites (Taenia solium-
zoonotic); Pasteurellosis; Contagious Caprine Peri-Pneumonia (CCPP); FMD; sheep
pox.
• Poultry: New Castle Disease, Gumboro, internal parasites (high mortality on
Guinea fowl); fowl pox
• Dogs/Cats: Rabbies; Carre disease, Pneumonia
• Donkey: respiratory syndromes
• Vaccination
• Cattle is vaccinated by the vet at the park
• Small ruminants and poultry is vaccinated a home by the vet or the farmer himself
• Cattle 150 FCFA – SR 100 FCFA and 90 FCFA poultry
• Treatment
• Antibiotic (oxytetracycline/amoxicillin), berenil (anti-trypanosome) and deworming
(Ivermectin – large spectrum)
• Self medication
• Gender issues
• Men call the vet but the fees are met by the owner of the animal

12
Results – Animal waste management
Manure
• Manure generated by livestock kept outside of the household is managed by men;
collected one a year before the rainy season and dispersed in the crop fields
• Manure generated by livestock kept in the household (small ruminants and poultry) is
managed by women for home gardening and for crops.
• Manure of donkey and horses are mixed with those of cattle
• Women clean the compound and street and pile the waste for manure
• To avoid children, interfere with waste, pit or enclosure made of bricks or wood are
used to host the manure
• Some farmers have reported practicing composting

13
Results – Animal waste management
Composting vegetable garden Small ruminant manure pilled at vegetable garden
Cattle surrounding water point used by both men and animal
Manure and waste piled up in the household in enclosure and pit to avoid kid interference

14
Results – Animal waste management
• Parturition
• Placenta waste is hanged in the household until it
dries and piled with manure (related to believes)
• Slaughter waste
• Home slaughter waste is piled with manure
• Slaughter slab waste is left onsite – rooming animals
such s dogs can interfere
• Handling of dead animals
• Carcasses of dead animals is thrown away from the
household
• Risk of telluric diseases (Clostridium)
• Management of carcass of sick animals
• Dying animals of unknown disease can be
slaughtered, and meat consumed by household
members

15
Results – Interactions between humans and animals
Child playing with animal feces
Child playing with animal feces
Toys on the ground
Activities of children

16
Results – Interaction between human and animals
• Feeding/watering
• Most interaction happen the evening through husbandry practices
• Household members use bare hands to feed, treat, water and clean animals
• Management of sick animals at home
• Sick animals remains home with children (more likely to interact with children)
• Children’s activities
• Children get in contact with animals through playground
• Milking practices
• Bare hands, dirty containers, not processing milk
• Slaughtering
• No dedicated slaughter area
• All family members are involved in the home slaughtering and processing
• Activities of caregivers
• Core homework
• Gardening

17
• Most common diseases listed in humans are malaria, diarrhoea, cough
and vomiting
• Rabbies and Anthrax have been listed by vets as beeing highly prevalent
• Participants think that animal feces can be a source of disease to human
through vectors such as mosquitos and flies
• Feces of small ruminants and donkeys are percieved as higher risk
compared to other livestock because they are closer to household
members.
• Men did not refer to poultry feces that much
• Men are aware of a disease that can be transmitted to human during
transhumance (but no knowledge about the transmission pathway)
• Limited knowldege of communities of zoonotic diseases
Results – Awareness of zoonotic disaeses

18
• Most common child diseases are Malaria, diarreoa and
Varicella
• Cause of dirrhoea: eating outside, dirty water, rotten food,
exposure of children to sun and dirty hands
• Communities are aware of good practices to avoid
contamination such as use of latrines, confirment of
animals to avoid interaction and cleaning the counpound.
Results – Child health and risk perception

19
Results – Home gardening and waste management
Cabbage Tomato
Lettuce
Onion

20
Results – Home gardening and waste management
• Manure is piled in the garden and poured water for one week
before applying to plants
• The frequency for applying manure is every 15 days to one month
• The best manure is those of small ruminants
• There is also high use of pesticides

21
Results – Crop seasonal calendar (ex. Siguidolo Bamanan)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Janv Fév Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aout Sept Oct Nov Dec
Pluviométrie mil Semis sorgho Semis maïs
Semis haricot Recolte de mil Recolte sorgho Recolte maïs
Recolte haricot Maraichage Salade Maraichage Tomate Maraichage Concombre

22
Results – Animal Disease- seasonal calendar (ex. Siguidolo Bamanan)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Janv Fév Mars Avril Mai Juin Juil Aout Sept Oct Nov Dec
Bovin-Trypano Bovin--kegnel Bovin--charbon Bovin--Armam Bovin--gales
PR-Trypano PR-kegnel PR-charbon PR-Armam PR-gales
Volaille-Pasteur Volaille-variole Volaille-pathol respir Volaille-NCD

23
Results – Resource map (ex. Siguidolo Bamanan)

24
Interventions– Method used
Structural interventions Biological and chemical interventions
Focus on changing the political-
economic context where health is
produced or reproduced
Include strategies such as competitive
exclusion, as well as applying
products to eliminate pathogens
Educational and behavioral
interventions
Infrastructures and apparatus
interventions
Focus on changing practices of
individuals such as farmers or
community members through
education and other behavioral
techniques
Focus on changing the physical
environment and protocols included
for animal husbandry such as
flooring types and regimes
Chris Pinto, 2020

25
Bio exclusion (prevent introduction of a new pathogen)
• Disease management
• Vaccination strategy
• Deworming schedule
• Rational use of antibiotics and acaricides
• Confinement
• Promote improved housing for small ruminants (avoid contact
of animal with own excreta –bedding material)
• Promoted improved chicken coops
• Biosecurity protocols
• Cleaning and disinfection
• Improve farm environment
• Personal hygiene practices for farms workers and household
members
Potential interventions

26
Biocontainment (to prevent escape of pathogen to neighbours)
• Bio-secure disposal method of infected animals
• Containment of sick animals at home (to avoid pathogens from
escaping form the farm)
• Disposal of dead animal (burial methods)
• Mitigating the risk from animal manure
• Different composting techniques (manure and droppings)
requiring little water.
• Technique of spreading poultry droppings (between lines) as part
of home gardening.
Potential interventions

27
Potential interventions
Bio-management (control and manage pathogens already in
the farm/houshold)
• One Health biosecurity protocols at household level
• Handling of live animals and their products, household,
veterinary products, pesticides and farm hygiene
• Implementation of strategies to prevent and control mastitis in
cows and contaminates milk of small ruminants
• Set of hygienic milking practices (ex. changing milking order
and techniques)
o Using disposables gloves during milking of hand washing
o Use of individual towel for wiping teats
o Post-milking teat dipping

28
• Capacity building
• Training of public and private health workers (animal and
human) and communities on syndromic and community-
based surveillance and reporting of zoonotic diseases.
• Waste mangement at water points
• Child Health
• Raise awareness of caregivers of the risk children face when
playing with animal waste
• Food preparations that cover the needs of children so as not
to eat the soil
Potential interventions

29
Critical analysis – Barriers identified
Cost Feasibility
- Doubts about cost effectiveness
- Lack of economic incentive
- Loss productivity because of lack
of diagnosis
- Expectations are practically hard
to follow
- Not culturally/socially possible
- Inconvenience
- Doubt about the intervention
necessity
- Time constraints
Study Characteristics Context
- Insufficient sample size
- Short study design
- Inconsistency (i.e. application of
intervention by assessor
- Very few structural interventions
- Complex situational realities (i.e
more than just infectious agent is
causative of issue)
- Geographical fit (ex ethnical
group)
- Policy/ regulations
- Setting/organization of the
community
Chris Pinto, 2020