1
Food safety issues and
scientific advances related to
animal-source foods in
developing countries
Kohei Makita1,2., Kristina Roesel1., Hung Nguyen-Viet1., Bassirou Bonfoh3., Erastus Kangethe4.,
Lucy Lapar1 and Grace, D1.
1 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya 2 Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan (OIE Joint Collaborating Centre for Food Safety) 3 Centre Suisse de
Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d’Ivoire 4 University of Nairobi, Kenya

Food safety issues in developing countries
• Every year, at least 2 billion cases of diarrhea occur
and 700,000 children under 5 years old die
worldwide
• Animal-source foods provide nutrition, but are one
of the main cause of food borne zoonoses (FBZs)
• FBZs include non-diarrheal disease such as
tuberculosis and brucellosis

Food-borne zoonotic pathogens
(Common ones)
Diarrheal pathogens
Non-diarrheal pathogens
Bacteria
Virus
Richettsia
Parasites
Escherichia coli
(Intestine)
Campylobacter
(Intestine)
Staphylococcus aureus (Animal, human)
Brucella (Milk and meat)
Mycobacterium bovis
(Milk, meat, contact)
Rota virus
(Water)
Coxiella
burnetii
(Cows, Q fever)
Bacillus anthracis
(Dead animal, skin)
Taenia spp.
(Meat)
Giardia lamblia
(Mainly from water)
Cysticercosis
(Pork-human feces)
Salmonella
(Intestine)
Hepatitis virus E
(Meat)

4
Informal≠Illegal

Informal market
5
“Absence of structured sanitary inspection”

Informally-marketed foods dominate
in developing countries
Formally marketed foods
(90-95% in Africa)
Targets of international cooperation so far
Training of public officers, infrastructure of public services
How much
effective??
Informally marketed foods

Value chain
A producer A consumer

Value chain
Producers ConsumersMiddle men

Value chain
Producers ConsumersMiddle men
Sanitation Sanitation

Safe food, fair food （BMZ, ILRI）
Building capacity to improve the safety of
animal-source foods and ensure continued
market access for poor farmers in
Sub-Saharan Africa

Partners
Centre Suisse des Recherches
Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire
Côte d’Ivoire, Mali
University of Ghana
Ghana
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Nairobi University
Kenya
Sokoine University of
Agriculture
Tanzania
Direcção de Ciências Animais
Mozambique
University of Pretoria
South Africa

12
Risk
Assessment
Risk
Management
Risk
Communication
Codex Alimentarius Commossion
Food safety risk analysis
A tool for decision-making under uncertainty
*Risk is a probability of occurrence of a scenario and its size of impact (Vose, 2008)

Risk
Assessment
Risk
Management
Risk
Communication
Food safety risk analysis
in informal marketing system
Participatory methods

What are participatory methods?
• Participants discuss problems
• Several formats:
– Rapid rural appraisal
– Participatory rural appraisal
– Key-informants interview

Codex Alimentarius Commission
Risk assessment framework (CAC/GL-30 (1999))
Hazard
identification
Exposure
assessment
Hazard
characterization
Risk
characterization

Fault tree analysis in food safety
• How the illness can occur
Onset of
illness
Preceded by
Infection Ingestion
Purchase
Production
Preceded by Preceded by
Or
Direction of identification and diagraming

Illness due to Staphylococcal poisoning due to milk consumption
A consumer is susceptible to SAET
SA multiply to reach enough cfu producing ET
Milk contains SA
Milk contains SA at production Milk contaminated with SA
By traders/handlers
Milk shed by SA
Mastitis cow
Milk contaminated
by a farmer
Infected cow Human source
Human source
AND
OR
Initiating
event
Fault tree: understanding the logic of illness

18
Dairy value chain- RRA and interviews
Exposure assessment

Contamination rate - a survey
Isolation of
S aureus
Boiling
before
sales
Milk collection
centre (n=25)
18
(70.4%)
0
Dairy farm
(n=170)
74
(43.6%)
0
Example:
Boil milk
before
consumption
Percentage
Dairy farming
households (n=170)
116 68.2
Consumers (n=25) 16 64.0
Risk mitigation by consumers
-participatory and interviews
Exposure assessment

Growth model:
Cfu/ml
Hour
Stationary phase
Exponential growth phaseLag phase
Fujikawa and Morozumi (2006)
modified logistic model
Hazard characterization

Risk mitigation by traditional milk fermentation-
Modeling using reported data (Gonfa et al., 1999)
Bacteria growth stops at pH 4.9
1/pH=0.002 t (h)+1.187 (df=3, r2=0.90, p=0.009)
Source: Makita et al., 2012
Int. J. Food Microbiol.
Hazard characterization

Stop of growth of S. aureus in milk by low pH
(h)
Stop of bacterial growth due to milk fermentation
Hazard characterization

Risk characterization
• Each of them are uncertainty
distributions
• The variety of uncertainty
distributions shows variability
• Variability in this case is the growth
speed of S. aureus

Sensitivity Tornado
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
p / 1 to 2days G13
Cont rate B24
Boiling C24
p / Day 0 F13
1960 / Cont rate B11
1960 / Cont rate B16
p / 3 to 4 days H13
1960 / Boiling C16
1960 / Boiling C11
109/291 (Arcuri 2010
Temperature D10
N0 D4
Mean of Incidence rate
24
Sensitivity analysis
Prob. SA has SE genes
Prob. farmers boil
Prob. consumers boil
Contamination, farm
Store milk 3,4 days
Contamination, centre
Consume on day 0
Prob. centres boil
Contamination, farm
Store milk 1,2 days
Temperature
Initial bacteria population
*It provides efficient control options
- Training for hygienic milking
- Separation of cows with mastitis
- Temperature control
Risk characterization

Advantage of participatory risk assessment
identified
• -Speed
• -Affordability
• -Flexibility in application
• -Understanding of culture
• -Best control option
• -Potential to change behavior

http://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/
Phase II funded
(2012 -)

• More emphasis on risk management
• Egypt (fish), Uganda (pork), Tanzania (milk),
Senegal, Ethiopia (small ruminants)
• Expanding in coordination with other
projects…

Risk-based approach started in Asia
- ACIAR (Australia)/ILRI project in Vietnam (2013-) –

PigRisk project in Vietnam
• Pork – most consumed animal source-food in
Vietnam
• Salmonellosis, Streprococcus suis, and
chemical hazards
• Integration of food safety risk assessment and
value chain economic assessment (incentive
research)
• Veterinary, public health, and economist
teams- One Health

Food safety risk assessment training in Vietnam
Broad casted by ‘Voice of Vietnam’ on 2013 September 7

Take home messages
• Food safety is a big issue in developing
countries
• Targeting informal markets can make huge
impacts on food safety and poverty alleviation
• Participatory risk analysis is useful and
effective
• Integration of incentive-based economic study
can show sustainable control options for food
safety