Presented by Kohei Makita, Kristina Roesel, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Bassirou Bonfoh, Erastus Kang'ethe, Lucy Lapar and Delia Grace at the Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) - Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) expert consultation on assuring food safety in Asia-Pacific, Tsukuba, Japan, 4-5 August 2014.
300003-World Science Day For Peace And Development.pptx
Food safety issues and scientific advances related to animal-source foods
1. 1
Food safety issues and
scientific advances related to
animal-source foods in
developing countries
Kohei Makita1,2., Kristina Roesel1., Hung Nguyen-Viet1., Bassirou Bonfoh3., Erastus Kangethe4.,
Lucy Lapar1 and Grace, D1.
1 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya 2 Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan (OIE Joint Collaborating Centre for Food Safety) 3 Centre Suisse de
Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d’Ivoire 4 University of Nairobi, Kenya
2. Food safety issues in developing countries
• Every year, at least 2 billion cases of diarrhea occur
and 700,000 children under 5 years old die
worldwide
• Animal-source foods provide nutrition, but are one
of the main cause of food borne zoonoses (FBZs)
• FBZs include non-diarrheal disease such as
tuberculosis and brucellosis
6. Informally-marketed foods dominate
in developing countries
Formally marketed foods
(90-95% in Africa)
Targets of international cooperation so far
Training of public officers, infrastructure of public services
How much
effective??
Informally marketed foods
10. Safe food, fair food (BMZ, ILRI)
Building capacity to improve the safety of
animal-source foods and ensure continued
market access for poor farmers in
Sub-Saharan Africa
11. Partners
Centre Suisse des Recherches
Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire
Côte d’Ivoire, Mali
University of Ghana
Ghana
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Nairobi University
Kenya
Sokoine University of
Agriculture
Tanzania
Direcção de Ciências Animais
Mozambique
University of Pretoria
South Africa
16. Fault tree analysis in food safety
• How the illness can occur
Onset of
illness
Preceded by
Infection Ingestion
Purchase
Production
Preceded by Preceded by
Or
Direction of identification and diagraming
17. Illness due to Staphylococcal poisoning due to milk consumption
A consumer is susceptible to SAET
SA multiply to reach enough cfu producing ET
Milk contains SA
Milk contains SA at production Milk contaminated with SA
By traders/handlers
Milk shed by SA
Mastitis cow
Milk contaminated
by a farmer
Infected cow Human source
Human source
AND
OR
Initiating
event
Fault tree: understanding the logic of illness
21. Risk mitigation by traditional milk fermentation-
Modeling using reported data (Gonfa et al., 1999)
Bacteria growth stops at pH 4.9
1/pH=0.002 t (h)+1.187 (df=3, r2=0.90, p=0.009)
Source: Makita et al., 2012
Int. J. Food Microbiol.
Hazard characterization
22. Stop of growth of S. aureus in milk by low pH
(h)
Stop of bacterial growth due to milk fermentation
Hazard characterization
23. Risk characterization
• Each of them are uncertainty
distributions
• The variety of uncertainty
distributions shows variability
• Variability in this case is the growth
speed of S. aureus
24. Sensitivity Tornado
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
p / 1 to 2days G13
Cont rate B24
Boiling C24
p / Day 0 F13
1960 / Cont rate B11
1960 / Cont rate B16
p / 3 to 4 days H13
1960 / Boiling C16
1960 / Boiling C11
109/291 (Arcuri 2010
Temperature D10
N0 D4
Mean of Incidence rate
24
Sensitivity analysis
Prob. SA has SE genes
Prob. farmers boil
Prob. consumers boil
Contamination, farm
Store milk 3,4 days
Contamination, centre
Consume on day 0
Prob. centres boil
Contamination, farm
Store milk 1,2 days
Temperature
Initial bacteria population
*It provides efficient control options
- Training for hygienic milking
- Separation of cows with mastitis
- Temperature control
Risk characterization
25. Advantage of participatory risk assessment
identified
• -Speed
• -Affordability
• -Flexibility in application
• -Understanding of culture
• -Best control option
• -Potential to change behavior
27. • More emphasis on risk management
• Egypt (fish), Uganda (pork), Tanzania (milk),
Senegal, Ethiopia (small ruminants)
• Expanding in coordination with other
projects…
29. PigRisk project in Vietnam
• Pork – most consumed animal source-food in
Vietnam
• Salmonellosis, Streprococcus suis, and
chemical hazards
• Integration of food safety risk assessment and
value chain economic assessment (incentive
research)
• Veterinary, public health, and economist
teams- One Health
30.
31. Food safety risk assessment training in Vietnam
Broad casted by ‘Voice of Vietnam’ on 2013 September 7
32. Take home messages
• Food safety is a big issue in developing
countries
• Targeting informal markets can make huge
impacts on food safety and poverty alleviation
• Participatory risk analysis is useful and
effective
• Integration of incentive-based economic study
can show sustainable control options for food
safety